超链接的社会符号意义:基于机构网络科学新闻的分析
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摘要
超链接作为网络新闻的核心要素在科学新闻中的作用重大,但其在中文网络新闻中的实际使用情况却尚未引起学界关注。基于社会符号学理论对23所中国大学115篇网络科学新闻中的超链接使用进行分析,并以美国高校网络科学新闻的超链接使用作为参照。分析结果显示超链接的使用现状基本未能实现学界期待的提升科学传播效果和转变科学传播模型潜能的作用,并从影响超链接使用的新闻制作过程、读者体验和经济因素三方面对分析结果进行讨论。
Hyperlink as a key element of digital text has great potentials to renovate the presentation and practices of online science news. Its application, however, has not been given due attention to. This paper investigates the usage of hyperlinks in online science news issued by Chinese universities, and addresses the rationales for their usage. Hyperlinks in 115 pieces of science news from 23 leading Chinese universities have been analyzed using categories developed by a framework informed by social semiotics. Hyperlink usages in the corpus are discussed by comparing with those of science news from American universities. Findings show that the frequency of hyperlink usage is not high. It is argued that hyperlink applications in Chinese institutional online science news have not fulfilled its potentials as predicted to improve the effect of science communication and change the communication model. Rationales for the application are discussed by drawing upon the aspects of news production processes, the user experience and the economic circumstances in which the news is produced.
Hyperlink as a key element of digital text has great potentials to renovate the presentation and practices of online science news. Its application, however, has not been given due attention to. This paper investigates the usage of hyperlinks in online science news issued by Chinese universities, and addresses the rationales for their usage. Hyperlinks in 115 pieces of science news from 23 leading Chinese universities have been analyzed using categories developed by a framework informed by social semiotics. Hyperlink usages in the corpus are discussed by comparing with those of science news from American universities. Findings show that the frequency of hyperlink usage is not high. It is argued that hyperlink applications in Chinese institutional online science news have not fulfilled its potentials as predicted to improve the effect of science communication and change the communication model. Rationales for the application are discussed by drawing upon the aspects of news production processes, the user experience and the economic circumstances in which the news is produced.
引文
[1]Turow J, Tsui L. The hyperlinked society:Questioning connections in the digital age[M].Ann Arbo:University of Michigan Press,2008:1-18.
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[6]Trench B. How the Internet changed science journalism[M]//Bauer M W,Bucchi M. Journalism, Science and Society:Science Communication between News and Public Relations.New York:Routledge,2007.
[7]Hermida A. Revitalizing science journalism for a digital age[M]//Kennedy D, Overholser G. Science and the Media.Cambridge:American Academy of Arts and Sciences,2010.
[8]Tankard J W, Ban H.Online newspapers:Living up to the potential?[M]//Annual Conference of the AEJMC. Baltimore, MD. 1998.
[9]Tremayne M. News Websites as Gated Cybercommunities[J].Convergence,2005(3):28-39.
[10]Dimitrova D V.Hyperlinking as Gatekeeping:Online newspaper coverage of the execution of an American terrorist[J].Journalism Studies,2003(3):401-414.
[11]Tsui L.The hyperlink in newspapers and blogs[M]//Turow J, Tsui L.The hyperlinked society.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2008:70.
[12]Larsson A O. Staying In or Going Out?[J].Journalism Practice,2012(6):738-754.
[13]张艺琼.网络科学新闻的多模态语篇研究——共时和历时视角[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[14]Zhang Y, Machin D, Song T. Visual forms of address in social media discourse:the case of a science communication website[J].Journal of Multicultural Discourses,2015(2):236-252.
[15]Halliday M A K. Language as Social Semiotic:The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning[M].London:Arnold,1978:1-256.
[16]O'Toole M.The Language of Displayed Art[M].New York:Routledge,2011:1-290.
[17]Schummer J, Spector T I.Popular images versus self-images of science[M]//Hüppauf B, Weingart P. Science Images and Popular Images of the Sciences.London&New York:Routledge, 2008:69.
[18]Dunwoody S. Science journalism[M]//Bucchi M,Trench B. Handbook of public communication of science and technology.London&New York:Routledge,2008:15.
[19]Tucher A. Why Web warriors might worry[J].Columbia Journalism Review,1997(2):35-36.
[20]Deuze M. The Web and its journalisms:Considering the consequences of different types of newsmedia online[J].New Media Society,2003(2):203-230.
[21]Brumfiel G. Science journalism:Supplanting the old media?[J].Nature,2009(458):274-277.
[22]Lair D J, Sullivan K, Cheney G.Marketization and the Recasting of the Professional Self[J].Management Communication Quarterly,2005(3):307-343.
[23]贾鹤鹏,刘振华.科研宣传与大众传媒的脱节——对中国科研机构传播体制的定量和定性分析[J].科普研究,2009(1):17-23.
[24]Trench B. Internet:Turning science communication inside-out?[M]//Bucchi M, Trench B.Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology.London&New York:Routledge,2008:185.
(1)http://news.xjtu.edu.cn/info/1004/79150.htm.(2019年2月2日访问)
(2)https://life.xmu.edu.cn/43/96/c3791a279446/page.htm.(2019年2月2日访问)
(1)http://chem.nankai.edu.cn/ejymzhylm.aspx?t=4&m=0&n=3259.(2019年2月2日访问)
[2]De Maeyer J, Holton A E. Why linking matters:A metajournalistic discourse analysis[J].Journalism, 2016(6):776-794.
[3]De Maeyer J.The journalistic hyperlinks[J].Journalism Practice,2012(5-6):692-701.
[4]Doherty S. Hypertext and Journalism[J].Digital Journalism,2014(2):124-139.
[5]Lewenstein B V. Science and the media[M]//Smelser N J,Baltes P B. International Encyclopedia of the Social&Behavioral sciences.Oxford:Pergamon, 2001:13654.
[6]Trench B. How the Internet changed science journalism[M]//Bauer M W,Bucchi M. Journalism, Science and Society:Science Communication between News and Public Relations.New York:Routledge,2007.
[7]Hermida A. Revitalizing science journalism for a digital age[M]//Kennedy D, Overholser G. Science and the Media.Cambridge:American Academy of Arts and Sciences,2010.
[8]Tankard J W, Ban H.Online newspapers:Living up to the potential?[M]//Annual Conference of the AEJMC. Baltimore, MD. 1998.
[9]Tremayne M. News Websites as Gated Cybercommunities[J].Convergence,2005(3):28-39.
[10]Dimitrova D V.Hyperlinking as Gatekeeping:Online newspaper coverage of the execution of an American terrorist[J].Journalism Studies,2003(3):401-414.
[11]Tsui L.The hyperlink in newspapers and blogs[M]//Turow J, Tsui L.The hyperlinked society.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2008:70.
[12]Larsson A O. Staying In or Going Out?[J].Journalism Practice,2012(6):738-754.
[13]张艺琼.网络科学新闻的多模态语篇研究——共时和历时视角[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[14]Zhang Y, Machin D, Song T. Visual forms of address in social media discourse:the case of a science communication website[J].Journal of Multicultural Discourses,2015(2):236-252.
[15]Halliday M A K. Language as Social Semiotic:The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning[M].London:Arnold,1978:1-256.
[16]O'Toole M.The Language of Displayed Art[M].New York:Routledge,2011:1-290.
[17]Schummer J, Spector T I.Popular images versus self-images of science[M]//Hüppauf B, Weingart P. Science Images and Popular Images of the Sciences.London&New York:Routledge, 2008:69.
[18]Dunwoody S. Science journalism[M]//Bucchi M,Trench B. Handbook of public communication of science and technology.London&New York:Routledge,2008:15.
[19]Tucher A. Why Web warriors might worry[J].Columbia Journalism Review,1997(2):35-36.
[20]Deuze M. The Web and its journalisms:Considering the consequences of different types of newsmedia online[J].New Media Society,2003(2):203-230.
[21]Brumfiel G. Science journalism:Supplanting the old media?[J].Nature,2009(458):274-277.
[22]Lair D J, Sullivan K, Cheney G.Marketization and the Recasting of the Professional Self[J].Management Communication Quarterly,2005(3):307-343.
[23]贾鹤鹏,刘振华.科研宣传与大众传媒的脱节——对中国科研机构传播体制的定量和定性分析[J].科普研究,2009(1):17-23.
[24]Trench B. Internet:Turning science communication inside-out?[M]//Bucchi M, Trench B.Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology.London&New York:Routledge,2008:185.
(1)http://news.xjtu.edu.cn/info/1004/79150.htm.(2019年2月2日访问)
(2)https://life.xmu.edu.cn/43/96/c3791a279446/page.htm.(2019年2月2日访问)
(1)http://chem.nankai.edu.cn/ejymzhylm.aspx?t=4&m=0&n=3259.(2019年2月2日访问)