基于采伐剩余物的生物质固体燃料生态效益分析
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摘要
以采伐剩余物为原料发展生物质固体燃料技术,能有效缓解我国林木质资源浪费和能源匮乏现象。采用简化LCA法和IPCC法,对以采伐剩余物为原料的生物质固体燃料技术应用,从收集直至转化为可利用能源的全过程生态效益进行评价。结果表明:采伐剩余物在生物质发电过程产生的总碳排放为0.82 t/hm2,碳汇为17.55 t/hm2,净碳为16.73 t/hm2,净固定CO2为61.38 t/hm2,表现出"碳汇功能";产生碳排放最多的是加工成型阶段,占总碳排放的68.97%;其次是燃料使用阶段,占14.94%;运输阶段受运距影响,在原材料运距20 km产生的碳排放占5.57%;成品运距30 km,产生的碳排放占7.21%;人工收集阶段产生的碳排放最少,占3.31%。能量效率为0.032,转化效率较高。从生态效益角度来看,生物质固体成型燃料技术具有较大的优势。
The development of biomass solid fuel technology using forest cutting residues as raw materials can effectively relieve the waste of forest resources and energy shortage in China. The eco-benefit evaluation of forest residues biomass fuels,from collecting into available energy,was conducted using simplify LCA method and IPCC method. The results indicate that,carbon emission of the utilization of biomass solid fuels is 0. 82 t/hm2,carbon sequestration is 17. 55 t/hm2,net carbon is 16. 73 t/hm2,net carbon dioxide is 61. 38 t/hm2,which reflect carbon sequestration function. The most carbon emission is the processing stage,accounting for68. 97% of the total carbon emission,followed by the fuel use stage,accounting for 14. 94%. The transportation stage is affected by the distance of transportation,accounting for 5. 57% of the total carbon emissions of 20 km of raw materials; the distance of finished products is 30 km and the carbon emission is 7. 21%. The least carbon emission appeared at the artificial collecting,with only3. 31%. The energy efficiency is 0. 032,and the conversion efficiency is high. From the point of view of ecological benefit,biomass solid fuel has great advantages.
The development of biomass solid fuel technology using forest cutting residues as raw materials can effectively relieve the waste of forest resources and energy shortage in China. The eco-benefit evaluation of forest residues biomass fuels,from collecting into available energy,was conducted using simplify LCA method and IPCC method. The results indicate that,carbon emission of the utilization of biomass solid fuels is 0. 82 t/hm2,carbon sequestration is 17. 55 t/hm2,net carbon is 16. 73 t/hm2,net carbon dioxide is 61. 38 t/hm2,which reflect carbon sequestration function. The most carbon emission is the processing stage,accounting for68. 97% of the total carbon emission,followed by the fuel use stage,accounting for 14. 94%. The transportation stage is affected by the distance of transportation,accounting for 5. 57% of the total carbon emissions of 20 km of raw materials; the distance of finished products is 30 km and the carbon emission is 7. 21%. The least carbon emission appeared at the artificial collecting,with only3. 31%. The energy efficiency is 0. 032,and the conversion efficiency is high. From the point of view of ecological benefit,biomass solid fuel has great advantages.
引文
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[27]Zhou X N,Zhou Y,Zhou C J,et al.Effects of cutting intensity on soil physical and chemical properties in a mixed natural forest in southeastern China[J].Forests,2015,6(12):4495-4509.
[28]杨智杰.杉木、木荷人工林碳吸存与碳平衡研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2007.
[29]张林,黄永,罗天祥,等.林分各器官生物量随林龄的变化规律——以杉木、马尾松人工林为例[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2005,22(2):170-178.
[30]沈燕,田大伦,项文化,等.天然次生檫木枫香混交林生物量及生产力研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2011,31(5):26-30.
[31]郑丽凤,周新年,李丹,等.森林采伐对闽北天然次生林碳储量及其动态的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2013,13(6):162-167.
[32]陈俊松.基于生命周期评价理论的人工林作业资源—环境—经济影响研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2011.
[33]张斌.2020年我国能源电力消费及碳排放强度情景分析[J].中国能源,2009,31(3):28-31.
[34]方恺,朱晓娟,高凯,等.全球电力碳足迹及其当量因子测算[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(12):3160-3166.
[35]徐剑琦.林木生物质能资源量及资源收集半径的计量研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2006.
[36]伍英武.轮胎碳足迹分析与研究[D].上海:上海师范大学,2012.
[37]霍丽丽,侯书林,田宜水,等.生物质固体燃料成型机压辊磨损失效分析[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):102-106.
[38]孔雪辉,王述洋,黎粤华.生物质燃料固化成型设备发展现状及趋势[J].机电产品开发与创新,2010,23(2):12-13.
[39]陈建华,郭菊娥,席酉民,等.秸秆替代煤发电的外部效应测算分析[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2009,19(4):161-167.
[40]林琳,赵黛青,魏国平,等.生物质直燃发电系统的生命周期评价[J].水利电力机械,2006,28(12):18-23.
[41]蒋冬梅,诸培新.江苏盐城市农村秸秆资源综合利用——基于生物质发电的经济分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(5):1208-1212.
[2]Berg S,Lindholm E.Energy use and environmental impacts of forest operations in Sweden[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2005,13(1):33-42.
[3]蒋剑春,应浩,孙云娟.德国、瑞典林业生物质能源产业发展现状[J].生物质化学工程,2006(5):31-36.
[4]赵丹,龙勤.云南省林木生物质能源产业发展潜力研究[J].全国商情(经济理论研究),2009(11):9-10.
[5]梁守伦,田野.固体成型燃料生产的资源承载力分析[J].山西林业科技,2014,43(1):19-21.
[6]霍丽丽,侯书林,赵立欣,等.生物质固体成型燃料技术及设备研究进展[J].安全与环境学报,2009(6):27-31.
[7]王杨.国内外林木生物质能源化利用状况比较研究[J].防护林科技,2015(1):79-80.
[8]俞国胜,肖江,袁湘月,等.发展中国林木生物质成型燃料[J].生物质化学工程,2006(S1):45-50.
[9]孙凤莲,王忠吉,叶慧.林木生物质能源产业发展现状、可能影响与对策分析[J].经济问题探索,2012(3):149-153.
[10]Madlener R,V Gtli S.Diffusion of bioenergy in urban areas:a socio-economic analysis of the Swiss wood-fired cogeneration plant in Basel[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2008,32(9):815-828.
[11]Suntana A S,Vogt K A,Turnblom E C,et al.Bio-methanol potential in Indonesia:forest biomass as a source of bio-energy that reduces carbon emissions[J].Applied Energy,2009,86(11):215-221.
[12]Guest G,Cherubini F,Strmman A H.Climate impact potential of utilizing forest residues for bioenergy in Norway[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2013,18(8):1089-1108.
[13]Jppinen E,Korpinen O,Laitila J,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions of forest bioenergy supply and utilization in Finland[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,29:369-382.
[14]Gustavsson L,Haus S,Ortiz C A,et al.Climate effects of bioenergy from forest residues in comparison to fossil energy[J].Applied Energy,2015,138(1):36-50.
[15]李平,蔡鸣,陈正明,等.生物质固体成型燃料技术研究进展及应用效益分析[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(14):8284-8286.
[16]刘媛.生物质发电环境成本核算及效益评估[D].北京:华北电力大学,2014.
[17]魏文,陈怡,吴官胜,等.生物质成型燃料工业项目环境影响评价实例分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2015,40(1):118-120.
[18]张宝心,姜月,温懋.生物质成型燃料产业研究现状及发展分析[J].能源与节能,2015(2):67-69.
[19]李运泉.生物质成型燃料燃烧特性及烟气排放规律研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2015.
[20]潘小苏.林木生物质能源资源潜力评估研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.
[21]周媛,李丹,巫志龙,等.森林采运作业过程碳排放分析[J].森林工程,2014,30(3):1-5.
[22]周媛,郑丽凤,周新年,等.基于行业标准的木材生产作业系统碳排放[J].北华大学学报(自然科学版),2014,15(6):815-820.
[23]Zhou Y,Zheng L F,Zhou X N,et al.Greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and the optimum operation model of timber production system in Southern China[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2015,24(11a):3743-3753.
[24]中国国家标准管理委员会.GB2589—81《综合能耗计算通则》[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1986.
[25]王微,林剑艺,崔胜辉,等.碳足迹分析方法研究综述[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(7):71-78.
[26]霍丽丽,田宜水,孟海波,等.生物质固体成型燃料全生命周期评价[J].太阳能学报,2011,32(12):1875-1880.
[27]Zhou X N,Zhou Y,Zhou C J,et al.Effects of cutting intensity on soil physical and chemical properties in a mixed natural forest in southeastern China[J].Forests,2015,6(12):4495-4509.
[28]杨智杰.杉木、木荷人工林碳吸存与碳平衡研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2007.
[29]张林,黄永,罗天祥,等.林分各器官生物量随林龄的变化规律——以杉木、马尾松人工林为例[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2005,22(2):170-178.
[30]沈燕,田大伦,项文化,等.天然次生檫木枫香混交林生物量及生产力研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2011,31(5):26-30.
[31]郑丽凤,周新年,李丹,等.森林采伐对闽北天然次生林碳储量及其动态的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2013,13(6):162-167.
[32]陈俊松.基于生命周期评价理论的人工林作业资源—环境—经济影响研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2011.
[33]张斌.2020年我国能源电力消费及碳排放强度情景分析[J].中国能源,2009,31(3):28-31.
[34]方恺,朱晓娟,高凯,等.全球电力碳足迹及其当量因子测算[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(12):3160-3166.
[35]徐剑琦.林木生物质能资源量及资源收集半径的计量研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2006.
[36]伍英武.轮胎碳足迹分析与研究[D].上海:上海师范大学,2012.
[37]霍丽丽,侯书林,田宜水,等.生物质固体燃料成型机压辊磨损失效分析[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):102-106.
[38]孔雪辉,王述洋,黎粤华.生物质燃料固化成型设备发展现状及趋势[J].机电产品开发与创新,2010,23(2):12-13.
[39]陈建华,郭菊娥,席酉民,等.秸秆替代煤发电的外部效应测算分析[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2009,19(4):161-167.
[40]林琳,赵黛青,魏国平,等.生物质直燃发电系统的生命周期评价[J].水利电力机械,2006,28(12):18-23.
[41]蒋冬梅,诸培新.江苏盐城市农村秸秆资源综合利用——基于生物质发电的经济分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(5):1208-1212.