以金属氧化物为原料改进燃烧法合成γ-LiAlO_2（英文）
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摘要
提出一种合成γ-LiAlO_2的替代解决方案—改进燃烧法直接合成γ-LiAlO_2,并将其用于相对简单的反应体系中,原料为非氧化性化合物如Al_2O_3和LiOH,燃料为尿素。采用1:1、1.5:1和2:1的非化学计量Li/Al摩尔比,在900和1000°C下反应5 min,制备LiAlO_2,并对其组织和结构进行表征。考察Li/Al摩尔比对材料形貌和高γ射线辐照下材料稳定性的影响。结果表明,所得粉体的晶体结构为?-LiAlO_2和?-LiAlO_2,其取决于Li/Al摩尔比。因此,用该方法可以成功合成微砖状、多面体状和层状?-LiAlO_2,而无需任何后续处理。γ辐照结果表明,所得到的?-LiAlO_2不分解,只形成少量的Li_2CO_3;由此可以确定,辐照会导致固结,不利于氚的有效提取;结果证明,用燃烧法生产高纯度?-LiAlO_2不需要硝酸盐前驱体。
An alternative solution for the direct formation of?-LiAlO_2 was presented by a modified combustion method,to apply it to rather simple systems,utilizing non-oxidizer compounds such as Al_2O_3 and LiOH,and urea as fuel.LiAlO_(2 )was prepared via non-stoichiometric 1:1,1.5:1 and 2:1 of Li/Al molar ratios at 900 and 1000°C for 5 min.Textural and structural characterization ofγ-LiAlO_2 was performed.Also,the effect of different Li/Al molar ratios on material morphology and its stability before high gamma radiation gradients was evaluated.The results showed that the crystal structures of the obtained powders wereγ-LiAlO_2 and?-LiAlO_2,depending on the Li/Al molar ratio.The results obtained demonstrate that?-LiAlO_2 microbricks,polyhedral and laminar shapes can be successfully synthesized with the proposed method and without any subsequent process.Additionally,gamma irradiation showed that the?-Li Al O_2 obtained does not decompose,forming only small amounts of Li_2CO_3.It can be established that the irradiation produces consolidation,which is not favourable for an efficient extraction of tritium.Finally,it could be demonstrated that nitrate precursors are not necessary in the combustion method to produceγ-LiAlO_2 with high purity.
An alternative solution for the direct formation of?-LiAlO_2 was presented by a modified combustion method,to apply it to rather simple systems,utilizing non-oxidizer compounds such as Al_2O_3 and LiOH,and urea as fuel.LiAlO_(2 )was prepared via non-stoichiometric 1:1,1.5:1 and 2:1 of Li/Al molar ratios at 900 and 1000°C for 5 min.Textural and structural characterization ofγ-LiAlO_2 was performed.Also,the effect of different Li/Al molar ratios on material morphology and its stability before high gamma radiation gradients was evaluated.The results showed that the crystal structures of the obtained powders wereγ-LiAlO_2 and?-LiAlO_2,depending on the Li/Al molar ratio.The results obtained demonstrate that?-LiAlO_2 microbricks,polyhedral and laminar shapes can be successfully synthesized with the proposed method and without any subsequent process.Additionally,gamma irradiation showed that the?-Li Al O_2 obtained does not decompose,forming only small amounts of Li_2CO_3.It can be established that the irradiation produces consolidation,which is not favourable for an efficient extraction of tritium.Finally,it could be demonstrated that nitrate precursors are not necessary in the combustion method to produceγ-LiAlO_2 with high purity.
引文
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[27]RAMANATHAN S,KAKADE M B,ROY S K,KUTTY K K.Processing and characterization of combustion synthesized YAGpowders[J].Ceramics International,2003,29:477-484.
[28]IANOS R,LAZAU I,PACURARIU C,BARVINSCHI P.Peculiarities of Ca O·6Al2O3 formation by using low-temperature combustion synthesis[J].European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry,2008:925-931.
[29]IANOS R,LAZAU I,PACURARIU C.Metal nitrate/fuel mixture reactivity and its influence on the solution combustion synthesis of c-LiAlO2[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2009,97:209-214.
[30]CHENG J,ZOU Xiao-ping,LI F,ZHANG Hong-dan,REN Peng-fei.Synthesis of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes by ethanol catalytic combustion technique[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2006,16:435-437.
[31]CRUZ D,BULBULIAN S.Synthesis of Li4SiO4 by a modified combustion method[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2005,88:1720-1724.
[32]INGLE J T,GAWANDE A B,SONEKAR R P,OMANWAR S K,WANG Y,ZHAO L.Combustion synthesis and optical properties of Oxy-borate phosphors YCa4O(BO3)3:RE3+(RE=Eu3+,Tb3+)under UV,VUV excitation[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2014,585:633-636.
[33]LI F,HU K,LI J,ZHANG D,CHEN G.Combustion synthesis ofγ-lithium aluminate by using various fuels[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2000,300:82-88.
[34]CHICK L A,PEDERSON L R,MAUPIN G D,BATES J L,THOMAS L E,EXARHOS G J.Glycine-nitrate combustion synthesis of oxide ceramic powders[J].Materials Letters,1990,10:6-12.
[35]STELLA K C,NESARAJ A S.Effect of fuels on the combustion synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel particles[J].Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering,2010,7:36-44.
[36]LI Y,LIU M.Gas sensing properties of Y-doped ZnO nanosheets synthesized via combustion method[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2015,25:2247-2252.
[37]CRUZ D,BULBULIAN S.Synthesis of lithium silicate tritium breeder powders by a modified combustion method[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2003,312:262-265.
[38]CRUZ D,BULBULIAN S,LIMA E,PFEIFFER H.Kinetic analysis of the thermal stability of lithium silicates(Li4SiO4 and Li2SiO3)[J].Journal of Solid State Chemistry,2006,179:909-916.
[39]JIMENEZ-BECERRIL J,BOSCH P,BULBULIAN S.Synthesis and characterization ofγ-LiAlO2[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,1991,185:304-307.
[40]PFEIFFER H,KNOWLES K M.Reaction mechanisms and kinetics of the synthesis and decomposition of lithium metazirconate through solid-state reaction[J].Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2004,24:2433-2443.
[41]COOK L P,PLANTE E R.Phase diagram of the system Li2O-Al2O3[J].Ceramic Transactions,1992,27:193-222.
[42]LU C H,WEI-CHENG L.Reaction mechanism and kinetics analysis of lithium nickel oxide during solid-state reaction[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2000,10:1403-1407.
[43]NAKAGAWA K,OHZU H,AKASAKA Y,TOMIMATSU N.Allotropic phase transformation of lithium aluminate in MCFCelectrolyte plates[J].Denki Kagaku,1997,65:231-235.
[44]ZU B,LI F,SUN Y,WANG Q,WU Y,ZHU Z.The effects of additives on the combustion characteristics of aluminum powder in steam[J].RSC Advances,2017,7:5725-5732.
[45]BECKERMAN S J,FORD R B,NEMETH M T.Conversion of gamma lithium aluminate to lithium aluminium carbonate hydroxide hydrate[J].Powder Diffraction,1996,11:312-317.
[46]CRUZ D,PFEIFFER H,BULBULIAN S.Synthesis of Li2MO3(M=Ti or Zr)by the combustion method[J].Solid State Sciences,2006,8:470-475.
[47]ZHAU H,LIU H,LI H,ZHENG L,HU C,ZHANG X,LI Q,YANGJ.Hydrothermal-assisted sintering strategy towards Porous-and hollow-structured LiNb3O8 anode material[J].Nanoscale Research Letters,2017,12:463.
[48]ZHAU H,LIU H,LI H,ZHENG L,HU C,ZHANG X,LI Q,YANGJ.The effects of Li/Nb ratio on the preparation and photocatalytic performance of Li-Nb-O compounds[J].Nanoscale Research Letters,2017,12:496.
[49]CARRERA L M,JIMéNEZ-BECERRIL J,BASURTO R,ARENASJ,LóPEZ B E,BULBULIAN S,BOSCH P.Tritium recovery from nanostructured LiAlO2[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2001,299:242-249.
[50]KORAKE P V,GAIKWAD A G.Capture of carbon dioxide over porous solid adsorbents lithium silicate,lithium aluminate and magnesium aluminate at pre-combustion temperatures[J].Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering,2011,5:215-226.
[2]SALVATI L,SATERIANO A,ZITTI M.Long-term land cover changes and climate variations-A country-scale approach for a new policy target[J].Land Use Policy,2013,30:401-407.
[3]KHANDEKAR M L,MURTY T S,CHITTIBABU P.The global warming debate:A review of the state of science[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2005,162:1557-1586.
[4]LIOR N.Sustainable energy development:The present(2009)situation and possible paths to the future[J].Energy,2010,35:3976-3994.
[5]SAITO S.Role of nuclear energy to a future society of shortage of energy resources and global warming[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2010,398:1-9.
[6]BRITISH PETROLEUM.BP Statistical review of world energy 2015[M].London:BP,2016.
[7]International Energy Agency.World energy outlook[M].Paris,France:IEA,2015.
[8]LOVERING J,YIP A,NORDHAUS T.Historical construction costs of global nuclear power reactors[J].Energy Policy,2016,91:371-382.
[9]CHARPIN J,BOTTER F,BRIEC M,RASNEUR B,ROTH E,ROUX N.Investigation of y lithium aluminate as tritium breeding material for a fusion reactor blanket[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,1989,8:407-413.
[10]JOHNSON C E.Tritium behavior in lithium ceramics[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,1999,270:212-220.
[11]MA Sheng-gui,GAO Tao,LI Shi-chang,MA Xi-jun,SHENYan-hong.Theoretical investigations on theα-LiAlO2 properties via first-principles calculation[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,2016,113:324-330.
[12]COLLING B R,MONK S D.Development of fusion blanket technology for the DEMO reactor[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2012,70:1370-1372.
[13]KHORRAMIE S A,BAGHCHESARA M A,GOHARI D P.Fabrication of aluminum matrix reinforced with Al2ZrO3 nano particulates synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion method[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2013,23:1556-1562.
[14]KAWAMURA Y,NISHIKAWA M,TANAKA K,MATSUMOTO H.Adsorption characteristics of water vapor on gamma-lithium aluminate[J].Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology,1992,29:436-444.
[15]KIM S D,HYUN S H,LIM T H,HONG S A.Effective fabrication method of rod-shapedγ-LiAlO2 particles for molten carbonate fuel cell matrices[J].Journal of Power Sources,2004,137:24-29.
[16]ANTOLINI E.The stability of LiAlO2 powders and electrolyte matrices in molten carbonate fuel cell environment[J].Ceramics International,2013,39:3463-3478.
[17]MA Sheng-gui,SHEN Yan-hong,GAO Tao,CHEN Pi-heng.First-principles calculation of the structural,electronic,dynamical and thermodynamic properties ofγ-LiAlO2[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2015,40:3762-3770.
[18]TSAI S C,CHEN H C,HUANG J C,CHANG C M,CHOU M C.Size and orientation effect on the mechanical properties of LiAlO2single crystal[J].Materials Science and Engineering:A,2016,677:302-306.
[19]LI X,KOBAYASHI T,ZHANG F,KIMOTO K,SEKINE T.A new high-pressure phase of LiAlO2[J].Journal of Solid State Chemistry,2004,177:1939-1943.
[20]OKSUZOMER F,SKOC S N,BOZ I,GURKAYNAK M A.Effect of solvents on the preparation of lithium aluminate by sol-gel method[J].Materials Research Bulletin,2004,39:715-724.
[21]KHOMANE R B,AGRAWAL A,KULKARNI B D.Synthesis and characterization of lithium aluminate nanoparticles[J].Materials Letters,2007,61:4540-4544.
[22]KHARLAMOVA O A,MITROFANOVA R P,ISUPOV V P.Mechanochemical synthesis of fine-particleγ-LiAlO2[J].Inorganic Materials,2007,43:645-650.
[23]NASCIMENTO A C,QUEIROZ M E,MOHALLEM D S.Synthesis of high purityγ-lithium aluminate by freeze drying[J].Advanced Materials Letters,2016,7:267-270.
[24]NAYAK M,KUTTY T R N,JAYARAMANB V,PERIASWAMY G.Preparation of the layered double hydroxide(LDH)Li Al2(OH)7·2H2O,by gel to crystallite conversion and a hydrothermal method,and its conversion to lithium aluminates[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,1997,7:2131-2137.
[25]RIBEIRO R A,SILVA G,MOHALLEM N D S.The influences of heat treatment on the structural properties of lithium aluminates[J].Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids,2001,62:857-864.
[26]KWON S W,PARK S B.Effect of precursors on the morphology of lithium aluminate prepared by hydrothermal treatment[J].Journal of Materials Science,2000,35:1973-1978.
[27]RAMANATHAN S,KAKADE M B,ROY S K,KUTTY K K.Processing and characterization of combustion synthesized YAGpowders[J].Ceramics International,2003,29:477-484.
[28]IANOS R,LAZAU I,PACURARIU C,BARVINSCHI P.Peculiarities of Ca O·6Al2O3 formation by using low-temperature combustion synthesis[J].European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry,2008:925-931.
[29]IANOS R,LAZAU I,PACURARIU C.Metal nitrate/fuel mixture reactivity and its influence on the solution combustion synthesis of c-LiAlO2[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2009,97:209-214.
[30]CHENG J,ZOU Xiao-ping,LI F,ZHANG Hong-dan,REN Peng-fei.Synthesis of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes by ethanol catalytic combustion technique[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2006,16:435-437.
[31]CRUZ D,BULBULIAN S.Synthesis of Li4SiO4 by a modified combustion method[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2005,88:1720-1724.
[32]INGLE J T,GAWANDE A B,SONEKAR R P,OMANWAR S K,WANG Y,ZHAO L.Combustion synthesis and optical properties of Oxy-borate phosphors YCa4O(BO3)3:RE3+(RE=Eu3+,Tb3+)under UV,VUV excitation[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2014,585:633-636.
[33]LI F,HU K,LI J,ZHANG D,CHEN G.Combustion synthesis ofγ-lithium aluminate by using various fuels[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2000,300:82-88.
[34]CHICK L A,PEDERSON L R,MAUPIN G D,BATES J L,THOMAS L E,EXARHOS G J.Glycine-nitrate combustion synthesis of oxide ceramic powders[J].Materials Letters,1990,10:6-12.
[35]STELLA K C,NESARAJ A S.Effect of fuels on the combustion synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel particles[J].Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering,2010,7:36-44.
[36]LI Y,LIU M.Gas sensing properties of Y-doped ZnO nanosheets synthesized via combustion method[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2015,25:2247-2252.
[37]CRUZ D,BULBULIAN S.Synthesis of lithium silicate tritium breeder powders by a modified combustion method[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2003,312:262-265.
[38]CRUZ D,BULBULIAN S,LIMA E,PFEIFFER H.Kinetic analysis of the thermal stability of lithium silicates(Li4SiO4 and Li2SiO3)[J].Journal of Solid State Chemistry,2006,179:909-916.
[39]JIMENEZ-BECERRIL J,BOSCH P,BULBULIAN S.Synthesis and characterization ofγ-LiAlO2[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,1991,185:304-307.
[40]PFEIFFER H,KNOWLES K M.Reaction mechanisms and kinetics of the synthesis and decomposition of lithium metazirconate through solid-state reaction[J].Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2004,24:2433-2443.
[41]COOK L P,PLANTE E R.Phase diagram of the system Li2O-Al2O3[J].Ceramic Transactions,1992,27:193-222.
[42]LU C H,WEI-CHENG L.Reaction mechanism and kinetics analysis of lithium nickel oxide during solid-state reaction[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2000,10:1403-1407.
[43]NAKAGAWA K,OHZU H,AKASAKA Y,TOMIMATSU N.Allotropic phase transformation of lithium aluminate in MCFCelectrolyte plates[J].Denki Kagaku,1997,65:231-235.
[44]ZU B,LI F,SUN Y,WANG Q,WU Y,ZHU Z.The effects of additives on the combustion characteristics of aluminum powder in steam[J].RSC Advances,2017,7:5725-5732.
[45]BECKERMAN S J,FORD R B,NEMETH M T.Conversion of gamma lithium aluminate to lithium aluminium carbonate hydroxide hydrate[J].Powder Diffraction,1996,11:312-317.
[46]CRUZ D,PFEIFFER H,BULBULIAN S.Synthesis of Li2MO3(M=Ti or Zr)by the combustion method[J].Solid State Sciences,2006,8:470-475.
[47]ZHAU H,LIU H,LI H,ZHENG L,HU C,ZHANG X,LI Q,YANGJ.Hydrothermal-assisted sintering strategy towards Porous-and hollow-structured LiNb3O8 anode material[J].Nanoscale Research Letters,2017,12:463.
[48]ZHAU H,LIU H,LI H,ZHENG L,HU C,ZHANG X,LI Q,YANGJ.The effects of Li/Nb ratio on the preparation and photocatalytic performance of Li-Nb-O compounds[J].Nanoscale Research Letters,2017,12:496.
[49]CARRERA L M,JIMéNEZ-BECERRIL J,BASURTO R,ARENASJ,LóPEZ B E,BULBULIAN S,BOSCH P.Tritium recovery from nanostructured LiAlO2[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2001,299:242-249.
[50]KORAKE P V,GAIKWAD A G.Capture of carbon dioxide over porous solid adsorbents lithium silicate,lithium aluminate and magnesium aluminate at pre-combustion temperatures[J].Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering,2011,5:215-226.