相变与微裂纹对HMX晶体高温下撞击感度的影响机制
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摘要
为了研究高温下炸药撞击安全性中存在的多因素耦合问题,设计了高温炸药撞击感度试验装置,并建立了高温炸药撞击感度试验方法。结合扫描电镜和X射线衍射技术,采用所建立的试验方法,研究了奥克托今(HMX)晶体颗粒高温撞击过程下的响应。结果表明,随着温度升高,HMX晶体颗粒的落锤撞击感度逐渐升高。同时,HMX晶体品质随着温度升高逐渐变差,140℃时有少部分晶体碎裂,180℃时较多的晶体碎裂,当达到200℃时,HMX晶体全部碎裂;HMX的β→δ相变发生在184～186℃。降至常温后δ相晶体逐渐恢复为β相,撞击过程有助于β相的恢复。影响热加载前后HMX晶体颗粒撞击感度的主导因素包括温升、微裂纹和相变,不同影响因素起作用的温度段是不同的。
To study the multi?factor coupling problem existed in the impact safety of explosive at high temperature,an impact sensitivity testing installation of explosive at high temperature was designed and an impact sensitivity testing method at high temperature was proposed. Combined with the scanning electron microscopy and X?ray diffraction techniques,the response of octogen(HMX)crystal particles under impact process at high temperature was studied by the established test method. Results show that with the increase of temperature,the drop hammer impact sensitivity of HMX crystal particles increases gradually. Meanwhile,the quality of HMX crystal is gradually reduced as temperature increasing. At 140 ℃,a small number of crystals are fragmented,and more crystals are fragmented at 180 ℃. When temperature reaches 200 ℃,all HMX crystals are fragmented. Theβ→δ phase transition temperature of HMX occurs between 184 ℃ and 186 ℃. After the temperature is reduced to room temperature,δ phase crystal gradually returns to β phase,and the impact process is helpful to the recovery of β phase. The main factors affecting the impact sensitivity of HMX crystal particles before and after thermal loading include temperature increasing,micro cracks and phase transition. The temperature range acted by different influence factors is different.
To study the multi?factor coupling problem existed in the impact safety of explosive at high temperature,an impact sensitivity testing installation of explosive at high temperature was designed and an impact sensitivity testing method at high temperature was proposed. Combined with the scanning electron microscopy and X?ray diffraction techniques,the response of octogen(HMX)crystal particles under impact process at high temperature was studied by the established test method. Results show that with the increase of temperature,the drop hammer impact sensitivity of HMX crystal particles increases gradually. Meanwhile,the quality of HMX crystal is gradually reduced as temperature increasing. At 140 ℃,a small number of crystals are fragmented,and more crystals are fragmented at 180 ℃. When temperature reaches 200 ℃,all HMX crystals are fragmented. Theβ→δ phase transition temperature of HMX occurs between 184 ℃ and 186 ℃. After the temperature is reduced to room temperature,δ phase crystal gradually returns to β phase,and the impact process is helpful to the recovery of β phase. The main factors affecting the impact sensitivity of HMX crystal particles before and after thermal loading include temperature increasing,micro cracks and phase transition. The temperature range acted by different influence factors is different.
引文
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[21]Smilowitz L,Henson B F,Asay B W,et al.Theβ-δphase transition in the energetic nitroamine:octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine:Kinetics[J].J Chem Phys,2002,117:3789-3797.
[2]肖玮,李亮亮,苏健军,等.TNT在热和撞击加载作用下的点火性能[J].火炸药学报.2013,36(2):38-41.XIAO Wei,LI Liang-liang,SU Jian-jun,et al.Ignition performances of TNT under temperature and impact loading actions[J].Chinese Journal of Explosives and Propellants,2013,36(2):38-41.
[3]代晓淦,文玉史,申春迎,等.热和枪击复合环境试验中PBX-2炸药的响应特性[J].火炸药学报.2009,32(4):41-44.DAI Xiao-gan,WEN Yu-shi,SHEN Chun-ying,et al.Reaction characteristics of PBX-2 under heat and bullet impacting multiple test[J].Chinese Journal of Explosives and Propellants,2009,32(4):41-44.
[4]吴博,代晓淦,文玉史,等.加热前后PBX-2炸药的撞击响应[J].火炸药学报,2011,34(4):34-36.WU Bo,DAI Xiao-gan,WEN Yu-shi,et al.Impact response of unheated and heated PBX-2 explosive[J].Chinese Journal of Explosives and Propellants,2011,34(4):34-36.
[5]Urtiew P A,Tarver C M,Maienschein J L,et al.Effect of confinement and thermal cycling on the shock initiation of LX-17[J].Combustion and Flame 1996,105:43-53.
[6]Urtiew P A,Tarver C M,Forbes J W,et al.Shock sensitivity of LX-04 at elevated temperatures[C]//Shock Compression of Condensed Matter-1997,AIP Conference Proc.429,Amherst,MA,2000:727-730.
[7]Forbes J W,Tarve C M.The effect of confinement and temperature on the shock sensitivity of solid explosives[C]//11th International Detonation Symposium.Snow-mass,1998:145-152.
[8]David J F,Gary W L,Paul D P,et al.Measurement of the stress/strain response of energetic materials as a function of strain rate and temperature:PBX 9501 and Mock 9501[C]//In Shock Compression of Condensed Matter-1997,AIP Conference Proceedings429,New York,1998:583-586.
[9]Hsu P C,Dehaven M,McClelland M,et al.Characterization of damaged materials[C]//13th International Detonation Symposium.2006:284-292.
[10]Herrmann M,Engel W,Eisenreich N.Thermal analysis of the phases of HMX using X-ray diffraction[J].Zeitschrift für Kristallographie.1993,204(Part-1):121-128.
[11]DAI Xiaogan,XU Jinjiang,WEN Yushi,et al.Delay mechanism ofβ→δphase transition of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine in polymer bonded explosive formulations by heat conduction obstacle[J].Propellants,Explosies,Pyrotechnics,2016,41:637-640.
[12]DAI Xiaogan,WEN Yushi,WEN Miaoping,et al.Projectile impact ignition and reaction violent mechanism for HMX-based polymer bonded explosives at high temperature[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2017,42:799-808.
[13]中国兵器工业总公司.GJB 772A-1997:炸药试验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.China North Industries Group Corporation.GJB 772A-1997:Explosive test method[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,1997.
[14]XUE Chao,SUN Jie,KANG Bin,et al.Theβ→δphase transition and thermal expansion of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics.2010,35:333-338.
[15]Weese R K,Maienshein J L,Perrino C T.Kinetics of theβ→δsolid-solid phase transitions of HMX,octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine[J].Thermochimica Acta,2003,401:7-14.
[16]Cheng K S.Kinetics of HMX and phase transitions:effects of grain size at elevated temperature[C]//12th International Detonation Symposium,San Diego,California 92101,August11-16th,2002.
[17]Michael H,Walter E,Norbert E.Thermal expansion,transitions,sensitivities and burning rates of HMX[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,1992,27:190-195.
[18]Smilowitz L,Henson B F,Asay B W,et al.A model of theβ→δphase transition in PBX9501[C]//Shock Compression of Condensed Matter,2001:1077-1080.
[19]薛超,孙杰,宋功保,等,HMX的β→δ晶型转变研究进展,含能材料,2008,16(6):753-757.XUE Chao,SUN Jie,SONG Gong-bao,et al.Review onβ→δphase transition of HMX[J].Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),2008,16(6):753-757.
[20]徐文峥,庞兆迎,王晶禹,等,超声辅助喷雾法制备超细高品质HMX及其晶型控制[J].含能材料,2018,26(3):260-266.XU Wen-zheng,PANG Zhao-ying,WANG Jing-yu,et al.Ultrafine high quality HMX prepared by ultrasonic assisted spray method and its crystal type control[J].Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),2018,26(3):260-266.
[21]Smilowitz L,Henson B F,Asay B W,et al.Theβ-δphase transition in the energetic nitroamine:octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine:Kinetics[J].J Chem Phys,2002,117:3789-3797.