循环加载对沉积岩岩石Kaiser效应影响的试验研究
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摘要
为获取不同沉积岩岩石更加合理的Kaiser效应点对应的应力值Kσ,采用声发射技术进行单轴循环加载试验,探讨加载循环峰值应力pσ、加载速率和含水率对Kaiser效应的影响,提出合理的多循环加载模式。试验结果表明:(1)随着加载速率或含水率的增加,细砂岩振铃计数和能量降低,Felicity比(FR)变化不明显;(2) pσ对砂岩Kaiser效应的影响显著于加载速率、含水率,当pσ较大于先前最大应力hmaxσ时,会使岩石损伤记忆进一步劣化,导致FR变化显著于当pσ小于或稍大于hmaxσ时;(3)采用循环加载KE试验时,粉砂岩、细砂岩、中砂岩、粗砂岩、砂质泥岩、泥岩、石灰岩等合理的首循环pσ分别小于岩石单轴抗压强度cσ的25.65%,21.66%,12.31%,11.31%,23.40%,3.61%,4.32%,之后循环pσ不超过cσ的59.39%～75.72%;(4)通过对K cσ/σ逐步回归分析发现,弹性模量、埋深、cσ能进入其回归方程,拟合度为0.556,随着埋深的增加,Kσ呈线性增加,相关系数R2为0.592。研究结果为Kaiser效应测试地应力提供理论依据和借鉴。
In order to get more reasonable corresponding stress value(Kσ) in Kaiser effect points of different sedimentary rocks,the uniaxial cyclic loading tests were conducted,combined with acoustic emission technology. The influence of the loading cycle peak stress(pσ),the loading rate and the moisture content on Kaiser effect for rocks was discussed,and a reasonable multi-cyclic loading model was proposed. The results indicate that,as the loading rate or the water content increases,both the ringing count and the energy of fine sandstone decrease but Felicity ratio(FR) changes insignificantly,and that the impact of the loading cycle peak stress on sand Kaiser effect is more significant than the loading rate and the water content,and whenpσ is greater than the previous maximum stress(hmaxσ),the damage memory of rock will be further deteriorated which results in that FR changes more significantly. It is also shown from cyclic loading KE tests that the reasonable values of first circulationpσ of various sedimentary rocks such as siltstone,fine sandstone,medium sandstone,coarse sandstone,sandy mudstone,mudstone and limestone are respectively less than 25.65%,21.66%,12.31%,11.31%,23.40%,3.61% and 4.32% of the corresponding uniaxial compressive strengths(cσ),and other cyclicpσ does not exceed 59.39% to 75.72% of cσ. Stepwise regression analysis of K cσ/σ reveals that the elastic modulus,the buried depth and cσ can enter the regression equation with a fitting degree of 0.556. Kσ is a linear function of the buried depth with a correlation coefficient of 0.592. The research results provide a theoretical basis and reference for measuring the in-situ stress by Kaiser effect.
In order to get more reasonable corresponding stress value(Kσ) in Kaiser effect points of different sedimentary rocks,the uniaxial cyclic loading tests were conducted,combined with acoustic emission technology. The influence of the loading cycle peak stress(pσ),the loading rate and the moisture content on Kaiser effect for rocks was discussed,and a reasonable multi-cyclic loading model was proposed. The results indicate that,as the loading rate or the water content increases,both the ringing count and the energy of fine sandstone decrease but Felicity ratio(FR) changes insignificantly,and that the impact of the loading cycle peak stress on sand Kaiser effect is more significant than the loading rate and the water content,and whenpσ is greater than the previous maximum stress(hmaxσ),the damage memory of rock will be further deteriorated which results in that FR changes more significantly. It is also shown from cyclic loading KE tests that the reasonable values of first circulationpσ of various sedimentary rocks such as siltstone,fine sandstone,medium sandstone,coarse sandstone,sandy mudstone,mudstone and limestone are respectively less than 25.65%,21.66%,12.31%,11.31%,23.40%,3.61% and 4.32% of the corresponding uniaxial compressive strengths(cσ),and other cyclicpσ does not exceed 59.39% to 75.72% of cσ. Stepwise regression analysis of K cσ/σ reveals that the elastic modulus,the buried depth and cσ can enter the regression equation with a fitting degree of 0.556. Kσ is a linear function of the buried depth with a correlation coefficient of 0.592. The research results provide a theoretical basis and reference for measuring the in-situ stress by Kaiser effect.
引文
[1]LJUNGGREN C,CHANG Y,JANSON T,et al.An overview of rock stress measurement methods[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(7):975-989.
[2]王成虎.地应力主要测试和估算方法回顾与展望[J].地质论评,2014,60(5):971-996.(WANG Chenghu.Brief review and outlook of main estimate and measurement methods for in-situ stresses in rock mass[J].Geological Review,2014,60(5):971-996.(in Chinese))
[3]TUNCAY E,OBARA Y.Comparison of stresses obtained from acoustic emission and compact conical-ended borehole overcoring techniques and an evaluation of the Kaiser effect level[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2012,71(2):367-377.
[4]LAVROV A,VERVOORT A,WEVERS M.Anisotropic damage formation in brittle rock:Experimental study by means of acoustic emission and Kaiser effect[J].Journal De Physique Iv,2003,105(3):321-328.
[5]TUNCAY E,ULUSAY R.Relation between Kaiser effect levels and pre-stresses applied in the laboratory[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2008,45(4):524-537.
[6]秦四清,李造鼎,林韵梅.岩石破裂的微观过程与声发射[J].东北大学学报:自然科学版,1991,(3):247-253.(QIN Siqing,LIZaoding,LIN Yunmei.Mieroproeess of roek fraeture and aeoustie emission[J].Journal of Northeastern University:Natural Science,1991,(3):247-253.(in Chinese))
[7]GOODMAN R E.Subaudible noise during compression of rocks[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1963,74(4):487-490.
[8]KURITA K,FUJII N.Stress memory of crystalline rocks in acoustic emission[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1979,6(1):9-12.
[9]KANAGAWA T,HAYASHI M,NAKASA H.Estimation of spatial geo-stress components in rock samples using the Kaiser effect of acoustic emission[J].Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu,1976,1977(258):63-75.
[10]YOSHIKAWA S,MOGI K.Experimental studies on the effect of stress history on acoustic emission activity-A possibility for estimation of rock stress[J].Journal of Acoustic Emission,1989,(8):113-123.
[11]KYAMAMOTO I,KUWAHARA Y,KATO N,et al.Deformation Rate Analysis:A new method for in situ stress estimation from inelastic deformation of rock samples under uni-axial compression[C]//Gamma Radiation.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1990:34.
[12]MATSUKI K,KOJIMA T.A mechanism of stress memory in core-based methods for measuring in-situ stresses[C]//Source 8th ISRM Congress.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1995:32.
[13]谢强,邱鹏,余贤斌,等.利用声发射法和变形率变化法联合测定地应力[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(4):559-564.(XIE Qiang,QIU Peng,YU Xianbin,et al.Initial-stress measurements with AE and DRA combined technique[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(4):559-564.(in Chinese))
[14]葛伟凤,张飞,陈勉,等.盐膏岩DRA-Kaiser地应力测试方法初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增1):3 138-3 142.(GEWeifeng,ZHANG Fei,CHEN Mian,et al.Research on geotress measurement using DRA-Kaiser method in salt-gypsum formation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(Supp.1):3 138-3 142.(in Chinese))
[15]王连俊,肖树芳,李志明,等.岩石Kaiser效应测定地应力的几个问题及其在油田中的应用[J].土工基础,1996,10(3):43-48.(WANGLianjun,XIAO Shufang,LI Zhiming,et al.Several problem of rock Kaiser effect in determining ground stress and its application of oilfield[J].Soil Engineering and Foundation,1996,10(3):43-48.(in Chinese))
[16]陈勉,张艳,金衍,等.加载速率对不同岩性岩石Kaiser效应影响的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增1):2 599-2 605.(CHEN Mian,ZHANG Yan,JIN Yan,et al.Experimental study of influence of loading rate on Kaiser effect of different lithological rocks[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(Supp.1):2 599-2 605.(in Chinese))
[17]陈宇龙,张玉.加载速率对不同岩性岩石Kaiser效应影响[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(4):959-966.(CHEN Yulong,ZHANG Yu.Influence of loading rate on the Kaiser effect for different lithological rocks[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(4):959-966.(in Chinese))
[18]王小琼,葛洪魁,宋丽莉,等.两类岩石声发射事件与Kaiser效应点识别方法的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(3):580-588.(WANG Xiaoqiong,GE Hongkui,SONG Lili,et al.Experimental study of two types of rock sample acoustic emission events and Kaiser effect point recognition approach[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(3):580-588.(in Chinese))
[19]李庶林,唐海燕.不同加载条件下岩石材料破裂过程的声发射特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(1):147-152.(LI Shulin,TANGHaiyan.Acoustic emission characteristics in failure process of rock under different uniaxial compressive loads[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(1):147-152.(in Chinese))
[20]张东明,白鑫,齐消寒,等.含层理岩石的AE特征分析及基于Kaiser效应的地应力测试研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(1):87-97.(ZHANG Dongming,BAI Xin,QI Xiaohan,et al.Acoustic emission characteristics and in-situ stresses of bedding rock based on Kaiser effect[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(1):87-97.(in Chinese))
[21]张茹,谢和平,刘建锋,等.单轴多级加载岩石破坏声发射特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(12):2 584-2 588.(ZHANG Ru,XIE Heping,LIU Jianfeng,et al.Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics of rock failure under uniaxial multilevel loadings[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(12):2 584-2 588.(in Chinese))
[22]赵毅鑫,姜耀东,韩志茹.冲击倾向性煤体破坏过程声热效应的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):965-971.(ZHAOYixin,JIANG Yaodong,HAN Zhiru.Experimental study on acoustic and thermal infrared characteristics of bump-prone coal[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):965-971.(in Chinese))
[23]陈宇龙,魏作安,张千贵.等幅循环加载与分级循环加载下砂岩声发射Felicity效应试验研究[J].煤炭学报,2012,37(2):226-230.(CHEN Yulong,WEI Zuoan,ZHANG Qiangui.Experimental study on Felicity effect of acoustic emission in rock under cyclic loading and tiered cyclic loading[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2012,37(2):226-230.(in Chinese))
[24]石凯,梅甫定,程明胜,等.循环加载高应力对大理岩Kaiser效应影响的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(12):2 906-2 916.(SHI Kai,MEI Fuding,CHENG Mingsheng,et al.Experimental study on the effect of high stress cyclic loading on Kaiser effect in marble[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(12):2 906-2 916.(in Chinese))
[25]勝山邦久.声发射(AE)计数的应用[M].冯夏庭译.北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:166-168.(KATSUYAMA T.Application of acoustic emission technique[M].Translated by FENG Xiating ed.Beijing:China Metallurgical Industry Press,1996:166-168.(in Chinese))
[26]李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉,等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15):2 499-2 503.(LIShulin,YIN Xiangang,WANG Yongjia,et al.Studies on acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(15):2 499-2 503.(in Chinese))
[27]HSIEH A,DIGHT P,DYSKIN A V.The rock stress memory unrecoverable by the Kaiser effect method[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2015,75:190-195.
[28]KRANZ R L.Crack growth and development during creep of Barre granite[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1979,16(1):23-35.
[29]CHONG K P,BORESI A P.Strain rate dependent mechanical properties of new albany reference shale[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1990,27(3):199-205.
[30]YAMAMURO J A,LADE P V.Effects of strain rate on instability of granular soils[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2014,16(3):304-313.
[31]秦虎,黄滚,王维忠.不同含水率煤岩受压变形破坏全过程声发射特征试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(6):1 115-1 120.(QIN Hu,HUANG Gun,WANG Weizhong,et al.Experimental study of acoustic emission characteristics of coal samples with different moisture contents in process of compression deformation and failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(6):1 115-1 120.(in Chinese))
[32]FILIMONOV Y L,LAVROV A V,SHAFARENKO Y M,et al.Memory effects in rock salt under triaxial stress state and their use for stress measurement in a rock mass[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2001,34(4):275-291.
[2]王成虎.地应力主要测试和估算方法回顾与展望[J].地质论评,2014,60(5):971-996.(WANG Chenghu.Brief review and outlook of main estimate and measurement methods for in-situ stresses in rock mass[J].Geological Review,2014,60(5):971-996.(in Chinese))
[3]TUNCAY E,OBARA Y.Comparison of stresses obtained from acoustic emission and compact conical-ended borehole overcoring techniques and an evaluation of the Kaiser effect level[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2012,71(2):367-377.
[4]LAVROV A,VERVOORT A,WEVERS M.Anisotropic damage formation in brittle rock:Experimental study by means of acoustic emission and Kaiser effect[J].Journal De Physique Iv,2003,105(3):321-328.
[5]TUNCAY E,ULUSAY R.Relation between Kaiser effect levels and pre-stresses applied in the laboratory[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2008,45(4):524-537.
[6]秦四清,李造鼎,林韵梅.岩石破裂的微观过程与声发射[J].东北大学学报:自然科学版,1991,(3):247-253.(QIN Siqing,LIZaoding,LIN Yunmei.Mieroproeess of roek fraeture and aeoustie emission[J].Journal of Northeastern University:Natural Science,1991,(3):247-253.(in Chinese))
[7]GOODMAN R E.Subaudible noise during compression of rocks[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1963,74(4):487-490.
[8]KURITA K,FUJII N.Stress memory of crystalline rocks in acoustic emission[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1979,6(1):9-12.
[9]KANAGAWA T,HAYASHI M,NAKASA H.Estimation of spatial geo-stress components in rock samples using the Kaiser effect of acoustic emission[J].Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu,1976,1977(258):63-75.
[10]YOSHIKAWA S,MOGI K.Experimental studies on the effect of stress history on acoustic emission activity-A possibility for estimation of rock stress[J].Journal of Acoustic Emission,1989,(8):113-123.
[11]KYAMAMOTO I,KUWAHARA Y,KATO N,et al.Deformation Rate Analysis:A new method for in situ stress estimation from inelastic deformation of rock samples under uni-axial compression[C]//Gamma Radiation.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1990:34.
[12]MATSUKI K,KOJIMA T.A mechanism of stress memory in core-based methods for measuring in-situ stresses[C]//Source 8th ISRM Congress.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1995:32.
[13]谢强,邱鹏,余贤斌,等.利用声发射法和变形率变化法联合测定地应力[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(4):559-564.(XIE Qiang,QIU Peng,YU Xianbin,et al.Initial-stress measurements with AE and DRA combined technique[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(4):559-564.(in Chinese))
[14]葛伟凤,张飞,陈勉,等.盐膏岩DRA-Kaiser地应力测试方法初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增1):3 138-3 142.(GEWeifeng,ZHANG Fei,CHEN Mian,et al.Research on geotress measurement using DRA-Kaiser method in salt-gypsum formation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(Supp.1):3 138-3 142.(in Chinese))
[15]王连俊,肖树芳,李志明,等.岩石Kaiser效应测定地应力的几个问题及其在油田中的应用[J].土工基础,1996,10(3):43-48.(WANGLianjun,XIAO Shufang,LI Zhiming,et al.Several problem of rock Kaiser effect in determining ground stress and its application of oilfield[J].Soil Engineering and Foundation,1996,10(3):43-48.(in Chinese))
[16]陈勉,张艳,金衍,等.加载速率对不同岩性岩石Kaiser效应影响的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增1):2 599-2 605.(CHEN Mian,ZHANG Yan,JIN Yan,et al.Experimental study of influence of loading rate on Kaiser effect of different lithological rocks[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(Supp.1):2 599-2 605.(in Chinese))
[17]陈宇龙,张玉.加载速率对不同岩性岩石Kaiser效应影响[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(4):959-966.(CHEN Yulong,ZHANG Yu.Influence of loading rate on the Kaiser effect for different lithological rocks[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(4):959-966.(in Chinese))
[18]王小琼,葛洪魁,宋丽莉,等.两类岩石声发射事件与Kaiser效应点识别方法的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(3):580-588.(WANG Xiaoqiong,GE Hongkui,SONG Lili,et al.Experimental study of two types of rock sample acoustic emission events and Kaiser effect point recognition approach[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(3):580-588.(in Chinese))
[19]李庶林,唐海燕.不同加载条件下岩石材料破裂过程的声发射特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(1):147-152.(LI Shulin,TANGHaiyan.Acoustic emission characteristics in failure process of rock under different uniaxial compressive loads[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(1):147-152.(in Chinese))
[20]张东明,白鑫,齐消寒,等.含层理岩石的AE特征分析及基于Kaiser效应的地应力测试研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(1):87-97.(ZHANG Dongming,BAI Xin,QI Xiaohan,et al.Acoustic emission characteristics and in-situ stresses of bedding rock based on Kaiser effect[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(1):87-97.(in Chinese))
[21]张茹,谢和平,刘建锋,等.单轴多级加载岩石破坏声发射特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(12):2 584-2 588.(ZHANG Ru,XIE Heping,LIU Jianfeng,et al.Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics of rock failure under uniaxial multilevel loadings[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(12):2 584-2 588.(in Chinese))
[22]赵毅鑫,姜耀东,韩志茹.冲击倾向性煤体破坏过程声热效应的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):965-971.(ZHAOYixin,JIANG Yaodong,HAN Zhiru.Experimental study on acoustic and thermal infrared characteristics of bump-prone coal[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):965-971.(in Chinese))
[23]陈宇龙,魏作安,张千贵.等幅循环加载与分级循环加载下砂岩声发射Felicity效应试验研究[J].煤炭学报,2012,37(2):226-230.(CHEN Yulong,WEI Zuoan,ZHANG Qiangui.Experimental study on Felicity effect of acoustic emission in rock under cyclic loading and tiered cyclic loading[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2012,37(2):226-230.(in Chinese))
[24]石凯,梅甫定,程明胜,等.循环加载高应力对大理岩Kaiser效应影响的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(12):2 906-2 916.(SHI Kai,MEI Fuding,CHENG Mingsheng,et al.Experimental study on the effect of high stress cyclic loading on Kaiser effect in marble[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(12):2 906-2 916.(in Chinese))
[25]勝山邦久.声发射(AE)计数的应用[M].冯夏庭译.北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:166-168.(KATSUYAMA T.Application of acoustic emission technique[M].Translated by FENG Xiating ed.Beijing:China Metallurgical Industry Press,1996:166-168.(in Chinese))
[26]李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉,等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15):2 499-2 503.(LIShulin,YIN Xiangang,WANG Yongjia,et al.Studies on acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(15):2 499-2 503.(in Chinese))
[27]HSIEH A,DIGHT P,DYSKIN A V.The rock stress memory unrecoverable by the Kaiser effect method[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2015,75:190-195.
[28]KRANZ R L.Crack growth and development during creep of Barre granite[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1979,16(1):23-35.
[29]CHONG K P,BORESI A P.Strain rate dependent mechanical properties of new albany reference shale[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1990,27(3):199-205.
[30]YAMAMURO J A,LADE P V.Effects of strain rate on instability of granular soils[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2014,16(3):304-313.
[31]秦虎,黄滚,王维忠.不同含水率煤岩受压变形破坏全过程声发射特征试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(6):1 115-1 120.(QIN Hu,HUANG Gun,WANG Weizhong,et al.Experimental study of acoustic emission characteristics of coal samples with different moisture contents in process of compression deformation and failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(6):1 115-1 120.(in Chinese))
[32]FILIMONOV Y L,LAVROV A V,SHAFARENKO Y M,et al.Memory effects in rock salt under triaxial stress state and their use for stress measurement in a rock mass[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2001,34(4):275-291.