Dynamic behaviour of weathered red mudstone in Sichuan(China) under triaxial cyclic loading
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摘要
The construction of a high-speed railway(HSR) in Southwest China is being hindered by a severe shortage of high-quality subgrade materials. However, red mudstone is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin of China. The ability to use weathered red mudstone(WRM) to fill subgrade beds by controlling its critical stress and cumulative strain would enable substantial savings in project investments and mitigate damage to the ecological environment. To better understand the dynamic behaviour of WRM, both monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were performed. The evolution of the cumulative strain vs. increased loading cycles was measured. The influences of confining pressure and loading cycles on the dynamic modulus, damping ratio, critical cyclic stress ratio(CSR), and dynamic stress level(DSL) were investigated. The relationship between the CSR and loading cycles under different failure strain criteria(0.1%-1.0%) was analysed. The prediction model of cumulative strain was also evaluated. The results indicated that the shear strength of WRM sufficiently meets the static strength requirements of subgrade. The critical dynamic stress of WRM can thus satisfy the dynamic stress-bearing requirement of the HSR subgrade. The critical CSR decreases and displays a power function with increasing confining pressure. As the confining pressure increases, the DSL remains relatively stable, ranging between 0.153 and 0.163. Furthermore, the relationship between the dynamic strength and loading cycles required to cause failure was established. Finally, a newly developed model for determining cumulative strain was established. A prediction exercise showed that the model is in good agreement with the experimental data.
The construction of a high-speed railway(HSR) in Southwest China is being hindered by a severe shortage of high-quality subgrade materials. However, red mudstone is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin of China. The ability to use weathered red mudstone(WRM) to fill subgrade beds by controlling its critical stress and cumulative strain would enable substantial savings in project investments and mitigate damage to the ecological environment. To better understand the dynamic behaviour of WRM, both monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were performed. The evolution of the cumulative strain vs. increased loading cycles was measured. The influences of confining pressure and loading cycles on the dynamic modulus, damping ratio, critical cyclic stress ratio(CSR), and dynamic stress level(DSL) were investigated. The relationship between the CSR and loading cycles under different failure strain criteria(0.1%-1.0%) was analysed. The prediction model of cumulative strain was also evaluated. The results indicated that the shear strength of WRM sufficiently meets the static strength requirements of subgrade. The critical dynamic stress of WRM can thus satisfy the dynamic stress-bearing requirement of the HSR subgrade. The critical CSR decreases and displays a power function with increasing confining pressure. As the confining pressure increases, the DSL remains relatively stable, ranging between 0.153 and 0.163. Furthermore, the relationship between the dynamic strength and loading cycles required to cause failure was established. Finally, a newly developed model for determining cumulative strain was established. A prediction exercise showed that the model is in good agreement with the experimental data.
The construction of a high-speed railway(HSR) in Southwest China is being hindered by a severe shortage of high-quality subgrade materials. However, red mudstone is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin of China. The ability to use weathered red mudstone(WRM) to fill subgrade beds by controlling its critical stress and cumulative strain would enable substantial savings in project investments and mitigate damage to the ecological environment. To better understand the dynamic behaviour of WRM, both monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were performed. The evolution of the cumulative strain vs. increased loading cycles was measured. The influences of confining pressure and loading cycles on the dynamic modulus, damping ratio, critical cyclic stress ratio(CSR), and dynamic stress level(DSL) were investigated. The relationship between the CSR and loading cycles under different failure strain criteria(0.1%-1.0%) was analysed. The prediction model of cumulative strain was also evaluated. The results indicated that the shear strength of WRM sufficiently meets the static strength requirements of subgrade. The critical dynamic stress of WRM can thus satisfy the dynamic stress-bearing requirement of the HSR subgrade. The critical CSR decreases and displays a power function with increasing confining pressure. As the confining pressure increases, the DSL remains relatively stable, ranging between 0.153 and 0.163. Furthermore, the relationship between the dynamic strength and loading cycles required to cause failure was established. Finally, a newly developed model for determining cumulative strain was established. A prediction exercise showed that the model is in good agreement with the experimental data.
引文
Abdelkrim M,Bonnet G,De Buhan P(2003)A computational procedure for predicting the long term residual settlement of a platform induced by repeated traffic loading.Computers and geotechnics 30(6):463-476.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(03)00010-7
ASTM D2487-11(2011)Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes(Unified Soil Classification System).ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.https://doi.org/10.1520/D2487-11
Brown SF,Lashine AKF,Hyde AFL(1975)Repeated load triaxial testing of a silty clay.Geotechnique 25(1):95-114.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1975.25.1.95
Bian X,Jiang H,Cheng C,et al.(2014)Full-scale model testing on a ballastless high-speed railway under simulated train moving loads.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 66:368-384.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.08.003
Cai Y,Gu C,Wang J et al.(2012)One-way cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated clay:comparison between constant and variable confining pressure.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 139(5):797-809.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000760
Chai JC,Miura N(2002)Traffic-load-induced permanent deformation of road on soft subsoil.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 128(11):907-916.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:11(907)
Cui X,Zhang N,Zhang J,et al.(2014)In situ tests simulating traffic-load-induced settlement of alluvial silt subsoil.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 58:10-20.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.11.010
Design RS(2007)Design standards for railway structures and commentary(earth structures).Railway Technical Research Institute,Tokyo,Japan.
Ekblad J(2008)Statistical evaluation of resilient models characterizing coarse granular materials.Materials and Structures 41(3):509-525.https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9262-9
Eren M,Kadir S(2013)Colour origin of red sandstone beds within the Hüdai Formation(Early Cambrian),Ayd?nc?k(Mersin),southern Turkey.Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences22(4).https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1208-1
Eren M,Kadir S,Kapur S,et al.(2015)Colour origin of Tortonian red mudstones within the Mersin area,southern Turkey.Sedimentary Geology 318:10-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.12.003
Eren M,Kadir S,Zucca C,et al.(2014)Pedogenic manganese oxide coatings(calcium buserite)on fracture surfaces in Tortonian(Upper Miocene)red mudstones.southern Turkey.Catena 116:149-156.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.01.003
Fujiwara H,Ue S(1990)Effect of preloading on postconstruction consolidation settlement of soft clay subjected to repeated loading.Soils and foundations 30(1):76-86.https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.76
Gidel G,Hornych P,Breysse D,et al.(2001)A new approach for investigating the permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular material using the repeated loading triaxial apparatus.Bulletin des laboratoires des Pontset Chaussées233:5-21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.066
Guo L,Wang J,Cai Y,et al.(2013)Undrained deformation behavior of saturated soft clay under long-term cyclic loading.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 50:28-37.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.01.029
Guo YC,Xie Q,Wen JQ(2007)Red beds distribution and engineering geological problem in China.Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology 34:67-71.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.01.013
Lackenby J,Indraratna B,Mc Dowell G,et al.(2007)Effect of confining pressure on ballast degradation and deformation under cyclic triaxial loading.Ge′otechnique 57(6):527-536https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.6.527
Jiang GL,Kohata Y(1998)Deformation properties of a wellgraded crushed gravel subjected to cyclic triaxial loading.Journal of Railway Technical Research Institute 12(4):43-48.
Jiang Z,Liu L(2011)A pretreatment method for grain size analysis of red mudstones.Sedimentary Geology 241(1-4):13-21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.09.008
Leng W,Xiao Y,Nie R,et al.(2017)Investigating Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Heavy-Haul Railway Embankment Materials Using Large-Scale Undrained Cyclic Triaxial Tests.International Journal of Geomechanics,17(9):04017074.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000956
Liu E,Song Y,Wang H,et al.(2016)Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of mudstones in a hydrocarbon-bearing depression,South China Sea:Implications for thermal maturity evaluation.Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 153:241-248.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.08.031
Liu J,Xiao J(2009)Experimental study on the stability of railroad silt subgrade with increasing train speed.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136(6):833-841.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000282
Malla RB,Joshi S(2008)Subgrade resilient modulus prediction models for coarse and fine-grained soils based on long-term pavement performance data.International Journal of Pavement Engineering 9(6):431-444.https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430802279835
Matsui T,Bahr MA,Abe N(1992)Estimation of shear characteristics degradation and stress-strain relationship of saturated clays after cyclic loading.Soils and Foundations32(1):161-172.https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.32.161
Monismith CL,Ogawa N,Freeme R(1975)Permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade soils due to repeated loading.Transportation Research Record 537:1-17.https://doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000059
Moses GG,Rao SN(2003a)Degradation in cemented marine clay subjected to cyclic compressive loading.Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 21(1):37-62.https://doi.org//10.1080/10641190306709
Moses GG,Rao SN,Rao PN(2003b)Undrained strength behaviour of a cemented marine clay under monotonic and cyclic loading.Ocean Engineering 30(14):1765-1789.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(03)00018-0
Niemunis A,Wichtmann T,Triantafyllidis T(2005)A high-cycle accumulation model for sand.Computers and geotechnics32(4):245-263.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2005.03.002
Pérez I,Romana M G,Medina L(2006)Influence of stress levels on the development of permanent deformation in unbound granular materials.Pavement Mechanics and Performance P:180-188.https://doi.org/10.1061/40866(198)23
Sadeghi MM,Beigi FH(2014)Dynamic behavior of reinforced clayey sand under cyclic loading.Geotextiles and Geomembranes 42(5):564-572.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2014.07.005
Selig ET,Waters JM(1994)Track geotechnology and substructure management.Thomas Telford.
JTG D30-2015(2015)Specifications for design of highway subgrades.Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China.
Jiang H,Bian X,Jiang J,et al.(2016)Dynamic performance of high-speed railway formation with the rise of water table.Engineering Geology 206:18-32.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.03.002
Stewart HE(1986)Permanent strains from cyclic variableamplitude loadings.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering112(6):646-660.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:6(646)
Suiker ASJ,Selig ET,Frenkel R(2005)Static and cyclic triaxial testing of ballast and subballast.Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering 131(6):771-782.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:6(771)
Sun L,Gu C,Wang P(2015)Effects of cyclic confining pressure on the deformation characteristics of natural soft clay.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 78:99-109.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.07.010
TB10621-2009(2009)Code for Design of High Speed Railway.The Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China,Beijing,China.
Trinh VN,Tang AM,Cui YJ,et al.(2012)Mechanical characterisation of the fouled ballast in ancient railway track substructure by large-scale triaxial tests.Soils and foundations 52(3):511-523.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.05.009
Tucker,Maurice E(2009)Sedimentary petrology:an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks.John Wiley&Sons.pp 228-251
Wang ZM,Jiang GL,Wei YX,et al.(2008)Experimental study on dynamic performance of red mudstone subgrade of Dazhou-Chengdu Railway under cyclic loads.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 30(12):1888-1893.(In Chinese)
Wen BP,He L(2012)Influence of lixiviation by irrigation water on residual shear strength of weathered red mudstone in Northwest China:Implication for its role in landslides'reactivation.Engineering Geology 151:56-63.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.08.005
Werkmeister S,Dawson A,Wellner F(2001)Permanent deformation behavior of granular materials and the shakedown concept.Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board(1757):75-81.https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-09
Wichtmann T(2005)Explicit accumulation model for noncohesive soils under cyclic loading.Inst.für Grundbau und Bodenmechanik.
Xiao J,Juang CH,Xu C,et al.(2014)Strength and deformation characteristics of compacted silt from the lower reaches of the Yellow River of China under monotonic and repeated loading.Engineering Geology 178:49-57.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.06.008
Yasuhara K,Murakami S,Song B W,et al.(2003)Postcyclic degradation of strength and stiffness for low plasticity silt.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering129(8):756-769.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:8(756)
Y?ld?r?m H,Er?an H(2007)Settlements under consecutive series of cyclic loading.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 27(6):577-585.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.10.007
Zhang CL,Jiang GL,Liu XF,et al.(2015)Deformation performance of cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported embankments over silty clay of medium compressibility:a case study.Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8(7):4495-4507.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1559-8
Zhang S,Xu Q,Hu Z(2016)Effects of rainwater softening on red mudstone of deep-seated landslide.Southwest China.Engineering Geology 204:1-13.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.01.013
Zhang CL,Jiang GL,Su LJ,et al.(2017)Effect of cement on the stabilization of loess.Journal of Mountain Science 14(11):2325-2336.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4365-4
ASTM D2487-11(2011)Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes(Unified Soil Classification System).ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.https://doi.org/10.1520/D2487-11
Brown SF,Lashine AKF,Hyde AFL(1975)Repeated load triaxial testing of a silty clay.Geotechnique 25(1):95-114.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1975.25.1.95
Bian X,Jiang H,Cheng C,et al.(2014)Full-scale model testing on a ballastless high-speed railway under simulated train moving loads.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 66:368-384.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.08.003
Cai Y,Gu C,Wang J et al.(2012)One-way cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated clay:comparison between constant and variable confining pressure.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 139(5):797-809.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000760
Chai JC,Miura N(2002)Traffic-load-induced permanent deformation of road on soft subsoil.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 128(11):907-916.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:11(907)
Cui X,Zhang N,Zhang J,et al.(2014)In situ tests simulating traffic-load-induced settlement of alluvial silt subsoil.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 58:10-20.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.11.010
Design RS(2007)Design standards for railway structures and commentary(earth structures).Railway Technical Research Institute,Tokyo,Japan.
Ekblad J(2008)Statistical evaluation of resilient models characterizing coarse granular materials.Materials and Structures 41(3):509-525.https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9262-9
Eren M,Kadir S(2013)Colour origin of red sandstone beds within the Hüdai Formation(Early Cambrian),Ayd?nc?k(Mersin),southern Turkey.Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences22(4).https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1208-1
Eren M,Kadir S,Kapur S,et al.(2015)Colour origin of Tortonian red mudstones within the Mersin area,southern Turkey.Sedimentary Geology 318:10-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.12.003
Eren M,Kadir S,Zucca C,et al.(2014)Pedogenic manganese oxide coatings(calcium buserite)on fracture surfaces in Tortonian(Upper Miocene)red mudstones.southern Turkey.Catena 116:149-156.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.01.003
Fujiwara H,Ue S(1990)Effect of preloading on postconstruction consolidation settlement of soft clay subjected to repeated loading.Soils and foundations 30(1):76-86.https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.76
Gidel G,Hornych P,Breysse D,et al.(2001)A new approach for investigating the permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular material using the repeated loading triaxial apparatus.Bulletin des laboratoires des Pontset Chaussées233:5-21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.066
Guo L,Wang J,Cai Y,et al.(2013)Undrained deformation behavior of saturated soft clay under long-term cyclic loading.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 50:28-37.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.01.029
Guo YC,Xie Q,Wen JQ(2007)Red beds distribution and engineering geological problem in China.Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology 34:67-71.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.01.013
Lackenby J,Indraratna B,Mc Dowell G,et al.(2007)Effect of confining pressure on ballast degradation and deformation under cyclic triaxial loading.Ge′otechnique 57(6):527-536https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.6.527
Jiang GL,Kohata Y(1998)Deformation properties of a wellgraded crushed gravel subjected to cyclic triaxial loading.Journal of Railway Technical Research Institute 12(4):43-48.
Jiang Z,Liu L(2011)A pretreatment method for grain size analysis of red mudstones.Sedimentary Geology 241(1-4):13-21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.09.008
Leng W,Xiao Y,Nie R,et al.(2017)Investigating Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Heavy-Haul Railway Embankment Materials Using Large-Scale Undrained Cyclic Triaxial Tests.International Journal of Geomechanics,17(9):04017074.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000956
Liu E,Song Y,Wang H,et al.(2016)Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of mudstones in a hydrocarbon-bearing depression,South China Sea:Implications for thermal maturity evaluation.Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 153:241-248.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.08.031
Liu J,Xiao J(2009)Experimental study on the stability of railroad silt subgrade with increasing train speed.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136(6):833-841.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000282
Malla RB,Joshi S(2008)Subgrade resilient modulus prediction models for coarse and fine-grained soils based on long-term pavement performance data.International Journal of Pavement Engineering 9(6):431-444.https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430802279835
Matsui T,Bahr MA,Abe N(1992)Estimation of shear characteristics degradation and stress-strain relationship of saturated clays after cyclic loading.Soils and Foundations32(1):161-172.https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.32.161
Monismith CL,Ogawa N,Freeme R(1975)Permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade soils due to repeated loading.Transportation Research Record 537:1-17.https://doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000059
Moses GG,Rao SN(2003a)Degradation in cemented marine clay subjected to cyclic compressive loading.Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 21(1):37-62.https://doi.org//10.1080/10641190306709
Moses GG,Rao SN,Rao PN(2003b)Undrained strength behaviour of a cemented marine clay under monotonic and cyclic loading.Ocean Engineering 30(14):1765-1789.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(03)00018-0
Niemunis A,Wichtmann T,Triantafyllidis T(2005)A high-cycle accumulation model for sand.Computers and geotechnics32(4):245-263.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2005.03.002
Pérez I,Romana M G,Medina L(2006)Influence of stress levels on the development of permanent deformation in unbound granular materials.Pavement Mechanics and Performance P:180-188.https://doi.org/10.1061/40866(198)23
Sadeghi MM,Beigi FH(2014)Dynamic behavior of reinforced clayey sand under cyclic loading.Geotextiles and Geomembranes 42(5):564-572.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2014.07.005
Selig ET,Waters JM(1994)Track geotechnology and substructure management.Thomas Telford.
JTG D30-2015(2015)Specifications for design of highway subgrades.Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China.
Jiang H,Bian X,Jiang J,et al.(2016)Dynamic performance of high-speed railway formation with the rise of water table.Engineering Geology 206:18-32.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.03.002
Stewart HE(1986)Permanent strains from cyclic variableamplitude loadings.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering112(6):646-660.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:6(646)
Suiker ASJ,Selig ET,Frenkel R(2005)Static and cyclic triaxial testing of ballast and subballast.Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering 131(6):771-782.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:6(771)
Sun L,Gu C,Wang P(2015)Effects of cyclic confining pressure on the deformation characteristics of natural soft clay.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 78:99-109.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.07.010
TB10621-2009(2009)Code for Design of High Speed Railway.The Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China,Beijing,China.
Trinh VN,Tang AM,Cui YJ,et al.(2012)Mechanical characterisation of the fouled ballast in ancient railway track substructure by large-scale triaxial tests.Soils and foundations 52(3):511-523.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.05.009
Tucker,Maurice E(2009)Sedimentary petrology:an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks.John Wiley&Sons.pp 228-251
Wang ZM,Jiang GL,Wei YX,et al.(2008)Experimental study on dynamic performance of red mudstone subgrade of Dazhou-Chengdu Railway under cyclic loads.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 30(12):1888-1893.(In Chinese)
Wen BP,He L(2012)Influence of lixiviation by irrigation water on residual shear strength of weathered red mudstone in Northwest China:Implication for its role in landslides'reactivation.Engineering Geology 151:56-63.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.08.005
Werkmeister S,Dawson A,Wellner F(2001)Permanent deformation behavior of granular materials and the shakedown concept.Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board(1757):75-81.https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-09
Wichtmann T(2005)Explicit accumulation model for noncohesive soils under cyclic loading.Inst.für Grundbau und Bodenmechanik.
Xiao J,Juang CH,Xu C,et al.(2014)Strength and deformation characteristics of compacted silt from the lower reaches of the Yellow River of China under monotonic and repeated loading.Engineering Geology 178:49-57.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.06.008
Yasuhara K,Murakami S,Song B W,et al.(2003)Postcyclic degradation of strength and stiffness for low plasticity silt.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering129(8):756-769.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:8(756)
Y?ld?r?m H,Er?an H(2007)Settlements under consecutive series of cyclic loading.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 27(6):577-585.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.10.007
Zhang CL,Jiang GL,Liu XF,et al.(2015)Deformation performance of cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported embankments over silty clay of medium compressibility:a case study.Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8(7):4495-4507.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1559-8
Zhang S,Xu Q,Hu Z(2016)Effects of rainwater softening on red mudstone of deep-seated landslide.Southwest China.Engineering Geology 204:1-13.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.01.013
Zhang CL,Jiang GL,Su LJ,et al.(2017)Effect of cement on the stabilization of loess.Journal of Mountain Science 14(11):2325-2336.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4365-4