基于GRACE RL05数据研究智利地震长期震后重力变化特征
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摘要
利用GRACE卫星重力可对地震引起的大范围重力变化进行观测,并从重力数据中发现主要的变化特征.发生于2010年的MW8.8智利地震震级较高,可观测到震中附近广泛的同震和震后长期重力变化.本文基于GRACE RL05Level-2时变重力场数据,对2010年智利地震的同震和震后长期变化进行了计算.对同震变化的计算发现,智利地震引起的同震变化极值达-5μGal,而本文为减小水文信号的干扰而采用的3年平均的方法可以获得良好的效果.在对震后重力变化的计算中发现,智利地震震后在2011—2016年间的重力变化存在先增大后逐渐衰减的过程.对震后变化的拟合表明,智利地震震中附近有约1μGal的震后重力变化,震后变化的特征时间约1.1年.同时,在智利地震中未出现较明显的两个震后变化阶段(短期、长期).
Large scale gravity change related to earthquakes could be observed by GRACE satellite gravity data and the changing patterns could be recognized.Co-seismic and post-seismic gravity change could be observed close to the epicenter of the MW8.8 Chile earthquake in 2010.This paper calculated the co-seismic and post-seismic gravity change of the 2010 Chile earthquake based on the GRACE RL05 Level-2 time-variable gravity data.From the co-seismic result,we discovered that the co-seismic maximum gravity change reached-5μGal.Our method of reducing the disturbance of water mass change by calculating the 3-year average before and after the earthquake performed well.From the post-seismic result,we observed that the gravitychange from 2011 to 2016 having a first increase then decrease pattern.The fitting to the postseismic change revealed that the post-seismic gravity change is about 1μGal close to the epicenter,and the characteristic time is about 1.1 year.The Chile earthquake didn′t show a typical postseismic change of two terms(short and long).
Large scale gravity change related to earthquakes could be observed by GRACE satellite gravity data and the changing patterns could be recognized.Co-seismic and post-seismic gravity change could be observed close to the epicenter of the MW8.8 Chile earthquake in 2010.This paper calculated the co-seismic and post-seismic gravity change of the 2010 Chile earthquake based on the GRACE RL05 Level-2 time-variable gravity data.From the co-seismic result,we discovered that the co-seismic maximum gravity change reached-5μGal.Our method of reducing the disturbance of water mass change by calculating the 3-year average before and after the earthquake performed well.From the post-seismic result,we observed that the gravitychange from 2011 to 2016 having a first increase then decrease pattern.The fitting to the postseismic change revealed that the post-seismic gravity change is about 1μGal close to the epicenter,and the characteristic time is about 1.1 year.The Chile earthquake didn′t show a typical postseismic change of two terms(short and long).
引文
Bettadpur S.2012.Insights into the Earth System mass variability from CSR-RL05GRACE gravity fields.∥EGU General Assembly2012.Vienna,Austria:AGU,6409.
Chen J L,Wilson C R,Tapley B D,et al.2007.GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the SumatraAndaman earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,34(13):L13302,doi:10.1029/2007gl030356.
Cheng M K,Tapley B D.2004.Variations in the Earth′s oblateness during the past 28years.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,109(B9):B09402,doi:10.1029/2004jb003028.
Colombo O L.1981.Numerical methods for harmonic analysis on the sphere.Columbus:Dept.of Geodetic Science,The Ohio State University.
Dai C L,Shum C K,Wang R J,et al.2014.Improved constraints on seismic source parameters of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake from GRACE gravity and gravity gradient changes.Geophysical Research Letters,41(6):1929-1936,doi:10.1002/2013gl059178.
De Linage C,Rivera L,Hinderer J,et al.2009.Separation of coseismic and postseismic gravity changes for the 2004SumatraAndaman earthquake from 4.6yr of GRACE observations and modelling of the coseismic change by normal-modes summation.Geophysical Journal International,176(3):695-714,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2008.04025.x.
Dong-Chen E.,Yang Y D,Chao D B.2009.The sea level change from the antarctic ice sheet based on grace.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),52(5):2222-2228,936-942,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.09.005.
Farías M,Vargas G,Tassara A,et al.2010.Land-level changes produced by the MW8.8 2010Chilean earthquake.Science,329(5994):916,doi:10.1126/science.1192094.
Han S C,Shum C K,Bevis M,et al.2006.Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE after the 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Science,313(5787):658-662,doi:10.1126/science.1128661.
Han S C,Sauber J,Luthcke S.2010.Regional gravity decrease after the 2010 Maule(Chile)earthquake indicates large-scale mass redistribution.Geophysical Research Letters,37(23):L23307,doi:10.1029/2010gl045449.
Heki K,Matsuo K.2010.Coseismic gravity changes of the 2010earthquake in central Chile from satellite gravimetry.Geophysical Research Letters,37(24):L24306,doi:10.1029/2010gl045335.
Heki K.2011.A tale of two earthquakes.Science,332(6036):1390-1391,doi:10.1126/science.1206643.
Hofmann-Wellenhof B,Moritz H.2006.Physical Geodesy.Wien:Springer-Verlag.
Li J,Chen J L,Wilson C R.2016.Topographic effects on coseismic gravity change for the 2011Tohoku-Oki earthquake and comparison with GRACE.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,121(7):5509-5537,doi:10.1002/2015jb012407.
Ju X L,Shen Y Z,Zhang Z Z.2013.Antarctic ice mass change analysis based on GRACE RL05 data.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(9):2918-2927,doi:10.6038/cjg20130906.
Liu J,Fang J,Hong L,et al.2015.Secular variation of gravity anomalies within the tibetan plateau derived from grace data.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),58(10):3496-3506,doi:10.6038/cjg20151006.
Matsuo K,Heki K.2011.Coseismic gravity changes of the 2011Tohoku-Oki earthquake from satellite gravimetry.Geophysical Research Letters,38(7):L00G12,doi:10.1029/2011gl049018.
Pollitz F F,Bürgmann R,Banerjee P.2006.Post-seismic relaxation following the great 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on a compressible self-gravitating Earth.Geophysical Journal International,167(1):397-420,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.03018.x.
Pritchard M E,Jay J A,Aron F,et al.2013.Subsidence at southern Andes volcanoes induced by the 2010 Maule,Chile earthquake.Nature Geoscience,6(8):632-363,doi:10.1038/ngeo1855.
Sun W K,Okubo S.2004.Coseismic deformations detectable by satellite gravity missions:A case study of Alaska(1964,2002)and Hokkaido(2003)earthquakes in the spectral domain.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,109(B4):B04405,doi:10.1029/2003jb002554.
Swenson S,Wahr J.2006.Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data.Geophysical Research Letters,33(8):L08402,doi:10.1029/2005gl025285.
Tanaka Y,Heki K.2014.Long-and short-term postseismic gravity changes of megathrust earthquakes from satellite gravimetry.Geophysical Research Letters,41(15):5451-5456,doi:10.1002/2014gl060559.
Tanaka Y,Heki K,Matsuo K,et al.2015.Crustal subsidence observed by GRACE after the 2013 Okhotsk deep-focus earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,42(9):3204-3209,doi:10.1002/2015gl063838.
Tapley B D,Bettadpur S,Ries J C,et al.2004.GRACE measurements of mass variability in the earth system.Science,305(5683):503-505,doi:10.1126/science.1099192.
Tong X,Sandwell D,Luttrell K,et al.2010.The 2010 Maule,Chile earthquake:Downdip rupture limit revealed by space geodesy.Geophysical Research Letters,37(24):L24311,doi:10.1029/2010gl045805.
Velicogna I,Wahr J.2005.Greenland mass balance from GRACE.Geophysical Research Letters,32(18):L18505,doi:10.1029/2005gl023955.
Vigny C,Socquet A,Peyrat S,et al.2011.The 2010 MW8.8Maule megathrust earthquake of Central Chile,monitored by GPS.Science,332(6036):1417-1421,doi:10.1126/science.1204132.
Wahr J,Molenaar M,Bryan F.1998.Time variability of the Earth′s gravity field:Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,103(B12):30205-30229,doi:10.1029/98jb02844.
Wang K L,Yan H,He J H.2012.Deformation cycles of subduction earthquakes in a viscoelastic Earth.Nature,484(7394):327-332,doi:10.1038/nature11032.
Wang R J,Lorenzo-Martín F,Roth F.2006.PSGRN/PSCMP-Anew code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory.Computers&Geosciences,32(4):527-541,doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2005.08.006.
Wang W X,Shi Y L,Gu G H,et al.2015.Gravity changes associated with the MS8.0 wenchuan earthquake detected by grace.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),53(4),542-554,doi:10.1002/cjg2.1524.
Xing L L,Li H,Xuan S B,et al.2012.Long-term gravity changes in chinese mainland from grace and terrestrial gravity measurements.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(5):1557-1564,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.013.
Yi S,Sun W K.2014.Evaluation of glacier changes in high-mountain Asia based on 10 year GRACE RL05 models.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,119(3):2504-2517,doi:10.1002/2013jb010860.
Zhang Z Z,Chao B F,Lu Y,et al.2009.An effective filtering for GRACE time-variable gravity:Fan filter.Geophysical Research Letters,36(17):L17311,doi:10.1029/2009gl039459.
Zhou X,Gabriele C,Sun W K,Roberto S.2018.Co-seismic slip distribution of the 2011Tohoku(MW9.0)earthquake inverted from GPS and space-borne gravimetric data.Earth and Planetary Physics,2018,2(2):120-138.doi:10.26464/epp2018013.
Zhou X,Sun W K,Fu G Y.2011.Gravity satellite GRACE detects coseismic gravity changes caused by 2010Chile MW8.8earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(7):1745-1749,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.007.
Zou Z B,Luo Z C,Wu H B,et al.2012.Gravity changes observed by GRACE before the Japan MW9.0earthquake.Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica(in Chinese),41(2):171-176,doi:10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z.
鄂栋臣,杨元德,晁定波.2009.基于GRACE资料研究南极冰盖消减对海平面的影响.地球物理学报,52(9):2222-2228,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.09.005.
鞠晓蕾,沈云中,张子占.2013.基于GRACE卫星RL05数据的南极冰盖质量变化分析.地球物理学报,56(9):2918-2927,doi:10.6038/cjg20130906.
刘杰,方剑,李红蕾等.2015.青藏高原GRACE卫星重力长期变化.地球物理学报,58(10):3496-3506,doi:10.6038/cjg20151006.
王武星,石耀霖,顾国华等.2010.GRACE卫星观测到的与汶川MS8.0地震有关的重力变化.地球物理学报,53(8):1767-1777,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.08.002.
邢乐林,李辉,玄松柏等.2012.GRACE和地面重力测量监测到的中国大陆长期重力变化.地球物理学报,55(5):1557-1564doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.013.
周新,孙文科,付广裕.2011.重力卫星GRACE检测出2010年智利MW8.8地震的同震重力变化.地球物理学报,54(7):1745-1749,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.007.
邹正波,罗志才,吴海波等.2012.日本MW9.0地震前GRACE卫星重力变化.测绘学报,41(2):171-176,doi:10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z.
Chen J L,Wilson C R,Tapley B D,et al.2007.GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the SumatraAndaman earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,34(13):L13302,doi:10.1029/2007gl030356.
Cheng M K,Tapley B D.2004.Variations in the Earth′s oblateness during the past 28years.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,109(B9):B09402,doi:10.1029/2004jb003028.
Colombo O L.1981.Numerical methods for harmonic analysis on the sphere.Columbus:Dept.of Geodetic Science,The Ohio State University.
Dai C L,Shum C K,Wang R J,et al.2014.Improved constraints on seismic source parameters of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake from GRACE gravity and gravity gradient changes.Geophysical Research Letters,41(6):1929-1936,doi:10.1002/2013gl059178.
De Linage C,Rivera L,Hinderer J,et al.2009.Separation of coseismic and postseismic gravity changes for the 2004SumatraAndaman earthquake from 4.6yr of GRACE observations and modelling of the coseismic change by normal-modes summation.Geophysical Journal International,176(3):695-714,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2008.04025.x.
Dong-Chen E.,Yang Y D,Chao D B.2009.The sea level change from the antarctic ice sheet based on grace.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),52(5):2222-2228,936-942,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.09.005.
Farías M,Vargas G,Tassara A,et al.2010.Land-level changes produced by the MW8.8 2010Chilean earthquake.Science,329(5994):916,doi:10.1126/science.1192094.
Han S C,Shum C K,Bevis M,et al.2006.Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE after the 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Science,313(5787):658-662,doi:10.1126/science.1128661.
Han S C,Sauber J,Luthcke S.2010.Regional gravity decrease after the 2010 Maule(Chile)earthquake indicates large-scale mass redistribution.Geophysical Research Letters,37(23):L23307,doi:10.1029/2010gl045449.
Heki K,Matsuo K.2010.Coseismic gravity changes of the 2010earthquake in central Chile from satellite gravimetry.Geophysical Research Letters,37(24):L24306,doi:10.1029/2010gl045335.
Heki K.2011.A tale of two earthquakes.Science,332(6036):1390-1391,doi:10.1126/science.1206643.
Hofmann-Wellenhof B,Moritz H.2006.Physical Geodesy.Wien:Springer-Verlag.
Li J,Chen J L,Wilson C R.2016.Topographic effects on coseismic gravity change for the 2011Tohoku-Oki earthquake and comparison with GRACE.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,121(7):5509-5537,doi:10.1002/2015jb012407.
Ju X L,Shen Y Z,Zhang Z Z.2013.Antarctic ice mass change analysis based on GRACE RL05 data.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(9):2918-2927,doi:10.6038/cjg20130906.
Liu J,Fang J,Hong L,et al.2015.Secular variation of gravity anomalies within the tibetan plateau derived from grace data.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),58(10):3496-3506,doi:10.6038/cjg20151006.
Matsuo K,Heki K.2011.Coseismic gravity changes of the 2011Tohoku-Oki earthquake from satellite gravimetry.Geophysical Research Letters,38(7):L00G12,doi:10.1029/2011gl049018.
Pollitz F F,Bürgmann R,Banerjee P.2006.Post-seismic relaxation following the great 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on a compressible self-gravitating Earth.Geophysical Journal International,167(1):397-420,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.03018.x.
Pritchard M E,Jay J A,Aron F,et al.2013.Subsidence at southern Andes volcanoes induced by the 2010 Maule,Chile earthquake.Nature Geoscience,6(8):632-363,doi:10.1038/ngeo1855.
Sun W K,Okubo S.2004.Coseismic deformations detectable by satellite gravity missions:A case study of Alaska(1964,2002)and Hokkaido(2003)earthquakes in the spectral domain.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,109(B4):B04405,doi:10.1029/2003jb002554.
Swenson S,Wahr J.2006.Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data.Geophysical Research Letters,33(8):L08402,doi:10.1029/2005gl025285.
Tanaka Y,Heki K.2014.Long-and short-term postseismic gravity changes of megathrust earthquakes from satellite gravimetry.Geophysical Research Letters,41(15):5451-5456,doi:10.1002/2014gl060559.
Tanaka Y,Heki K,Matsuo K,et al.2015.Crustal subsidence observed by GRACE after the 2013 Okhotsk deep-focus earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,42(9):3204-3209,doi:10.1002/2015gl063838.
Tapley B D,Bettadpur S,Ries J C,et al.2004.GRACE measurements of mass variability in the earth system.Science,305(5683):503-505,doi:10.1126/science.1099192.
Tong X,Sandwell D,Luttrell K,et al.2010.The 2010 Maule,Chile earthquake:Downdip rupture limit revealed by space geodesy.Geophysical Research Letters,37(24):L24311,doi:10.1029/2010gl045805.
Velicogna I,Wahr J.2005.Greenland mass balance from GRACE.Geophysical Research Letters,32(18):L18505,doi:10.1029/2005gl023955.
Vigny C,Socquet A,Peyrat S,et al.2011.The 2010 MW8.8Maule megathrust earthquake of Central Chile,monitored by GPS.Science,332(6036):1417-1421,doi:10.1126/science.1204132.
Wahr J,Molenaar M,Bryan F.1998.Time variability of the Earth′s gravity field:Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,103(B12):30205-30229,doi:10.1029/98jb02844.
Wang K L,Yan H,He J H.2012.Deformation cycles of subduction earthquakes in a viscoelastic Earth.Nature,484(7394):327-332,doi:10.1038/nature11032.
Wang R J,Lorenzo-Martín F,Roth F.2006.PSGRN/PSCMP-Anew code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory.Computers&Geosciences,32(4):527-541,doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2005.08.006.
Wang W X,Shi Y L,Gu G H,et al.2015.Gravity changes associated with the MS8.0 wenchuan earthquake detected by grace.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),53(4),542-554,doi:10.1002/cjg2.1524.
Xing L L,Li H,Xuan S B,et al.2012.Long-term gravity changes in chinese mainland from grace and terrestrial gravity measurements.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(5):1557-1564,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.013.
Yi S,Sun W K.2014.Evaluation of glacier changes in high-mountain Asia based on 10 year GRACE RL05 models.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,119(3):2504-2517,doi:10.1002/2013jb010860.
Zhang Z Z,Chao B F,Lu Y,et al.2009.An effective filtering for GRACE time-variable gravity:Fan filter.Geophysical Research Letters,36(17):L17311,doi:10.1029/2009gl039459.
Zhou X,Gabriele C,Sun W K,Roberto S.2018.Co-seismic slip distribution of the 2011Tohoku(MW9.0)earthquake inverted from GPS and space-borne gravimetric data.Earth and Planetary Physics,2018,2(2):120-138.doi:10.26464/epp2018013.
Zhou X,Sun W K,Fu G Y.2011.Gravity satellite GRACE detects coseismic gravity changes caused by 2010Chile MW8.8earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(7):1745-1749,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.007.
Zou Z B,Luo Z C,Wu H B,et al.2012.Gravity changes observed by GRACE before the Japan MW9.0earthquake.Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica(in Chinese),41(2):171-176,doi:10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z.
鄂栋臣,杨元德,晁定波.2009.基于GRACE资料研究南极冰盖消减对海平面的影响.地球物理学报,52(9):2222-2228,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.09.005.
鞠晓蕾,沈云中,张子占.2013.基于GRACE卫星RL05数据的南极冰盖质量变化分析.地球物理学报,56(9):2918-2927,doi:10.6038/cjg20130906.
刘杰,方剑,李红蕾等.2015.青藏高原GRACE卫星重力长期变化.地球物理学报,58(10):3496-3506,doi:10.6038/cjg20151006.
王武星,石耀霖,顾国华等.2010.GRACE卫星观测到的与汶川MS8.0地震有关的重力变化.地球物理学报,53(8):1767-1777,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.08.002.
邢乐林,李辉,玄松柏等.2012.GRACE和地面重力测量监测到的中国大陆长期重力变化.地球物理学报,55(5):1557-1564doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.013.
周新,孙文科,付广裕.2011.重力卫星GRACE检测出2010年智利MW8.8地震的同震重力变化.地球物理学报,54(7):1745-1749,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.007.
邹正波,罗志才,吴海波等.2012.日本MW9.0地震前GRACE卫星重力变化.测绘学报,41(2):171-176,doi:10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z.