荧光碳点在生物医学领域中的应用研究进展
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摘要
荧光碳点(fluorescent carbon dots,FCDs)是一种利用含碳化合物合成的新型荧光纳米材料。这种FCDs相比传统荧光材料如有机染料和半导体量子点,不仅成本低廉、易于合成和功能化,而且还具有更优秀的光学特性(如无光闪烁性),优秀的生物相容性、化学惰性以及细胞低毒性等特点。目前FCDs已经掀起了继富勒烯(C60)、碳纳米管(CNT)和石墨烯(Graphene)之后又一次碳纳米材料的研究浪潮,吸引了愈来愈多的来自物理、化学、材料及生物医药学等不同领域的科学家们。本文综述了最近FCDs在生物医学领域中的应用研究进展。
Fluorescent carbon dots(FCDs) is a novel type of fluorescent nanomaterials which synthesized from the carbon-containing compounds.In contrast to those conventional fluorescent materials such as organic dyes and semiconductor quantum dots,FCDs possess many advantages including low-cost,easy-synthesizing and readyfunctionalization,much better optical properties(like non-blinking),better biocompatibility,chemical inertness and lower cellular toxicities and so on.So far,FCDs have set up another carbon-nanomaterial researching hotspot followed C60,carbon nanotube(CNT) and graphene,attracting more and more scientists from different fields of physics,chemistry,materials and biomedicine.This paper reviews the recent FCDs researching progresses in the biomedical field.Keywords
Fluorescent carbon dots(FCDs) is a novel type of fluorescent nanomaterials which synthesized from the carbon-containing compounds.In contrast to those conventional fluorescent materials such as organic dyes and semiconductor quantum dots,FCDs possess many advantages including low-cost,easy-synthesizing and readyfunctionalization,much better optical properties(like non-blinking),better biocompatibility,chemical inertness and lower cellular toxicities and so on.So far,FCDs have set up another carbon-nanomaterial researching hotspot followed C60,carbon nanotube(CNT) and graphene,attracting more and more scientists from different fields of physics,chemistry,materials and biomedicine.This paper reviews the recent FCDs researching progresses in the biomedical field.Keywords
引文
Bhunia S.K.,Pradhan N.,and Jana N.R.,2014,Vitamin B1 derived blue and green fluorescent carbon nanoparticles forcell-imaging application,ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,6(10):7672-7679
Bhunia S.K.,Saha A.,Maity A.R.,Ray S.C.,and Jana N.R.,2013,Carbon nanoparticle-based fluorescent bioimagingprobes,Scientific Reports,3:1473
Cao L.,Wang X.,Meziani M.J.,Lu F.,Wang H.,Luo P.G.,Lin Y.,Harruff B.A.,Veca L.M.,Murray D.,Xie S.Y.,and Sun Y.P.,2007,Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging,Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society,129(37):11318-11319
Cao L.,Yang S.T.,Wang X.,Luo P.G.,Liu J.H.,Sahu S.,Liu Y.,andSun Y.P.,2012,Competitive performance of carbon“quan-tum”dots in optical bioimaging,Theranostics,2(3):295-301
Cheng L.,Li Y.,Zhai X.,Xu B.,Cao Z.,and Liu W.,2014,Polycation-b-polyzwitterion copolymer grafted luminescent carbon dots as a multifunctional platform for serum-resistantgene delivery and bioimaging,ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,(22):20487-20497
Dekaliuk M.O.,Viagin O.,Malyukin Y.V.,and Demchenko A.P.,2014,Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials:“quantum dots”ornanoclusters?Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.,16(30):16075-16084
Ding H.,Wei J.S.,and Xiong H.M.,2014,Nitrogen and sulfurco-doped carbon dots with strong blue luminescence,Nanoscale,6(22):13817-13823
Ding H.,Zhang P.,Wang T.Y.,Kong J.L.,and Xiong H.M.,2014,Nitrogen-doped carbon dots derived from polyvinylpyrrolidone and their multicolor cell imaging,Nanotechnology,25(20):205604
Du F.,Zhang M.,Li X.,Li J.,Jiang X.,Li Z.,Hua Y.,Shao G.,Jin J.,Shao Q.,Zhou M.,and Gong A.,2014,Economicaland green synthesis of bagasse-derived fluorescent carbondots for biomedical applications,Nanotechnology,25(31):315702
Gomez-de Pedro S.,Salinas-Castillo A.,Ariza-Avidad M.,Lapresta-Fernandez A.,Sanchez-Gonzalez C.,Martinez-Cisneros C.S.,Puyol M.,Capitan-Vallvey L.F.,and Alonso-Chamarro J.,2014,Microsystem-assisted synthesis ofcarbon dots with fluorescent and colorimetric properties forpH detection,Nanoscale,6(11):6018-6024
Gong N.,Wang H.,Li S.,Deng Y.,Chen X.,Ye L.,and Gu W.,2014,Microwave-assisted polyol synthesis of gadolinium-doped green luminescent carbon dots as a bimodalnanoprobe,Langmuir,30(36):10933-10939
Hu S.L.,Bai P.K.,Cao S.R.,and Sun J.,2009,Preparation of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles by pulsed laser,ChemicalJournal of Chinese Universities-Chinese,30(8):1497-1500
Huang Q.,Zhang H.,Hu S.,Li F.,Weng W.,Chen J.,Wang Q.,He Y.,Zhang W.,and Bao X.,2014,A sensitive and reliabledopamine biosensor was developed based on the Au@carbon dots-chitosan composite film,Biosens.Bioelectron.,52:277-280
Huang Y.F.,Zhou X.,Zhou R.,Zhang H.,Kang K.B.,Zhao M.,Peng Y.,Wang Q.,Zhang H.L.,and Qiu W.Y.,2014,One-pot synthesis of highly luminescent carbon quantumdots and their nontoxic ingestion by zebrafish for in vivoimaging,Chemistry,20(19):5640-5648
Jiang C.,Wu H.,Song X.,Ma X.,Wang J.,and Tan M.,2014,Presence of photoluminescent carbon dots in Nescafe(R)original instant coffee:applications to bioimaging,Talanta,127:68-74
Karthik S.,Saha B.,Ghosh S.K.,and Pradeep Singh N.D.,2013,Photoresponsive quinoline tethered fluorescent carbon dotsfor regulated anticancer drug delivery,Chem.Commun.(Camb),49(89):10471-10473
Kong W.,Liu J.,Liu R.,Li H.,Liu Y.,Huang H.,Li K.,Liu J.,Lee S.T.,and Kang Z.,2014,Quantitative and real-time effects of carbon quantum dots on single living HeL a cellmembrane permeability,Nanoscale,6(10):5116-5120
Krishna A.S.,Radhakumary C.,and Sreenivasan K.,2013,In vitrodetection of calcium in bone by modified carbon dots,Analyst,138(23):7107-7111
LeC roy G.E.,Sonkar S.K.,Yang F.,Veca L.M.,Wang P.,TackettK.N.,and,Yu J.J.,Vasile E.,Qian H.,Liu Y.,Luo P.G.,andSun Y.P.,2014,Toward structurallydefined carbon dots as ultracompact fluorescent probes,ACS Nano,8(5):4522-4529
Lemenager G.,De Luca E.,Sun Y.P.,and Pompa P.P.,2014,Super-resolution fluorescence imaging of biocompatible carbon dots,Nanoscale,6(15):8617-8623
Li H.,He X.,Kang Z.,Huang H.,Liu Y.,Liu J.,Lian S.,Tsang C.H.A.,Yang X.,and Lee S.T.,2010,Water-soluble fluorescentcarbon quantum dots and photocatalyst design,AngewandteChemie International Edition,49(26):4430-4434
Lim S.Y.,Shen W.,and Gao Z.,2014,Carbon quantum dots andtheir applications,Chem.Soc.Rev.,44(1):362-381
Liu J.H.,Yang S.T.,Chen X.X.,and Wang H.,2012,Fluorescentcarbon dots and nanodiamonds for biological imaging:preparation,application,pharmacokinetics and toxicity,Curr.Drug Metab.,13(8):1046-1056
Liu Q.,Xu S.,Niu C.,Li M.,He D.,Lu Z.,Ma L.,Na N.,HuangF.,Jiang H.,and Ouyang J.,2014,Distinguish cancer cellsbased on targeting turn-on fluorescence imaging by folatefunctionalized green emitting carbon dots,Biosens.Bioelectron.,64C:119-125
Liu R.L.,Wu D.Q.,Liu S.H.,Koynov K.,Knoll W.,and Li Q.,2009,An aqueous route to multicolor photoluminescent carbon dots using silica spheres as carriers,AngewandteChemie-International Edition,48(25):4598-4601
Lu J.,Yang J.X.,Wang J.Z.,Lim A.L.,Wang S.,and Loh K.P.,2009,One-pot synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoribbons,nanoparticles,and graphene by the exfoliation of graphite inionic liquids,Acs Nano,3(8):2367-2375
Nandi S.,Malishev R.,Parambath Kootery K.,Mirsky Y.,Kolusheva S.,and Jelinek R.,2014,Membrane analysis withamphiphilic carbon dots,Chem.Commun.(Camb),50(71):10299-10302
Pan D.,Zhang J.,Li Z.,Zhang Z.,Guo L.,and Wu M.,2011,Blue fluorescent carbon thin films fabricated from dodecylamine-capped carbon nanoparticles,Journal of MaterialsChemistry,21(11):3565-3567
Parvin N.,Mandal T.K.,and Roy P.,2013,Polyelectrolyte carbonquantum-dots:new player as a noninvasive imaging probe indrosophila,J.Nanosci.Nanotechnol.,13(10):6499-6505
Qian Z.,Ma J.,Shan X.,Feng H.,Shao L.,and Chen J.,2014,Highly luminescent N-doped carbon quantum dots as an effective multifunctional fluorescence sensing platform,Chemistry,20(8):2254-2263
Qian Z.,Shan X.,Chai L.,Ma J.,Chen J.,and Feng H.,2014,Si-doped carbon quantum dots:a facile and general preparation strategy,Bioimaging Application,and MultifunctionalSensor,ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,6(9):6797-6805
Qin X.Y.,Lu W.B.,Asiri A.M.,Al-Youbi A.O.,and Sun X.P.,2013,Green,low-cost synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dotsby hydrothermal treatment of willow bark and their application as an effective photocatalyst for fabricating Au nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for glucosedetection,Catalysis Science&Technology,3(4):1027-1035
Qu S.N.,Wang X.Y.,Lu Q.P.,Liu X.Y.,and Wang L.J.,2012,Abiocompatible fluorescent ink based on water-soluble luminescent carbon nanodots,Angewandte Chemie-InternationalEdition,51(49):12215-12218
Ruan S.,Qian J.,Shen S.,Zhu J.,Jiang X.,He Q.and Gao H.,2014,A simple one-step method to prepare fluorescent carbon dots and their potential application in non-invasiveglioma imaging,Nanoscale,6(17):10040-10047
Shan X.,Chai L.,Ma J.,Qian Z.,Chen J.,and Feng H.,2014,B-doped carbon quantum dots as a sensitive fluorescenceprobe for hydrogen peroxide and glucose detection,Analyst.,139(10):2322-2325
Shen P.,and Xia Y.,2014,Synthesis-modification integration:one-step fabrication of boronic acid functionalized carbondots for fluorescent blood sugar sensing,Anal.Chem.,86(11):5323-5329
Shi Y.,Pan Y.,Zhang H.,Zhang Z.,Li M.J.,Yi C.,and Yang M.,2014,A dual-mode nanosensor based on carbon quantumdots and gold nanoparticles for discriminative detection ofglutathione in human plasma,Biosens.Bioelectron.,56:39-45
Sun Y.P.,Wang X.,Lu F.,Cao L.,Meziani M.J.,Luo P.G.,Gu L.,and Veca L.M.,2008,Doped carbon nanoparticles as a newplatform for highly photoluminescent dots,The Journal ofPhysical Chemistry,C 112(47):18295-18298
Thakur M.,Pandey S.,Mewada A.,Patil V.,Khade M.,Goshi E.,and Sharon M.,2014,Antibiotic conjugated fluorescent carbon dots as a theranostic agent for controlled drug release,bioimaging,and enhanced antimicrobial activity,J.DrugDeliv.,2014:282193
Wang L.,and Zhou H.S.,2014,Green synthesis of luminescentnitrogen-doped carbon dots from milk and its imaging application,Anal.Chem.,86(18):8902-8905
Wang X.,Cao L.,Lu F.S.,Meziani M.J.,Li H.,Qi G.,Zhou B.,Harruff B.A.,Kermarrec F.,and Sun Y.P.,2009,Photoinduced electron transfers with carbon dots,Chemical Com-munications,(25):3774-3776
Wang X.H.,Qu K.G.,Xu B.L.,Ren J.S.,and Qu X.G.,2011,Microwave assisted one-step green synthesis of cell-permeablemulticolor photoluminescent carbon dots without surfacepassivation reagents,Journal of Materials Chemistry,21(8):2445-2450
Xie Z.,Wang F.,and Liu C.Y.,2012,Organic-inorganic hybridfunctional carbon dot gel glasses,Advanced Materials,24(13):1716-1721.
Xu J.,Zhou Y.,Cheng G.,Dong M.,Liu S.,and Huang C.,2014,Carbon dots as a luminescence sensor for ultrasensitive detection of phosphate and their bioimaging properties,Luminescence,2752
Xu Y.,Li Y.H.,Wang Y.,Cui J.L.,Yin X.B.,He X.W.,andZhang Y.K.,2014,13C-engineered carbon quantum dots forin vivo magnetic resonance and fluorescence dual-response,Analyst.,139(20):5134-5139
Yang S.T.,Cao L.,Luo P.G.,Lu F.,Wang X.,Wang H.,MezianiM.J.,Liu Y.,Qi G.,and Sun Y.P.,2009,Carbon dots for optical imaging in vivo,Journal of the American Chemical Society,131(32):11308-11309
Yang S.T.,Cao L.,Luo P.G.,Lu F.,Wang X.,Wang H.,Meziani M.J.,Liu Y.,Qi G.,and Sun Y.P.,2009,Carbon dots for opticalimaging in vivo,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,131(32):11308-11309
Yang X.,Zhuo Y.,Zhu S.,Luo Y.,Feng Y.,and Dou Y.,2014,Novel and green synthesis of high-fluorescent carbon dots originated from honey for sensing and imaging,Biosens.Bioelectron.,60:292-298
Zhang H.,Chen Y.,Liang M.,Xu L.,Qi S.,Chen H.,and ChenX.,2014,Solid-phase synthesis of highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots for sensitive and selective probingferric ions in living cells,Anal.Chem.,86(19):9846-9852
Zhang L.,Zhang R.,Cui P.,Cao W.,and Gao F.,2013.,An effi-cient phosphorescence energy transfer between quantumdots and carbon nanotubes for ultrasensitive turn-on detection of DNA,Chem.Commun.(Camb),49(73):8102-8104
Zhang R.,and Chen W.,2014,Nitrogen-doped carbon quantumdots:facile synthesis and application as a“turn-off”fluorescent probe for detection of Hg2+ions,Biosens.Bioelectron.,55:83-90
Zhang Y.Y.,Wu M.,Wang Y.Q.,He X.W.,Li W.Y.,and Feng X.Z.,2013,A new hydrothermal refluxing route to strong fluorescent carbon dots and its application as fluorescent imaging agent,Talanta,117:196-202
Zhao A.,Zhao C.,Li M.,Ren J.,and Qu X.,2014,Ionic liquidsas precursors for highly luminescent,surface-different nitrogen-doped carbon dots used for label-free detection ofCu2+/Fe3+and cell imaging,Anal.Chim.Acta,809:128-133
Zhao Q.L.,Zhang Z.L.,Huang B.H.,PengJ.,Zhang M.,and PangD.W.,2008,Facile preparation of low cytotoxicity fluorescent carbon nanocrystals by electrooxidation of graphite,Chemical Communications,(41):5116-5118
Zheng L.Y.,Chi Y.W.,Dong Y.Q.,Lin J.P.,and Wang B.B.,2009,Electrochemiluminescence of water-soluble carbonnanocrystals released electrochemically from graphite,Journal of the American Chemical Society,131(13):4564-4565
Zheng M.,Liu S.,Li J.,Qu D.,Zhao H.F.,Guan X.G.,Hu X.L.,Xie Z.G.,Jing X.B.,and Sun Z.C.,2014,Integrating oxaliplatin with highly luminescent carbon dots:an unprecedented theranostic agent for personalized medicine,Adv.Mater.,26(21):3554-3560
Z hu S.J.,Meng Q.N.,Wang L.,Zhang J.H.,Song Y.B.,Jin H.,Zhang K.,Sun H.C.,Wang H.Y.,and Yang B.,2013,Highlyphotoluminescent carbon dots for multicolor patterning,sensors,and bioimaging,Angewandte Chemie-InternationalEdition,52(14):3953-3957
Bhunia S.K.,Saha A.,Maity A.R.,Ray S.C.,and Jana N.R.,2013,Carbon nanoparticle-based fluorescent bioimagingprobes,Scientific Reports,3:1473
Cao L.,Wang X.,Meziani M.J.,Lu F.,Wang H.,Luo P.G.,Lin Y.,Harruff B.A.,Veca L.M.,Murray D.,Xie S.Y.,and Sun Y.P.,2007,Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging,Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society,129(37):11318-11319
Cao L.,Yang S.T.,Wang X.,Luo P.G.,Liu J.H.,Sahu S.,Liu Y.,andSun Y.P.,2012,Competitive performance of carbon“quan-tum”dots in optical bioimaging,Theranostics,2(3):295-301
Cheng L.,Li Y.,Zhai X.,Xu B.,Cao Z.,and Liu W.,2014,Polycation-b-polyzwitterion copolymer grafted luminescent carbon dots as a multifunctional platform for serum-resistantgene delivery and bioimaging,ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,(22):20487-20497
Dekaliuk M.O.,Viagin O.,Malyukin Y.V.,and Demchenko A.P.,2014,Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials:“quantum dots”ornanoclusters?Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.,16(30):16075-16084
Ding H.,Wei J.S.,and Xiong H.M.,2014,Nitrogen and sulfurco-doped carbon dots with strong blue luminescence,Nanoscale,6(22):13817-13823
Ding H.,Zhang P.,Wang T.Y.,Kong J.L.,and Xiong H.M.,2014,Nitrogen-doped carbon dots derived from polyvinylpyrrolidone and their multicolor cell imaging,Nanotechnology,25(20):205604
Du F.,Zhang M.,Li X.,Li J.,Jiang X.,Li Z.,Hua Y.,Shao G.,Jin J.,Shao Q.,Zhou M.,and Gong A.,2014,Economicaland green synthesis of bagasse-derived fluorescent carbondots for biomedical applications,Nanotechnology,25(31):315702
Gomez-de Pedro S.,Salinas-Castillo A.,Ariza-Avidad M.,Lapresta-Fernandez A.,Sanchez-Gonzalez C.,Martinez-Cisneros C.S.,Puyol M.,Capitan-Vallvey L.F.,and Alonso-Chamarro J.,2014,Microsystem-assisted synthesis ofcarbon dots with fluorescent and colorimetric properties forpH detection,Nanoscale,6(11):6018-6024
Gong N.,Wang H.,Li S.,Deng Y.,Chen X.,Ye L.,and Gu W.,2014,Microwave-assisted polyol synthesis of gadolinium-doped green luminescent carbon dots as a bimodalnanoprobe,Langmuir,30(36):10933-10939
Hu S.L.,Bai P.K.,Cao S.R.,and Sun J.,2009,Preparation of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles by pulsed laser,ChemicalJournal of Chinese Universities-Chinese,30(8):1497-1500
Huang Q.,Zhang H.,Hu S.,Li F.,Weng W.,Chen J.,Wang Q.,He Y.,Zhang W.,and Bao X.,2014,A sensitive and reliabledopamine biosensor was developed based on the Au@carbon dots-chitosan composite film,Biosens.Bioelectron.,52:277-280
Huang Y.F.,Zhou X.,Zhou R.,Zhang H.,Kang K.B.,Zhao M.,Peng Y.,Wang Q.,Zhang H.L.,and Qiu W.Y.,2014,One-pot synthesis of highly luminescent carbon quantumdots and their nontoxic ingestion by zebrafish for in vivoimaging,Chemistry,20(19):5640-5648
Jiang C.,Wu H.,Song X.,Ma X.,Wang J.,and Tan M.,2014,Presence of photoluminescent carbon dots in Nescafe(R)original instant coffee:applications to bioimaging,Talanta,127:68-74
Karthik S.,Saha B.,Ghosh S.K.,and Pradeep Singh N.D.,2013,Photoresponsive quinoline tethered fluorescent carbon dotsfor regulated anticancer drug delivery,Chem.Commun.(Camb),49(89):10471-10473
Kong W.,Liu J.,Liu R.,Li H.,Liu Y.,Huang H.,Li K.,Liu J.,Lee S.T.,and Kang Z.,2014,Quantitative and real-time effects of carbon quantum dots on single living HeL a cellmembrane permeability,Nanoscale,6(10):5116-5120
Krishna A.S.,Radhakumary C.,and Sreenivasan K.,2013,In vitrodetection of calcium in bone by modified carbon dots,Analyst,138(23):7107-7111
LeC roy G.E.,Sonkar S.K.,Yang F.,Veca L.M.,Wang P.,TackettK.N.,and,Yu J.J.,Vasile E.,Qian H.,Liu Y.,Luo P.G.,andSun Y.P.,2014,Toward structurallydefined carbon dots as ultracompact fluorescent probes,ACS Nano,8(5):4522-4529
Lemenager G.,De Luca E.,Sun Y.P.,and Pompa P.P.,2014,Super-resolution fluorescence imaging of biocompatible carbon dots,Nanoscale,6(15):8617-8623
Li H.,He X.,Kang Z.,Huang H.,Liu Y.,Liu J.,Lian S.,Tsang C.H.A.,Yang X.,and Lee S.T.,2010,Water-soluble fluorescentcarbon quantum dots and photocatalyst design,AngewandteChemie International Edition,49(26):4430-4434
Lim S.Y.,Shen W.,and Gao Z.,2014,Carbon quantum dots andtheir applications,Chem.Soc.Rev.,44(1):362-381
Liu J.H.,Yang S.T.,Chen X.X.,and Wang H.,2012,Fluorescentcarbon dots and nanodiamonds for biological imaging:preparation,application,pharmacokinetics and toxicity,Curr.Drug Metab.,13(8):1046-1056
Liu Q.,Xu S.,Niu C.,Li M.,He D.,Lu Z.,Ma L.,Na N.,HuangF.,Jiang H.,and Ouyang J.,2014,Distinguish cancer cellsbased on targeting turn-on fluorescence imaging by folatefunctionalized green emitting carbon dots,Biosens.Bioelectron.,64C:119-125
Liu R.L.,Wu D.Q.,Liu S.H.,Koynov K.,Knoll W.,and Li Q.,2009,An aqueous route to multicolor photoluminescent carbon dots using silica spheres as carriers,AngewandteChemie-International Edition,48(25):4598-4601
Lu J.,Yang J.X.,Wang J.Z.,Lim A.L.,Wang S.,and Loh K.P.,2009,One-pot synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoribbons,nanoparticles,and graphene by the exfoliation of graphite inionic liquids,Acs Nano,3(8):2367-2375
Nandi S.,Malishev R.,Parambath Kootery K.,Mirsky Y.,Kolusheva S.,and Jelinek R.,2014,Membrane analysis withamphiphilic carbon dots,Chem.Commun.(Camb),50(71):10299-10302
Pan D.,Zhang J.,Li Z.,Zhang Z.,Guo L.,and Wu M.,2011,Blue fluorescent carbon thin films fabricated from dodecylamine-capped carbon nanoparticles,Journal of MaterialsChemistry,21(11):3565-3567
Parvin N.,Mandal T.K.,and Roy P.,2013,Polyelectrolyte carbonquantum-dots:new player as a noninvasive imaging probe indrosophila,J.Nanosci.Nanotechnol.,13(10):6499-6505
Qian Z.,Ma J.,Shan X.,Feng H.,Shao L.,and Chen J.,2014,Highly luminescent N-doped carbon quantum dots as an effective multifunctional fluorescence sensing platform,Chemistry,20(8):2254-2263
Qian Z.,Shan X.,Chai L.,Ma J.,Chen J.,and Feng H.,2014,Si-doped carbon quantum dots:a facile and general preparation strategy,Bioimaging Application,and MultifunctionalSensor,ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,6(9):6797-6805
Qin X.Y.,Lu W.B.,Asiri A.M.,Al-Youbi A.O.,and Sun X.P.,2013,Green,low-cost synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dotsby hydrothermal treatment of willow bark and their application as an effective photocatalyst for fabricating Au nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for glucosedetection,Catalysis Science&Technology,3(4):1027-1035
Qu S.N.,Wang X.Y.,Lu Q.P.,Liu X.Y.,and Wang L.J.,2012,Abiocompatible fluorescent ink based on water-soluble luminescent carbon nanodots,Angewandte Chemie-InternationalEdition,51(49):12215-12218
Ruan S.,Qian J.,Shen S.,Zhu J.,Jiang X.,He Q.and Gao H.,2014,A simple one-step method to prepare fluorescent carbon dots and their potential application in non-invasiveglioma imaging,Nanoscale,6(17):10040-10047
Shan X.,Chai L.,Ma J.,Qian Z.,Chen J.,and Feng H.,2014,B-doped carbon quantum dots as a sensitive fluorescenceprobe for hydrogen peroxide and glucose detection,Analyst.,139(10):2322-2325
Shen P.,and Xia Y.,2014,Synthesis-modification integration:one-step fabrication of boronic acid functionalized carbondots for fluorescent blood sugar sensing,Anal.Chem.,86(11):5323-5329
Shi Y.,Pan Y.,Zhang H.,Zhang Z.,Li M.J.,Yi C.,and Yang M.,2014,A dual-mode nanosensor based on carbon quantumdots and gold nanoparticles for discriminative detection ofglutathione in human plasma,Biosens.Bioelectron.,56:39-45
Sun Y.P.,Wang X.,Lu F.,Cao L.,Meziani M.J.,Luo P.G.,Gu L.,and Veca L.M.,2008,Doped carbon nanoparticles as a newplatform for highly photoluminescent dots,The Journal ofPhysical Chemistry,C 112(47):18295-18298
Thakur M.,Pandey S.,Mewada A.,Patil V.,Khade M.,Goshi E.,and Sharon M.,2014,Antibiotic conjugated fluorescent carbon dots as a theranostic agent for controlled drug release,bioimaging,and enhanced antimicrobial activity,J.DrugDeliv.,2014:282193
Wang L.,and Zhou H.S.,2014,Green synthesis of luminescentnitrogen-doped carbon dots from milk and its imaging application,Anal.Chem.,86(18):8902-8905
Wang X.,Cao L.,Lu F.S.,Meziani M.J.,Li H.,Qi G.,Zhou B.,Harruff B.A.,Kermarrec F.,and Sun Y.P.,2009,Photoinduced electron transfers with carbon dots,Chemical Com-munications,(25):3774-3776
Wang X.H.,Qu K.G.,Xu B.L.,Ren J.S.,and Qu X.G.,2011,Microwave assisted one-step green synthesis of cell-permeablemulticolor photoluminescent carbon dots without surfacepassivation reagents,Journal of Materials Chemistry,21(8):2445-2450
Xie Z.,Wang F.,and Liu C.Y.,2012,Organic-inorganic hybridfunctional carbon dot gel glasses,Advanced Materials,24(13):1716-1721.
Xu J.,Zhou Y.,Cheng G.,Dong M.,Liu S.,and Huang C.,2014,Carbon dots as a luminescence sensor for ultrasensitive detection of phosphate and their bioimaging properties,Luminescence,2752
Xu Y.,Li Y.H.,Wang Y.,Cui J.L.,Yin X.B.,He X.W.,andZhang Y.K.,2014,13C-engineered carbon quantum dots forin vivo magnetic resonance and fluorescence dual-response,Analyst.,139(20):5134-5139
Yang S.T.,Cao L.,Luo P.G.,Lu F.,Wang X.,Wang H.,MezianiM.J.,Liu Y.,Qi G.,and Sun Y.P.,2009,Carbon dots for optical imaging in vivo,Journal of the American Chemical Society,131(32):11308-11309
Yang S.T.,Cao L.,Luo P.G.,Lu F.,Wang X.,Wang H.,Meziani M.J.,Liu Y.,Qi G.,and Sun Y.P.,2009,Carbon dots for opticalimaging in vivo,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,131(32):11308-11309
Yang X.,Zhuo Y.,Zhu S.,Luo Y.,Feng Y.,and Dou Y.,2014,Novel and green synthesis of high-fluorescent carbon dots originated from honey for sensing and imaging,Biosens.Bioelectron.,60:292-298
Zhang H.,Chen Y.,Liang M.,Xu L.,Qi S.,Chen H.,and ChenX.,2014,Solid-phase synthesis of highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots for sensitive and selective probingferric ions in living cells,Anal.Chem.,86(19):9846-9852
Zhang L.,Zhang R.,Cui P.,Cao W.,and Gao F.,2013.,An effi-cient phosphorescence energy transfer between quantumdots and carbon nanotubes for ultrasensitive turn-on detection of DNA,Chem.Commun.(Camb),49(73):8102-8104
Zhang R.,and Chen W.,2014,Nitrogen-doped carbon quantumdots:facile synthesis and application as a“turn-off”fluorescent probe for detection of Hg2+ions,Biosens.Bioelectron.,55:83-90
Zhang Y.Y.,Wu M.,Wang Y.Q.,He X.W.,Li W.Y.,and Feng X.Z.,2013,A new hydrothermal refluxing route to strong fluorescent carbon dots and its application as fluorescent imaging agent,Talanta,117:196-202
Zhao A.,Zhao C.,Li M.,Ren J.,and Qu X.,2014,Ionic liquidsas precursors for highly luminescent,surface-different nitrogen-doped carbon dots used for label-free detection ofCu2+/Fe3+and cell imaging,Anal.Chim.Acta,809:128-133
Zhao Q.L.,Zhang Z.L.,Huang B.H.,PengJ.,Zhang M.,and PangD.W.,2008,Facile preparation of low cytotoxicity fluorescent carbon nanocrystals by electrooxidation of graphite,Chemical Communications,(41):5116-5118
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