Heat contribution of the Indonesian throughflow to the Indian Ocean
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摘要
Based on the high-resolution Eulerian fields of an ocean general circulation model simulation, the heat contribution of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) to the Indian Ocean is estimated by Lagrangian tracing method.The heat transport of each particle of ITF waters is calculated by tracing temperature change along the trajectory until the particle exits the Indian Ocean. The simulation reveals that the ITF waters flow westward and branch near Madagascar, further showing the ITF waters are redistributed in both northern and southern Indian Ocean.Heat budget analysis indicates that the ITF waters gain 0.41 PW(Petawatts, 1015 W) in the northern Indian Ocean and lose 0.56 PW in the southern Indian Ocean, respectively. As a result, the ITF waters warm the whole Indian Ocean basin with only 0.15 PW, which shows an "insignificant" role of ITF on the Indian Ocean because of the heat exchange compensation between northern and southern Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the tracing pathways show that the ITF waters mainly flow out the Indian Ocean at both sides of the basin via Agulhas Current and Leeuwin Current. About 89% of the ITF waters leave along western boundary and the rest 11% along eastern boundary. Compared to seeding section, 0.10 PW and 0.05 PW are released to the Indian Ocean, respectively.
Based on the high-resolution Eulerian fields of an ocean general circulation model simulation, the heat contribution of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) to the Indian Ocean is estimated by Lagrangian tracing method.The heat transport of each particle of ITF waters is calculated by tracing temperature change along the trajectory until the particle exits the Indian Ocean. The simulation reveals that the ITF waters flow westward and branch near Madagascar, further showing the ITF waters are redistributed in both northern and southern Indian Ocean.Heat budget analysis indicates that the ITF waters gain 0.41 PW(Petawatts, 1015 W) in the northern Indian Ocean and lose 0.56 PW in the southern Indian Ocean, respectively. As a result, the ITF waters warm the whole Indian Ocean basin with only 0.15 PW, which shows an "insignificant" role of ITF on the Indian Ocean because of the heat exchange compensation between northern and southern Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the tracing pathways show that the ITF waters mainly flow out the Indian Ocean at both sides of the basin via Agulhas Current and Leeuwin Current. About 89% of the ITF waters leave along western boundary and the rest 11% along eastern boundary. Compared to seeding section, 0.10 PW and 0.05 PW are released to the Indian Ocean, respectively.
Based on the high-resolution Eulerian fields of an ocean general circulation model simulation, the heat contribution of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) to the Indian Ocean is estimated by Lagrangian tracing method.The heat transport of each particle of ITF waters is calculated by tracing temperature change along the trajectory until the particle exits the Indian Ocean. The simulation reveals that the ITF waters flow westward and branch near Madagascar, further showing the ITF waters are redistributed in both northern and southern Indian Ocean.Heat budget analysis indicates that the ITF waters gain 0.41 PW(Petawatts, 1015 W) in the northern Indian Ocean and lose 0.56 PW in the southern Indian Ocean, respectively. As a result, the ITF waters warm the whole Indian Ocean basin with only 0.15 PW, which shows an "insignificant" role of ITF on the Indian Ocean because of the heat exchange compensation between northern and southern Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the tracing pathways show that the ITF waters mainly flow out the Indian Ocean at both sides of the basin via Agulhas Current and Leeuwin Current. About 89% of the ITF waters leave along western boundary and the rest 11% along eastern boundary. Compared to seeding section, 0.10 PW and 0.05 PW are released to the Indian Ocean, respectively.
引文
Banks H T.2000.Indonesian Throughflow in a coupled climate model and the sensitivity of the heat budget and deep overturning Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,105(C11):26135-26150,doi:10.1029/1999JC000083
Berglund S,D??s K,Nycander J.2017.Lagrangian tracing of the water-mass transformations in the Atlantic Ocean.Tellus A:Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography,69(1):1306311,doi:10.1080/16000870.2017.1306311
Domingues C M,Maltrud M E,Wijffels S E,et al.2007.Simulated Lagrangian pathways between the Leeuwin Current System and the upper-ocean circulation of the southeast Indian Ocean.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,54(8-10):797-817
D??s K,Engqvist A.2007.Assessment of water exchange between a discharge region and the open sea:a comparison of different methodological concepts.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science74(4):709-721,doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.022
D??s K,Kjellsson J,J?nsson B.2013.TRACMASS-A Lagrangian trajectory model.In:Soomere T,Quak E,eds.Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection.London:Springer,225-249
D??s K,Nilsson J,Nycander J,et al.2012.The world ocean thermohaline circulation.Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(9):1445-1460,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0163.1
Godfrey J S.1996.The effect of the Indonesian Throughflow on ocean circulation and heat exchange with the atmosphere:A review Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C5):12217-12237,doi:10.1029/95JC03860
Godfrey J S,Hu Ruijin,Schiller A,et al.2007.Explorations of the annual mean heat budget of the tropical Indian Ocean.Part I:studies with an idealized model.Journal of Climate,20(13):3210-3228,doi:10.1175/JCLI4157.1
Gordon A L.1986.Interocean exchange of thermocline water.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,91(C4):5037-5046,doi:10.1029/JC091iC04p05037
Gordon A L.2005.Oceanography of the Indonesian seas and their throughflow.Oceanography,18(4):14-27,doi:10.5670/oceanog
Gordon A L,Sprintall J,Van Aken H M,et al.2010.The Indonesian Throughflow during 2004-2006 as observed by the INSTANTprogram.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):115-128,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2009.12.002
Haines M A,Fine R A,Luther M E,et al.1999.Particle trajectories in an Indian Ocean model and sensitivity to seasonal forcing.Journal of Physical Oceanography,29(4):584-598,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0584:PTIAIO>2.0.CO;2
Hu Ruijin,Godfrey J S.2007.Explorations of the annual mean heat budget of the tropical Indian Ocean.Part II:studies with a simplified ocean general circulation model.Journal of Climate,20(13):3229-3248,doi:10.1175/JCLI4158.1
Kajtar J B,Santoso A,England M H,et al.2015.Indo-Pacific climate interactions in the absence of an Indonesian Throughflow.Journal of Climate,28(13):5017-5029,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00114.1
Koch-Larrouy A,Madec G,Blanke B,et al.2008.Water mass transformation along the Indonesian Throughflow in an OGCM.Ocean Dynamics,58(3-4):289-309
Lee T,Awaji T,Balmaseda M,et al.2010.Consistency and fidelity of Indonesian-Throughflow total volume transport estimated by14 ocean data assimilation products.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):201-223,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce2009.12.004
Lee T,Fukumori I,Menemenlis D,et al.2002.Effects of the Indonesian Throughflow on the pacific and Indian oceans.Journal of Physical Oceanography,32(5):1404-1429,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1404:EOTITO>2.0.CO;2
Liang Xinfeng,Yu Lisan.2016.Variations of the global net air-sea heat flux during the“hiatus”period(2001-10).Journal of Climate,29(10):3647-3660,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0626.1
Lumpkin R,Speer K.2007.Global ocean meridional overturning.Journal of Physical Oceanography,37(10):2550-2562,doi:10.1175/JPO3130.1
Macdonald A M,Baringer M O.2013.Ocean heat transport.In:Siedler G,Griffies S,Gould J,eds.Ocean Circulation and Climate:A 21st Century Perspective.2nd ed.Oxford:Academic Press,759-785
Masumoto Y.2010.Sharing the results of a high-resolution ocean general circulation model under a multi-discipline frameworka review of OFES activities.Ocean Dynamics,60(3):633-652,doi:10.1007/s10236-010-0297-z
Masumoto Y,Morioka Y,Sasaki H.2008.High-resolution Indian ocean simulations-recent advances and issues from OFES.In Hecht M W,Hasumi H,eds.Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime.Washington,DC:AGU,199-212
Masumoto Y,Sasaki H,Kagimoto T,et al.2004.A fifty-year eddyresolving simulation of the world ocean-Preliminary outcomes of OFES(OGCM for the Earth Simulator).Journal of the Earth Simulator,1:35-56
McCreary J P,Miyama T,Furue R,et al.2007.Interactions between the Indonesian Throughflow and circulations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.Progress in Oceanography,75(1):70-114,doi10.1016/j.pocean.2007.05.004
Metzger E J,Hurlburt H E,Xu X,et al.2010.Simulated and observed circulation in the Indonesian Seas:1/12°global HYCOM and the INSTANT observations.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):275-300,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2010.04.002
Miyama T,McCreary J P,Jensen T G,et al.2003.Structure and dynamics of the Indian-Ocean cross-equatorial cell.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,50(12-13):2023-2047
Schott F A,Dengler M,Schoenefeldt R.2002.The shallow overturning circulation of the Indian Ocean.Progress in Oceanography53(1):57-103,doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00039-3
Sebille E,Sprintall J,Schwarzkopf F U,et al.2014.Pacific-to-Indian ocean connectivity:Tasman leakage,Indonesian throughflow and the role of ENSO.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans119(2):1365-1382,doi:10.1002/2013JC009525
Song Q,Gordon A L,Visbeck M.2004.Spreading of the Indonesian throughflow in the Indian Ocean.Journal of Physical Oceanography,34(4):772-792,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0772SOTITI>2.0.CO;2
Song Qian,Vecchi G A,Rosati A J.2007.The role of the Indonesian Throughflow in the Indo-Pacific climate variability in the GF-DL coupled climate model.Journal of Climate,20(11):2434-2451,doi:10.1175/JCLI4133.1
Sprintall J,Gordon A L,Koch-Larrouy A,et al.2014.The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean-climate system.Nature Geoscience,7(7):487-492,doi:10.1038/ngeo2188
Sprintall J,Wijffels S,Gordon A L,et al.2004.INSTANT:A new international array to measure the Indonesian Throughflow.EOS,Transactions American Geophysical Union,85(39):369-376
Talley L D.2003.Shallow,intermediate,and deep overturning components of the global heat budget.Journal of Physical Oceanography,33(3):530-560,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0530SIADOC>2.0.CO;2
Talley L D.2008.Freshwater transport estimates and the global overturning circulation:Shallow,deep and throughflow components.Progress in Oceanography,78(4):257-303,doi:10.1016/j pocean.2008.05.001
Valsala V K,Ikeda M.2007.Pathways and effects of the Indonesian Throughflow water in the Indian Ocean using particle trajectory and tracers in an OGCM.Journal of Climate,20(13):2994-3017,doi:10.1175/JCLI4167.1
Vranes K,Gordon A L,Ffield A.2002.The heat transport of the Indonesian Throughflow and implications for the Indian Ocean heat budget.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,49(7-8):1391-1410
Wajsowicz R.2002.Air-sea interaction over the Indian Ocean due to variations in the Indonesian Throughflow.Climate Dynamics18(5):437-453,doi:10.1007/s00382-001-0187-7
Wang Weiqiang,K?hl A,Stammer D.2010.Estimates of global ocean volume transports during 1960 through 2001.Geophysical Research Letters,37(15):L15601
Wang Weiqiang,K?hl A,Stammer D.2012.The deep meridional overturning circulation in the Indian Ocean inferred from the GECCO synthesis.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,5844-61,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2012.08.001
Yu Lisan,Jin Xiangze,Weller R A.2007.Annual,seasonal,and interannual variability of air-sea heat fluxes in the Indian Ocean.Journal of Climate,20(13):3190-3209,doi:10.1175/JCLI4163.1
Zika J D,England M H,Sijp W P.2012.The ocean circulation in thermohaline coordinates.Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(5):708-724,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0139.1
Berglund S,D??s K,Nycander J.2017.Lagrangian tracing of the water-mass transformations in the Atlantic Ocean.Tellus A:Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography,69(1):1306311,doi:10.1080/16000870.2017.1306311
Domingues C M,Maltrud M E,Wijffels S E,et al.2007.Simulated Lagrangian pathways between the Leeuwin Current System and the upper-ocean circulation of the southeast Indian Ocean.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,54(8-10):797-817
D??s K,Engqvist A.2007.Assessment of water exchange between a discharge region and the open sea:a comparison of different methodological concepts.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science74(4):709-721,doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.022
D??s K,Kjellsson J,J?nsson B.2013.TRACMASS-A Lagrangian trajectory model.In:Soomere T,Quak E,eds.Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection.London:Springer,225-249
D??s K,Nilsson J,Nycander J,et al.2012.The world ocean thermohaline circulation.Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(9):1445-1460,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0163.1
Godfrey J S.1996.The effect of the Indonesian Throughflow on ocean circulation and heat exchange with the atmosphere:A review Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C5):12217-12237,doi:10.1029/95JC03860
Godfrey J S,Hu Ruijin,Schiller A,et al.2007.Explorations of the annual mean heat budget of the tropical Indian Ocean.Part I:studies with an idealized model.Journal of Climate,20(13):3210-3228,doi:10.1175/JCLI4157.1
Gordon A L.1986.Interocean exchange of thermocline water.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,91(C4):5037-5046,doi:10.1029/JC091iC04p05037
Gordon A L.2005.Oceanography of the Indonesian seas and their throughflow.Oceanography,18(4):14-27,doi:10.5670/oceanog
Gordon A L,Sprintall J,Van Aken H M,et al.2010.The Indonesian Throughflow during 2004-2006 as observed by the INSTANTprogram.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):115-128,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2009.12.002
Haines M A,Fine R A,Luther M E,et al.1999.Particle trajectories in an Indian Ocean model and sensitivity to seasonal forcing.Journal of Physical Oceanography,29(4):584-598,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0584:PTIAIO>2.0.CO;2
Hu Ruijin,Godfrey J S.2007.Explorations of the annual mean heat budget of the tropical Indian Ocean.Part II:studies with a simplified ocean general circulation model.Journal of Climate,20(13):3229-3248,doi:10.1175/JCLI4158.1
Kajtar J B,Santoso A,England M H,et al.2015.Indo-Pacific climate interactions in the absence of an Indonesian Throughflow.Journal of Climate,28(13):5017-5029,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00114.1
Koch-Larrouy A,Madec G,Blanke B,et al.2008.Water mass transformation along the Indonesian Throughflow in an OGCM.Ocean Dynamics,58(3-4):289-309
Lee T,Awaji T,Balmaseda M,et al.2010.Consistency and fidelity of Indonesian-Throughflow total volume transport estimated by14 ocean data assimilation products.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):201-223,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce2009.12.004
Lee T,Fukumori I,Menemenlis D,et al.2002.Effects of the Indonesian Throughflow on the pacific and Indian oceans.Journal of Physical Oceanography,32(5):1404-1429,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1404:EOTITO>2.0.CO;2
Liang Xinfeng,Yu Lisan.2016.Variations of the global net air-sea heat flux during the“hiatus”period(2001-10).Journal of Climate,29(10):3647-3660,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0626.1
Lumpkin R,Speer K.2007.Global ocean meridional overturning.Journal of Physical Oceanography,37(10):2550-2562,doi:10.1175/JPO3130.1
Macdonald A M,Baringer M O.2013.Ocean heat transport.In:Siedler G,Griffies S,Gould J,eds.Ocean Circulation and Climate:A 21st Century Perspective.2nd ed.Oxford:Academic Press,759-785
Masumoto Y.2010.Sharing the results of a high-resolution ocean general circulation model under a multi-discipline frameworka review of OFES activities.Ocean Dynamics,60(3):633-652,doi:10.1007/s10236-010-0297-z
Masumoto Y,Morioka Y,Sasaki H.2008.High-resolution Indian ocean simulations-recent advances and issues from OFES.In Hecht M W,Hasumi H,eds.Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime.Washington,DC:AGU,199-212
Masumoto Y,Sasaki H,Kagimoto T,et al.2004.A fifty-year eddyresolving simulation of the world ocean-Preliminary outcomes of OFES(OGCM for the Earth Simulator).Journal of the Earth Simulator,1:35-56
McCreary J P,Miyama T,Furue R,et al.2007.Interactions between the Indonesian Throughflow and circulations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.Progress in Oceanography,75(1):70-114,doi10.1016/j.pocean.2007.05.004
Metzger E J,Hurlburt H E,Xu X,et al.2010.Simulated and observed circulation in the Indonesian Seas:1/12°global HYCOM and the INSTANT observations.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):275-300,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2010.04.002
Miyama T,McCreary J P,Jensen T G,et al.2003.Structure and dynamics of the Indian-Ocean cross-equatorial cell.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,50(12-13):2023-2047
Schott F A,Dengler M,Schoenefeldt R.2002.The shallow overturning circulation of the Indian Ocean.Progress in Oceanography53(1):57-103,doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00039-3
Sebille E,Sprintall J,Schwarzkopf F U,et al.2014.Pacific-to-Indian ocean connectivity:Tasman leakage,Indonesian throughflow and the role of ENSO.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans119(2):1365-1382,doi:10.1002/2013JC009525
Song Q,Gordon A L,Visbeck M.2004.Spreading of the Indonesian throughflow in the Indian Ocean.Journal of Physical Oceanography,34(4):772-792,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0772SOTITI>2.0.CO;2
Song Qian,Vecchi G A,Rosati A J.2007.The role of the Indonesian Throughflow in the Indo-Pacific climate variability in the GF-DL coupled climate model.Journal of Climate,20(11):2434-2451,doi:10.1175/JCLI4133.1
Sprintall J,Gordon A L,Koch-Larrouy A,et al.2014.The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean-climate system.Nature Geoscience,7(7):487-492,doi:10.1038/ngeo2188
Sprintall J,Wijffels S,Gordon A L,et al.2004.INSTANT:A new international array to measure the Indonesian Throughflow.EOS,Transactions American Geophysical Union,85(39):369-376
Talley L D.2003.Shallow,intermediate,and deep overturning components of the global heat budget.Journal of Physical Oceanography,33(3):530-560,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0530SIADOC>2.0.CO;2
Talley L D.2008.Freshwater transport estimates and the global overturning circulation:Shallow,deep and throughflow components.Progress in Oceanography,78(4):257-303,doi:10.1016/j pocean.2008.05.001
Valsala V K,Ikeda M.2007.Pathways and effects of the Indonesian Throughflow water in the Indian Ocean using particle trajectory and tracers in an OGCM.Journal of Climate,20(13):2994-3017,doi:10.1175/JCLI4167.1
Vranes K,Gordon A L,Ffield A.2002.The heat transport of the Indonesian Throughflow and implications for the Indian Ocean heat budget.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,49(7-8):1391-1410
Wajsowicz R.2002.Air-sea interaction over the Indian Ocean due to variations in the Indonesian Throughflow.Climate Dynamics18(5):437-453,doi:10.1007/s00382-001-0187-7
Wang Weiqiang,K?hl A,Stammer D.2010.Estimates of global ocean volume transports during 1960 through 2001.Geophysical Research Letters,37(15):L15601
Wang Weiqiang,K?hl A,Stammer D.2012.The deep meridional overturning circulation in the Indian Ocean inferred from the GECCO synthesis.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,5844-61,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2012.08.001
Yu Lisan,Jin Xiangze,Weller R A.2007.Annual,seasonal,and interannual variability of air-sea heat fluxes in the Indian Ocean.Journal of Climate,20(13):3190-3209,doi:10.1175/JCLI4163.1
Zika J D,England M H,Sijp W P.2012.The ocean circulation in thermohaline coordinates.Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(5):708-724,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0139.1