Nucleation of methane hydrate and ice in emulsions of water in crude oils and decane under non-isothermal conditions
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摘要
Achievable supercooling for the formation of methane hydrate from water emulsions was studied in seven different crude oils and in decane. The experiments were performed under constant rate cooling from + 20 to-15 °C and a pressure of methane of 12 MPa. It was demonstrated that the shapes and positions of the resulting survival curves depend on the density, viscosity and dispersive power of oil samples used in the experiments, as well as on the degree of oil oxidation. In addition, results of the experiments on ice freezing under the same emulsions are presented. The results obtained in the work allowed us to discuss the possibility and features of primary and secondary nucleation of the hydrate and ice in the systems under consideration.
Achievable supercooling for the formation of methane hydrate from water emulsions was studied in seven different crude oils and in decane. The experiments were performed under constant rate cooling from + 20 to-15 °C and a pressure of methane of 12 MPa. It was demonstrated that the shapes and positions of the resulting survival curves depend on the density, viscosity and dispersive power of oil samples used in the experiments, as well as on the degree of oil oxidation. In addition, results of the experiments on ice freezing under the same emulsions are presented. The results obtained in the work allowed us to discuss the possibility and features of primary and secondary nucleation of the hydrate and ice in the systems under consideration.
Achievable supercooling for the formation of methane hydrate from water emulsions was studied in seven different crude oils and in decane. The experiments were performed under constant rate cooling from + 20 to-15 °C and a pressure of methane of 12 MPa. It was demonstrated that the shapes and positions of the resulting survival curves depend on the density, viscosity and dispersive power of oil samples used in the experiments, as well as on the degree of oil oxidation. In addition, results of the experiments on ice freezing under the same emulsions are presented. The results obtained in the work allowed us to discuss the possibility and features of primary and secondary nucleation of the hydrate and ice in the systems under consideration.
引文
[1] E.D. Sloan, C.A. Koh, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, 3rd ed. CRC Press Boca Rator, London, New-York, 2008.
[2] E.D. Sloan, Hydrate engineering, in:J.B. Bloys(Ed.), SPE Henry L. Doherty Series(Monograph 21), Society of Petroleum. Engineers Inc, Richardson, Texas, 2000.
[3] M.A. Kelland, History of the development of low dosage hydrate inhibitors, Energy Fuel 20(3)(2006)825–847.
[4] A. Perrin, O.M. Musa, J.W. Steed, The chemistry of low dosage clathrate hydrate inhibitors, Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(5)(2013)1996–2015.
[5] S. H?iland, K.M. Askvik, P. Fotland, E. Alagic, T. Barth, F.J. Fadnes, Wettability of Freon hydrates in crude oil/brine emulsions, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 287(2005)217–225.
[6] L. Berg??dt, In?uence of crude oil based surface active components and synthetic surfactants on gas hydrate behaviour, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen,Norway, 2001.
[7] K. Erstad, S. H?iland, P. Fotland, T. Barth, In?uence of petroleum acids on gas hydrate wettability, Energy Fuel 23(2009)2213–2219.
[8] L.E. Zerpa, J.-L. Salager, C.A. Koh, E.D. Sloan, A.K. Sum, Surface chemistry and gas hydrates in?ow assurance, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(2011)188–197.
[9] S. Gao, Investigation of interactions between gas hydrates and several other?ow assurance elements, Energy Fuel 22(2008)3150–3153.
[10] A.E. Borgund, S. H?iland, T. Barth, P. Fotland, K.M. Askvik, Molecular analysis of petroleum derived compounds that adsorb onto gas hydrate surfaces, Appl. Geochem.24(2009)777–786.
[11] N. Daraboina, S. Pachitsas, N. von Solms, Natural gas hydrate formation and inhibition in gas/crude oil/aqueous systems, Fuel 148(2015)186–190.
[12] M. Zi, D. Chen, H. Ji, G. Wu, Effects of asphaltenes on the formation and decomposition of methane hydrate:a molecular dynamics study, Energy Fuel 30(2016)5643–5650.
[13] J. Sj?blom, P.V. Hemmingsen, H. Kallevik, The role of asphaltenes in stabilizing water-in-crude oil emulsions, in:O.C. Mullins, E.Y. Sheu, A. Hammami, A.G.Marshall(Eds.), Asphaltenes, Heavy Oils, and Petroleomics, Springer-Verlag, New York 2007, pp. 549–587.
[14] A.K. Sum, C.A. Koh, E.D. Sloan, Clathrate hydrates:From laboratory science to engineering practice, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48(2009)7457–7465.
[15] S. Talatori, T. Barth, Rate of hydrate formation in crude oil/gas/water emulsions with different water cuts, J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 80(2011)32–40.
[16] D. Greaves, J. Boxall, J. Mulligan, E.D. Sloan, C.A. Koh, Hydrate formation from high water content-crude oil emulsions, Chem. Eng. Sci. 63(18)(2008)4570–4579.
[17] D.J. Turner, K.T. Miller, E.D. Sloan, Methane hydrate formation and an inward growing shell model in water-in-oil dispersion, Chem. Eng. Sci. 64(2009)3996–4004.
[18] R.P. Sear, The non-classical nucleation of crystals:Microscopic mechanism and application to molecular crystals, ice and calcium carbonate, Int. Mater. Rev. 57(6)(2012)328–356.
[19] D. Kashchiev, A. Firoozabadi, Nucleation of gas hydrates, J. Cryst. Growth 243(3–4)(2002)476–489.
[20] D. Kashchiev, A. Firoozabadi, Induction time in crystallization of gas hydrates,J. Cryst. Growth 250(3–4)(2003)499–515.
[21] P.W. Wilson, W. Lu, H. Xu, P. Kim, M.J. Kreder, J. Alvarenga, J. Aizenberg, Inhibition of ice nucleation by slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces(SLIPS), Phys. Chem. Chem.Phys. 15(2013)581–585.
[22] P.S.R. Prasad, V.D. Chari, D.V.S.G.K. Sharma, S.R. Murthy, Effect of silica particles on the stability of methane hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilib. 318(2012)110–114.
[23] A. Mohammadi, M. Manteghian, A. Haghtalab, A.H. Mohammadi, M. RahmatiAbkenar, Kinetic study of carbon dioxide hydrate formation in presence of silver nanoparticles and SDS, Chem. Eng. J. 237(2014)387–395.
[24] F.S. Merkel, C. Schmuck, H.J. Schultz, Investigation of the in?uence of hydroxyl groups on gas hydrate formation at pipeline-like conditions, Energy Fuel 30(11)(2016)9141–9149.
[25] X.F. Lv, B.H. Shi, Y. Wang, Y.X. Tang, L.Y. Wang, J. Gong, Experimental study on hydrate induction time of gas-saturated water-in-oil emulsion using a high-pressure?ow loop, Oil Gas Sci. Technol.-Rev. IFP 70(6)(2015)1111–1124.
[26] L. Weng, S.N. Tessier, K. Smith, J.F. Edd, S.L. Stott, M. Toner, Bacterial ice nucleation in monodisperse D2O and H2O-in-oil emulsions, Langmuir 32(36)(2016)9229–9236.
[27] D. Knezic, J. Zaccaro, A.S. Myerson, Nucleation induction time in levitated droplets,J. Phys. Chem. B 108(2004)10672–10677.
[28] B.I. Kidyarov, I.V. Nikolaev, Study into melting-crystallization of silver thiogallate by the statistical thermal analysis method, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 101(1)(2010)5–9.
[29] S.R. Davies, K.C. Hester, J.W. Lachance, C.A. Koh, E.D. Sloan, Studies of hydrate nucleation with high pressure differential scanning calorimetry, Chem. Eng. Sci. 64(2009)370–375.
[30] Y. Salamat, A. Moghadassi, M. Illbeigi, A. Eslamimanesh, A.H. Mohammadi, Experimental study of hydrogen sul?de hydrate formation:Induction time in the presence and absence of kinetic inhibitor, J. Energy Chem. 22(2013)114–118.
[31] N. Maeda, D. Wells, P.G. Hartley, K.A. Kozielski, Statistical analysis of supercooling in fuel gas hydrate systems, Energy Fuel 26(2012)1820–1827.
[32] K. Lee, S.-H. Lee, W. Lee, Stochastic nature of carbon dioxide hydrate induction times in Na-montmorillonite and marine sediment suspensions, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control14(2013)15–24.
[33] M.L.M. de Ba?os, O. Carrier, P. Bouriat, D. Broseta, Droplet-based milli?uidics as a new tool to investigate hydrate crystallization:Insights into the memory effect,Chem. Eng. Sci. 123(2015)564–572.
[34] D. Dalmazzone, N. Hamed, C. Dalmazzone, L. Rousseau, Application of high pressure DSC to the kinetics of formation of methane hydrate in water-in-oil emulsion,J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 85(2006)361–368.
[35] C. Dalmazzone, C. Noik, D. Clausse, Application of DSC for emulsi?ed system characterization, Oil Gas Sci. Technol.-Rev. IFP 64(5)(2009)543–555.
[36] D. Clausse, F. Gomez, C. Dalmazzone, C. Noik, A method for the characterization of emulsions, thermogranulometry:Application to water-in-crude oil emulsions, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 287(2005)694–703.
[37] D. Dalmazzone, N. Hamed, C. Dalmazzone, DSC measurements and modelling of the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in water-in-oil emulsion, Chem. Eng. Sci. 64(2009)2020–2026.
[38] Y.F. Makogon, I.V. Melikhov, E.D. Kozlovskaya, V.E. Bozhevol'nov, Secondary nucleation in the formation of methane crystal hydrate, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 81(10)(2007)1645–1649.
[39] D. Clausse, E.Y. Wardhono, J.L. Lanoiselle, Formation and determination of the amount of ice formed in water dispersed in various materials, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 460(2014)519–526.
[40] E. Pretsch, P. Buehlmann, C. Affolter, E. Pretsch, P. Bühlmann, C. Affolter, Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000.
[41] G.V. Chilingarian, T.F. Yen, Bitumens, Asphhalts and Tar Sands, Elsevier, New York,1978.
[42] A.S. Stoporev, A.Y. Manakov, L.K. Altunina, L.A. Strelets, V.I. Kosyakov, Nucleation rates of methane hydrate from water in oil emulsions, Can. J. Chem. 93(8)(2015)882–887.
[43] A.S. Stoporev, A.Y. Manakov, V.I. Kosyakov, V.A. Shestakov, L.K. Altunina, L.A.Strelets, Nucleation of methane hydrate in water-in-oil emulsions:Role of the phase boundary, Energy Fuel 30(5)(2016)3735–3741.
[44] E. Colombel, P. Gateau, L. Barre, F. Gruy, T. Palermo, Discussion of agglomeration mechanisms between hydrate particles in water in oil emulsions, Oil Gas Sci.Technol.-Rev. IFP 64(2009)629–636.
[45] M.E. Semenov, A.Y. Manakov, E.Yu. Shitz, A.S. Stoporev, L.K. Altunina, L.A. Strelets,S.Y. Misyura, V.E. Nakoryakov, DSC and thermal imaging studies of methane hydrate formation and dissociation in water emulsions in crude oils, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.119(2015)757–767.
[46] N. Maeda, Nucleation curves of methane–propane mixed gas hydrates in the presence of a stainless steel wall, Fluid Phase Equilib. 413(2016)142–147.
[47] I.V. Melikhov, A. Pamiatnikh, Dendrite relay crystallization of the dispersed melt,J. Cryst. Growth 102(4)(1990)885–890.
[48] M.E. Dobrowolska, J.H. van Esch, G.J. Koper, Direct visualization of “coagulative nucleation” in surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, Langmuir 29(37)(2013)11724–11729.
[49] B. Liu, M. Zhang, Y. Ao, H. Zhang, Crosslinking network structure effects on particle coagulation in the emulsion polymerization of styrene in methanol solution, Colloid Polym. Sci. 293(5)(2015)1577–1581.
[50] D.J. McClements, Crystals and crystallization in oil-in-water emulsions:Implications for emulsion-based delivery systems, Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 174(2012)1–30.
[51] J.W. Kim, K.K. Koo, In?uence of emulsion types on nucleation kinetics and growth habit in the cooling crystallization, Cryst. Res. Technol. 49(10)(2014)753–760.
[52] P.U. Karanjkar, J.W. Lee, J.F. Morris, Calorimetric investigation of cyclopentane hydrate formation in an emulsion, Chem. Eng. Sci. 68(1)(2012)481–491.
[53] A. Khalil, F. Puel, X. Cosson, O. Gorbatchev, Y. Chevalier, J.M. Galvan, J.P. Klein, Crystallization-in-emulsion process of a melted organic compound:In situ optical monitoring and simultaneous droplet and particle size measurements, J. Cryst. Growth342(1)(2012)99–109.
[54] S. Abramov, P. Ruppik, H.P. Schuchmann, A thermo-optical method to determine single crystallization events in droplet clusters, Processes 4(3)(2016)25.
[2] E.D. Sloan, Hydrate engineering, in:J.B. Bloys(Ed.), SPE Henry L. Doherty Series(Monograph 21), Society of Petroleum. Engineers Inc, Richardson, Texas, 2000.
[3] M.A. Kelland, History of the development of low dosage hydrate inhibitors, Energy Fuel 20(3)(2006)825–847.
[4] A. Perrin, O.M. Musa, J.W. Steed, The chemistry of low dosage clathrate hydrate inhibitors, Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(5)(2013)1996–2015.
[5] S. H?iland, K.M. Askvik, P. Fotland, E. Alagic, T. Barth, F.J. Fadnes, Wettability of Freon hydrates in crude oil/brine emulsions, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 287(2005)217–225.
[6] L. Berg??dt, In?uence of crude oil based surface active components and synthetic surfactants on gas hydrate behaviour, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen,Norway, 2001.
[7] K. Erstad, S. H?iland, P. Fotland, T. Barth, In?uence of petroleum acids on gas hydrate wettability, Energy Fuel 23(2009)2213–2219.
[8] L.E. Zerpa, J.-L. Salager, C.A. Koh, E.D. Sloan, A.K. Sum, Surface chemistry and gas hydrates in?ow assurance, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(2011)188–197.
[9] S. Gao, Investigation of interactions between gas hydrates and several other?ow assurance elements, Energy Fuel 22(2008)3150–3153.
[10] A.E. Borgund, S. H?iland, T. Barth, P. Fotland, K.M. Askvik, Molecular analysis of petroleum derived compounds that adsorb onto gas hydrate surfaces, Appl. Geochem.24(2009)777–786.
[11] N. Daraboina, S. Pachitsas, N. von Solms, Natural gas hydrate formation and inhibition in gas/crude oil/aqueous systems, Fuel 148(2015)186–190.
[12] M. Zi, D. Chen, H. Ji, G. Wu, Effects of asphaltenes on the formation and decomposition of methane hydrate:a molecular dynamics study, Energy Fuel 30(2016)5643–5650.
[13] J. Sj?blom, P.V. Hemmingsen, H. Kallevik, The role of asphaltenes in stabilizing water-in-crude oil emulsions, in:O.C. Mullins, E.Y. Sheu, A. Hammami, A.G.Marshall(Eds.), Asphaltenes, Heavy Oils, and Petroleomics, Springer-Verlag, New York 2007, pp. 549–587.
[14] A.K. Sum, C.A. Koh, E.D. Sloan, Clathrate hydrates:From laboratory science to engineering practice, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48(2009)7457–7465.
[15] S. Talatori, T. Barth, Rate of hydrate formation in crude oil/gas/water emulsions with different water cuts, J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 80(2011)32–40.
[16] D. Greaves, J. Boxall, J. Mulligan, E.D. Sloan, C.A. Koh, Hydrate formation from high water content-crude oil emulsions, Chem. Eng. Sci. 63(18)(2008)4570–4579.
[17] D.J. Turner, K.T. Miller, E.D. Sloan, Methane hydrate formation and an inward growing shell model in water-in-oil dispersion, Chem. Eng. Sci. 64(2009)3996–4004.
[18] R.P. Sear, The non-classical nucleation of crystals:Microscopic mechanism and application to molecular crystals, ice and calcium carbonate, Int. Mater. Rev. 57(6)(2012)328–356.
[19] D. Kashchiev, A. Firoozabadi, Nucleation of gas hydrates, J. Cryst. Growth 243(3–4)(2002)476–489.
[20] D. Kashchiev, A. Firoozabadi, Induction time in crystallization of gas hydrates,J. Cryst. Growth 250(3–4)(2003)499–515.
[21] P.W. Wilson, W. Lu, H. Xu, P. Kim, M.J. Kreder, J. Alvarenga, J. Aizenberg, Inhibition of ice nucleation by slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces(SLIPS), Phys. Chem. Chem.Phys. 15(2013)581–585.
[22] P.S.R. Prasad, V.D. Chari, D.V.S.G.K. Sharma, S.R. Murthy, Effect of silica particles on the stability of methane hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilib. 318(2012)110–114.
[23] A. Mohammadi, M. Manteghian, A. Haghtalab, A.H. Mohammadi, M. RahmatiAbkenar, Kinetic study of carbon dioxide hydrate formation in presence of silver nanoparticles and SDS, Chem. Eng. J. 237(2014)387–395.
[24] F.S. Merkel, C. Schmuck, H.J. Schultz, Investigation of the in?uence of hydroxyl groups on gas hydrate formation at pipeline-like conditions, Energy Fuel 30(11)(2016)9141–9149.
[25] X.F. Lv, B.H. Shi, Y. Wang, Y.X. Tang, L.Y. Wang, J. Gong, Experimental study on hydrate induction time of gas-saturated water-in-oil emulsion using a high-pressure?ow loop, Oil Gas Sci. Technol.-Rev. IFP 70(6)(2015)1111–1124.
[26] L. Weng, S.N. Tessier, K. Smith, J.F. Edd, S.L. Stott, M. Toner, Bacterial ice nucleation in monodisperse D2O and H2O-in-oil emulsions, Langmuir 32(36)(2016)9229–9236.
[27] D. Knezic, J. Zaccaro, A.S. Myerson, Nucleation induction time in levitated droplets,J. Phys. Chem. B 108(2004)10672–10677.
[28] B.I. Kidyarov, I.V. Nikolaev, Study into melting-crystallization of silver thiogallate by the statistical thermal analysis method, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 101(1)(2010)5–9.
[29] S.R. Davies, K.C. Hester, J.W. Lachance, C.A. Koh, E.D. Sloan, Studies of hydrate nucleation with high pressure differential scanning calorimetry, Chem. Eng. Sci. 64(2009)370–375.
[30] Y. Salamat, A. Moghadassi, M. Illbeigi, A. Eslamimanesh, A.H. Mohammadi, Experimental study of hydrogen sul?de hydrate formation:Induction time in the presence and absence of kinetic inhibitor, J. Energy Chem. 22(2013)114–118.
[31] N. Maeda, D. Wells, P.G. Hartley, K.A. Kozielski, Statistical analysis of supercooling in fuel gas hydrate systems, Energy Fuel 26(2012)1820–1827.
[32] K. Lee, S.-H. Lee, W. Lee, Stochastic nature of carbon dioxide hydrate induction times in Na-montmorillonite and marine sediment suspensions, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control14(2013)15–24.
[33] M.L.M. de Ba?os, O. Carrier, P. Bouriat, D. Broseta, Droplet-based milli?uidics as a new tool to investigate hydrate crystallization:Insights into the memory effect,Chem. Eng. Sci. 123(2015)564–572.
[34] D. Dalmazzone, N. Hamed, C. Dalmazzone, L. Rousseau, Application of high pressure DSC to the kinetics of formation of methane hydrate in water-in-oil emulsion,J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 85(2006)361–368.
[35] C. Dalmazzone, C. Noik, D. Clausse, Application of DSC for emulsi?ed system characterization, Oil Gas Sci. Technol.-Rev. IFP 64(5)(2009)543–555.
[36] D. Clausse, F. Gomez, C. Dalmazzone, C. Noik, A method for the characterization of emulsions, thermogranulometry:Application to water-in-crude oil emulsions, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 287(2005)694–703.
[37] D. Dalmazzone, N. Hamed, C. Dalmazzone, DSC measurements and modelling of the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in water-in-oil emulsion, Chem. Eng. Sci. 64(2009)2020–2026.
[38] Y.F. Makogon, I.V. Melikhov, E.D. Kozlovskaya, V.E. Bozhevol'nov, Secondary nucleation in the formation of methane crystal hydrate, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 81(10)(2007)1645–1649.
[39] D. Clausse, E.Y. Wardhono, J.L. Lanoiselle, Formation and determination of the amount of ice formed in water dispersed in various materials, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 460(2014)519–526.
[40] E. Pretsch, P. Buehlmann, C. Affolter, E. Pretsch, P. Bühlmann, C. Affolter, Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000.
[41] G.V. Chilingarian, T.F. Yen, Bitumens, Asphhalts and Tar Sands, Elsevier, New York,1978.
[42] A.S. Stoporev, A.Y. Manakov, L.K. Altunina, L.A. Strelets, V.I. Kosyakov, Nucleation rates of methane hydrate from water in oil emulsions, Can. J. Chem. 93(8)(2015)882–887.
[43] A.S. Stoporev, A.Y. Manakov, V.I. Kosyakov, V.A. Shestakov, L.K. Altunina, L.A.Strelets, Nucleation of methane hydrate in water-in-oil emulsions:Role of the phase boundary, Energy Fuel 30(5)(2016)3735–3741.
[44] E. Colombel, P. Gateau, L. Barre, F. Gruy, T. Palermo, Discussion of agglomeration mechanisms between hydrate particles in water in oil emulsions, Oil Gas Sci.Technol.-Rev. IFP 64(2009)629–636.
[45] M.E. Semenov, A.Y. Manakov, E.Yu. Shitz, A.S. Stoporev, L.K. Altunina, L.A. Strelets,S.Y. Misyura, V.E. Nakoryakov, DSC and thermal imaging studies of methane hydrate formation and dissociation in water emulsions in crude oils, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.119(2015)757–767.
[46] N. Maeda, Nucleation curves of methane–propane mixed gas hydrates in the presence of a stainless steel wall, Fluid Phase Equilib. 413(2016)142–147.
[47] I.V. Melikhov, A. Pamiatnikh, Dendrite relay crystallization of the dispersed melt,J. Cryst. Growth 102(4)(1990)885–890.
[48] M.E. Dobrowolska, J.H. van Esch, G.J. Koper, Direct visualization of “coagulative nucleation” in surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, Langmuir 29(37)(2013)11724–11729.
[49] B. Liu, M. Zhang, Y. Ao, H. Zhang, Crosslinking network structure effects on particle coagulation in the emulsion polymerization of styrene in methanol solution, Colloid Polym. Sci. 293(5)(2015)1577–1581.
[50] D.J. McClements, Crystals and crystallization in oil-in-water emulsions:Implications for emulsion-based delivery systems, Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 174(2012)1–30.
[51] J.W. Kim, K.K. Koo, In?uence of emulsion types on nucleation kinetics and growth habit in the cooling crystallization, Cryst. Res. Technol. 49(10)(2014)753–760.
[52] P.U. Karanjkar, J.W. Lee, J.F. Morris, Calorimetric investigation of cyclopentane hydrate formation in an emulsion, Chem. Eng. Sci. 68(1)(2012)481–491.
[53] A. Khalil, F. Puel, X. Cosson, O. Gorbatchev, Y. Chevalier, J.M. Galvan, J.P. Klein, Crystallization-in-emulsion process of a melted organic compound:In situ optical monitoring and simultaneous droplet and particle size measurements, J. Cryst. Growth342(1)(2012)99–109.
[54] S. Abramov, P. Ruppik, H.P. Schuchmann, A thermo-optical method to determine single crystallization events in droplet clusters, Processes 4(3)(2016)25.