进化心理学视角下经济压力对女性择偶偏好影响研究
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摘要
择偶是婚姻过程中一个非常重要的环节,女性择偶是近年来研究的热门话题。本研究从进化心理学的择偶理论出发,研究女性在经济压力之下的择偶偏好。研究用实验的方法,结果表明(1)女性在经济压力之下,更青睐具有"好资源"的男性;(2)对照组女性在外显测量的情况下往往表示更喜欢男性的"好爸爸"特质,而在阈下测量时,无论哪一组的女性都更重视男性的社会经济地位。研究结果表明,女性择偶时普遍更重视资源线索,在经济压力之下,这种择偶偏好更加明显。
As a complex social, cultural and psychological phenomenon, Mating Preference has become a hot topic in sociology and psychology in recent years. Since the late 1970 s, Chinese scholars initiated the relevant studies of mating preference in China. However, their main research methods were content analysis of marriage personals and self-report questionnaires; and due to their underdeveloped theoretical frameworks, their empirical studies were lacking convincing theoretical support. Therefore, on the basis of the in-depth studies of the evolutionary psychology, the present study learns from the western research paradigms and measurement methods in order to conduct in-depth researches and discussions on the issue about Chinese female mating preference.The present research starts from the theory of mating in the evolutionary psychology and conducts the research on the preference of females mating preference under the economic pressure.Under the theoretical framework of evolutionary psychology, there are three dimensional factor structures of female mating preference. They are Good-Genes, Good-Provider and Good-Father. In order to further clarify the influential mechanism of the economic in female mating preference, the present study were carried out two experiments to explore the influences of the states of economy. In Experiment 1, 87 female college students were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. The subjects in the experimental group completed the priming of economic pressure first, while the subjects in the control group only needed to 20-50 calculate mathematical problems. After the priming task was completed, the subjects were asked to complete the word selection task to measure the preference of women for mate selection. Experiment 2 is a visual search experiment. The subjects in the experimental group completed the priming of financial stress and then entered the visual search task.The result shows that(1) Under economic pressure, women prefer men with "good resources".(2) Women pay more attention to material conditions when choosing a mate, and pay more attention to men's character when self-reporting.(3) The difference between explicit and implicit measurement of women's mate preference shows that explicit measurement pays more attention to the trait of "good father" and implicit measurement pays more attention to the trait of "good resources". The results of this study are consistent with our hypothesis that women who are struggling financially place a higher value on the socioeconomic status of men when choosing a mate. This finding can be explained by the hypothesis of structural resource scarcity in evolutionary psychology: Women who lack their own resources tend to seek out more resourceful men as mates, which can improve the survival rate of their offspring. And this preference is still valid in Chinese culture.The psychology of choosing a spouse of modern people comes from the edification of historical traditional culture and the influence of Western thought. Through this study, we can understand the women's criteria and influence factors, so as to provide more targeted theoretical guidance for China's women's marriage. On the other hand, there is a lack of psychological research on women's individual psychology in the field of psychology,especially the empirical research is very little. In the study of the factors affecting women's choice of spouse, the results of the study on the impact of economic status on women's choice of spouse are not uniform, to be further verified, this study fills the gap in this area, has important theoretical significance.
As a complex social, cultural and psychological phenomenon, Mating Preference has become a hot topic in sociology and psychology in recent years. Since the late 1970 s, Chinese scholars initiated the relevant studies of mating preference in China. However, their main research methods were content analysis of marriage personals and self-report questionnaires; and due to their underdeveloped theoretical frameworks, their empirical studies were lacking convincing theoretical support. Therefore, on the basis of the in-depth studies of the evolutionary psychology, the present study learns from the western research paradigms and measurement methods in order to conduct in-depth researches and discussions on the issue about Chinese female mating preference.The present research starts from the theory of mating in the evolutionary psychology and conducts the research on the preference of females mating preference under the economic pressure.Under the theoretical framework of evolutionary psychology, there are three dimensional factor structures of female mating preference. They are Good-Genes, Good-Provider and Good-Father. In order to further clarify the influential mechanism of the economic in female mating preference, the present study were carried out two experiments to explore the influences of the states of economy. In Experiment 1, 87 female college students were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. The subjects in the experimental group completed the priming of economic pressure first, while the subjects in the control group only needed to 20-50 calculate mathematical problems. After the priming task was completed, the subjects were asked to complete the word selection task to measure the preference of women for mate selection. Experiment 2 is a visual search experiment. The subjects in the experimental group completed the priming of financial stress and then entered the visual search task.The result shows that(1) Under economic pressure, women prefer men with "good resources".(2) Women pay more attention to material conditions when choosing a mate, and pay more attention to men's character when self-reporting.(3) The difference between explicit and implicit measurement of women's mate preference shows that explicit measurement pays more attention to the trait of "good father" and implicit measurement pays more attention to the trait of "good resources". The results of this study are consistent with our hypothesis that women who are struggling financially place a higher value on the socioeconomic status of men when choosing a mate. This finding can be explained by the hypothesis of structural resource scarcity in evolutionary psychology: Women who lack their own resources tend to seek out more resourceful men as mates, which can improve the survival rate of their offspring. And this preference is still valid in Chinese culture.The psychology of choosing a spouse of modern people comes from the edification of historical traditional culture and the influence of Western thought. Through this study, we can understand the women's criteria and influence factors, so as to provide more targeted theoretical guidance for China's women's marriage. On the other hand, there is a lack of psychological research on women's individual psychology in the field of psychology,especially the empirical research is very little. In the study of the factors affecting women's choice of spouse, the results of the study on the impact of economic status on women's choice of spouse are not uniform, to be further verified, this study fills the gap in this area, has important theoretical significance.
引文
安蓉,孟繁莹.(2017).与恐惧相关的简化刺激在不同知觉负载条件下的注意捕获效应.心理与行为研究,15(1),62-68.
陈永香,要梦霞.(2018).资源多寡对大学生择偶线索偏好的影响.心理科学,41(3),674-679.
雷晓燕,许文健,赵耀辉.(2015).高攀的婚姻更令人满意吗?婚姻匹配模式及其长远影响.经济学(季刊),1,31-50.
Buss,D.M.(1989).Sex differences in human mate preferences:Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,12(1),1-14.
Buss D.M.,&Barnes,M.F.(1986).Preferences in human male selection.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50,559-570.
Buss,D.M.,&Schmitt,D.P.(1993).Sexual strategies theory:An evolutionary perspective on human mating.Psychological Review,100(2),204-32.
Buss,D.M.,&Schmitt,D.P.(2016).Sexual strategies theory.Manhattan:Springer International Publishing.
Brase,G.L.(2006).Cues of parental investment as a factor in attractiveness.Evolution and Human Behavior,27(2),145-157.
Chen,R.(2013).A cross-cultural study of never-married Chinese and American adults'mate selection perceptions and criteria.Unpublished doctorial dissertation,Virginia Tech.
Dunkel,C.S.,Mathes,E.,&Beaver,K.M.(2013).Life history theory and the general theory of crime:Life expectancy effects on low self-control and criminal intent.Journal of Social Evolutionary and Cultural Psychology,7(1),12-23.
Edward,J.H.,Richard,C.N.,&F.Donald Yutzler.(1979).Attractiveness and occupational status.Journal of Psychology,102(1),71-76.
Edwards,J.N.(1969).Familial behavior as social exchange.Journal of Marriage and Family,31(3),518-526.
Fales,M.R.,Frederick,D.A.,Garcia,J.R.,Gildersleeve,K.A.,Haselton,M.G.,&Fisher,H.E.(2016).Mating markets and bargaining hands:Mate preferences for attractiveness and resources in two national U.S.studies.Personality and Individual Differences,88(11),78-87.
Ko?ciński,K.(2013).Perception of facial attractiveness from static and dynamic stimuli.Perception,42(2),163-175.
Laran,J.,&Salerno,A.(2013).Life-history strategy,food choice,and caloric consumption.Psychological Science,24(2),167-173.
Lu,H.J.,Zhu,X.,&Chang,L.(2015).Good genes,good providers,and good fathers:Economic development involved in how women select a mate.Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences,9(4),215-228.
Melton,W.,&Thomas,D.L.(1976).Instrumental and expressive values in mate selection of black and white college students.Journal of Marriage and Family,38(3),509-517.
Moss,J.H.,&Maner,J.K.(2016).Biased sex ratios influence fundamental aspects of human mating.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(1),72-80.
Murstein,B.I.(1980).Mate selection in the 1970s.Journal of Marriage&Family,42(4),777-792.
Muggleton,N.K.,&Fincher,C.L.(2017).Unrestricted sexuality promotes distinctive short-and long-term mate preferences in women.Personality and Individual Differences,111,169-173.
O’Connor,J.J.M.,Jones,B.C.,Fraccaro,P.J.,Tigue,C.C.,Pisanski,K.,&Feinberg,D.R.(2014).Sociosexual attitudes and dyadic sexual desire independently predict women’s preferences for male vocal masculinity.Archives of Sexual Behavior,43(7),1343-1353.
Schmitt,D.P.(2014).Evaluating evidence of mate preference adaptations:How do we really know what homo sapiens really want?Evolutionary Psychology,3-39.
Ming,L.Y.,Jian,L.,K.S.,C.D.,&Bo,Z..(2016).When love meets money:Priming the possession of money influences mating strategies.Frontiers in Psychology,7,381-397.
陈永香,要梦霞.(2018).资源多寡对大学生择偶线索偏好的影响.心理科学,41(3),674-679.
雷晓燕,许文健,赵耀辉.(2015).高攀的婚姻更令人满意吗?婚姻匹配模式及其长远影响.经济学(季刊),1,31-50.
Buss,D.M.(1989).Sex differences in human mate preferences:Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,12(1),1-14.
Buss D.M.,&Barnes,M.F.(1986).Preferences in human male selection.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50,559-570.
Buss,D.M.,&Schmitt,D.P.(1993).Sexual strategies theory:An evolutionary perspective on human mating.Psychological Review,100(2),204-32.
Buss,D.M.,&Schmitt,D.P.(2016).Sexual strategies theory.Manhattan:Springer International Publishing.
Brase,G.L.(2006).Cues of parental investment as a factor in attractiveness.Evolution and Human Behavior,27(2),145-157.
Chen,R.(2013).A cross-cultural study of never-married Chinese and American adults'mate selection perceptions and criteria.Unpublished doctorial dissertation,Virginia Tech.
Dunkel,C.S.,Mathes,E.,&Beaver,K.M.(2013).Life history theory and the general theory of crime:Life expectancy effects on low self-control and criminal intent.Journal of Social Evolutionary and Cultural Psychology,7(1),12-23.
Edward,J.H.,Richard,C.N.,&F.Donald Yutzler.(1979).Attractiveness and occupational status.Journal of Psychology,102(1),71-76.
Edwards,J.N.(1969).Familial behavior as social exchange.Journal of Marriage and Family,31(3),518-526.
Fales,M.R.,Frederick,D.A.,Garcia,J.R.,Gildersleeve,K.A.,Haselton,M.G.,&Fisher,H.E.(2016).Mating markets and bargaining hands:Mate preferences for attractiveness and resources in two national U.S.studies.Personality and Individual Differences,88(11),78-87.
Ko?ciński,K.(2013).Perception of facial attractiveness from static and dynamic stimuli.Perception,42(2),163-175.
Laran,J.,&Salerno,A.(2013).Life-history strategy,food choice,and caloric consumption.Psychological Science,24(2),167-173.
Lu,H.J.,Zhu,X.,&Chang,L.(2015).Good genes,good providers,and good fathers:Economic development involved in how women select a mate.Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences,9(4),215-228.
Melton,W.,&Thomas,D.L.(1976).Instrumental and expressive values in mate selection of black and white college students.Journal of Marriage and Family,38(3),509-517.
Moss,J.H.,&Maner,J.K.(2016).Biased sex ratios influence fundamental aspects of human mating.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(1),72-80.
Murstein,B.I.(1980).Mate selection in the 1970s.Journal of Marriage&Family,42(4),777-792.
Muggleton,N.K.,&Fincher,C.L.(2017).Unrestricted sexuality promotes distinctive short-and long-term mate preferences in women.Personality and Individual Differences,111,169-173.
O’Connor,J.J.M.,Jones,B.C.,Fraccaro,P.J.,Tigue,C.C.,Pisanski,K.,&Feinberg,D.R.(2014).Sociosexual attitudes and dyadic sexual desire independently predict women’s preferences for male vocal masculinity.Archives of Sexual Behavior,43(7),1343-1353.
Schmitt,D.P.(2014).Evaluating evidence of mate preference adaptations:How do we really know what homo sapiens really want?Evolutionary Psychology,3-39.
Ming,L.Y.,Jian,L.,K.S.,C.D.,&Bo,Z..(2016).When love meets money:Priming the possession of money influences mating strategies.Frontiers in Psychology,7,381-397.