Nest box selection and reproduction of European Rollers in Central Italy: a 7-year study
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摘要
Background: Changes and increased mechanisation of agricultural practices have influenced the biodiversity composition of farmland habitats and caused a decline of bird communities in many European countries. The removal of shrubs and large trees rich in natural cavities, has also led to a drastic decrease in nest site availability for cavity-nesting bird species. Nest-boxes are a common conservation tool used to improve nest-site availability, and have helped to reverse declines in many endangered bird populations. Nonetheless to maximize the results of such interventions it is crucial to know where nest-boxes should be sited. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the nest-box program for the European Roller(Coracias garrulus) population of Lazio region(Central Italy). More specifically, we focused on what landscape features were preferred(or avoided) in the process of nest box selection and how they influenced population's breeding parameters. Particular attention was paid to identifying potential limitations and to provide management recommendations for future interventions.Methods: Using data from 70 nest boxes sited on power lines monitored over a 7-year period(representing 140 breeding attempts), we developed probability functions to evaluate if nest box location, in terms of distance from habitat resources and habitat composition and structure, had an effect on nest box occupancy and on the main reproductive parameters.Results: Nest boxes were more likely to be occupied if they were located near arable fields and in areas characterized by a higher amount of incoming solar radiation. Higher fledging success was associated with fallow fields and with a moderate/low habitat structural complexity. Higher breeding success was associated with solar radiation and with greater distance from urban areas.Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of specific habitat variables in influencing nest occupancy, and show which drivers primarily affect species' reproduction and persistence over time. Siting nest boxes in habitats where occupancy rate and fledging success is higher, such as in arable and fallow fields and on south-facing slopes where solar radiation is maximised, may help to extend the suitable habitat for rollers and facilitate its local expansion.
Background: Changes and increased mechanisation of agricultural practices have influenced the biodiversity composition of farmland habitats and caused a decline of bird communities in many European countries. The removal of shrubs and large trees rich in natural cavities, has also led to a drastic decrease in nest site availability for cavity-nesting bird species. Nest-boxes are a common conservation tool used to improve nest-site availability, and have helped to reverse declines in many endangered bird populations. Nonetheless to maximize the results of such interventions it is crucial to know where nest-boxes should be sited. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the nest-box program for the European Roller(Coracias garrulus) population of Lazio region(Central Italy). More specifically, we focused on what landscape features were preferred(or avoided) in the process of nest box selection and how they influenced population's breeding parameters. Particular attention was paid to identifying potential limitations and to provide management recommendations for future interventions.Methods: Using data from 70 nest boxes sited on power lines monitored over a 7-year period(representing 140 breeding attempts), we developed probability functions to evaluate if nest box location, in terms of distance from habitat resources and habitat composition and structure, had an effect on nest box occupancy and on the main reproductive parameters.Results: Nest boxes were more likely to be occupied if they were located near arable fields and in areas characterized by a higher amount of incoming solar radiation. Higher fledging success was associated with fallow fields and with a moderate/low habitat structural complexity. Higher breeding success was associated with solar radiation and with greater distance from urban areas.Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of specific habitat variables in influencing nest occupancy, and show which drivers primarily affect species' reproduction and persistence over time. Siting nest boxes in habitats where occupancy rate and fledging success is higher, such as in arable and fallow fields and on south-facing slopes where solar radiation is maximised, may help to extend the suitable habitat for rollers and facilitate its local expansion.
Background: Changes and increased mechanisation of agricultural practices have influenced the biodiversity composition of farmland habitats and caused a decline of bird communities in many European countries. The removal of shrubs and large trees rich in natural cavities, has also led to a drastic decrease in nest site availability for cavity-nesting bird species. Nest-boxes are a common conservation tool used to improve nest-site availability, and have helped to reverse declines in many endangered bird populations. Nonetheless to maximize the results of such interventions it is crucial to know where nest-boxes should be sited. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the nest-box program for the European Roller(Coracias garrulus) population of Lazio region(Central Italy). More specifically, we focused on what landscape features were preferred(or avoided) in the process of nest box selection and how they influenced population's breeding parameters. Particular attention was paid to identifying potential limitations and to provide management recommendations for future interventions.Methods: Using data from 70 nest boxes sited on power lines monitored over a 7-year period(representing 140 breeding attempts), we developed probability functions to evaluate if nest box location, in terms of distance from habitat resources and habitat composition and structure, had an effect on nest box occupancy and on the main reproductive parameters.Results: Nest boxes were more likely to be occupied if they were located near arable fields and in areas characterized by a higher amount of incoming solar radiation. Higher fledging success was associated with fallow fields and with a moderate/low habitat structural complexity. Higher breeding success was associated with solar radiation and with greater distance from urban areas.Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of specific habitat variables in influencing nest occupancy, and show which drivers primarily affect species' reproduction and persistence over time. Siting nest boxes in habitats where occupancy rate and fledging success is higher, such as in arable and fallow fields and on south-facing slopes where solar radiation is maximised, may help to extend the suitable habitat for rollers and facilitate its local expansion.
引文
Anderson DR,Burnham KP,Thompson WL.Null hypothesis testing:problems,prevalence,and an alternative.J Wildl Manag.2000;64:912-23.
Anderson DR,Link WA,Johnson DH,Burnham KP.Suggestions for presenting the results of data analysis.J Wildl Manag.2001;65:373-8.
Avilés JM,Costillo E.Selection of breeding habitats by the Roller(Coracias garrulus)in farming areas of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula.Vogelwarte.1998;39:242-7.
Avilés JM,Parejo D.Farming practices and roller Coracias garrulus conservation in south-west Spain.Bird Conserv Int.2004;14:173-81.
Avilés JM,Sanchez JM,Sanchez A,Parejo D.Breeding biology of the roller Coracias garrulus in farming areas of the southwest Iberian Peninsula.Bird Study.1999;46:217-23.
Barton K.MuMIn:multi-model inference.R package version 1.15.6;2016.https://CRAN.R-proje ct.org/packa ge=MuMIn.Accessed 9 May 2018.
Bates D,Maechler M,Bolker B,Walker S.Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.J Stat Softw.2015;67:1-48.
Benton TG,Vickery JA,Wilson JD.Farmland biodiversity:is habitat heterogeneity the key?Trends Ecol Evol.2003;18:182-8.
BirdLife International.European red list of birds.Cambridge:BirdLife International;2015.
BirdLife International.Coracias garrulus(Amended version published in 2016).The IUCN red list of threatened species;2017.
Blanco G,Fargallo JA,Tella JL,Cuevas JA.Role of the buildings as nest-sites in the range expansion and conservation of Choughs Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax in Spain.Biol Conserv.1997;79:117-22.
Bouvier JC,Muller I,Génard M,Fran?oise L,Lavigne C.Nest-site and landscape characteristics affect the distribution of breeding pairs of European Rollers Coracias garullus in an agricultural area of Southeastern France.Acta Ornithol.2014;49:23-32.
Brunelli M,Sarrocco S,Corbi F,Sorace A,Boano A,De Felici S,Guerrieri G,Meschini A,Roma S.Nuovo atlante degli uccelli nidificanti nel Lazio.Roma:Agenzia Regionale Parchi del Lazio;2011.
Burnham KP,Anderson DR.Model selection and multimodel inference:a practical information-theoretic approach.2nd ed.New York:Springer;2002.
Burnham KP,Anderson DR,Huyvaert KP.AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology:some background,observations,and comparisons.Behav Ecol Sociobiol.2011;65:23-35.
Butler SJ.Nest-site selection by the European Roller(Coracias garrulus)in southern France.Master’s Thesis.UK:University of York;2001.
Butler SJ,Boccaccio L,Gregory RD,Vorisek P,Norris K.Quantifying the impact of land-use change to European farmland bird populations.Agric Ecosyst Environ.2010;137:348-57.
Büttner G,Kosztra B.CLC 2007 technical guidelines.EEA technical report;2007.p.66.
Catry I,Franco AMA,Rocha P,Alcazar R,Reis S,Cordeiro A,Ventim R,Teodósio J,Moreira F.Foraging habitat quality constrains effectiveness of artificial nest-site provisioning in reversing population declines in a colonial cavity nester.PLoS ONE.2013;8:e58320.
Catry I,Catry T,Patto P,Franco AMA,Moreira F.Differential heat tolerance in nestlings suggests sympatric species may face different climate change risks.Clim Res.2015;66:13-24.
Catry I,Marcelino J,Franco AMA,Moreira F.Landscape determinants of European roller foraging habitat:implications for the definition of agrienvironmental measures for species conservation.Biodivers Conserv.2017;26:553-66.
Chamberlain DE,Fuller RJ,Bunce RGH,Duckworth JC,Shrubb M.Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales.J Appl Ecol.2000;37:771-88.
Conrad O,Bechtel B,Bock M,Dietrich H,Fischer E,Gerlitz L,Wehberg J,Wichmann V,B?hner J.System for automated geoscientific analyses(SAGA)v.2.1.4.Geosci Model Dev.2015;8:1991-2007.https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1991-2015.
Cramp S.The birds of the western palearctic,terns to woodpeckers,vol.4.Oxford:Oxford University Press;1985.
Donald PF,Green RE,Heath MF.Agricultural intensification and the collapse of Europe’s farmland bird populations.Proc R Soc B Biol Sci.2001;268:25-9.
Donald PF,Sanderson FJ,Burfield IJ,van Bommel FPJ.Further evidence of continent-wide impacts of agricultural intensification on European farmland birds,1990-2000.Agric Ecosyst Environ.2006;116:189-96.
Evans MR,Lank DB,Boyd WS,Cooke F.A comparison of the characteristics and fate of barrow’s goldeneye and bufflehead nests in nest boxes and natural cavities.Condor.2002;104:610-9.
Finch T.Conservation ecology of the European roller.Ph.D.Thesis.UK:University of East Anglia;2016.
Finch T,Branston C,Clewlow H,Dunning J,Franco AM,Ra?inskis E,Schwartz T,Butler SJ.Context-dependent conservation of the cavity-nesting European Roller.Ibis.2018.https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12650.
Franco AMA,Sutherland WJ.Modelling the foraging habitat selection of lesser kestrels:conservation implications of European Agricultural Policies.Biol Conserv.2004;120:63-74.
Giralt D,Brotons L,Valera F,Kristin A.The role of natural habitats in agricultural systems for bird conservation:the case of the threatened Lesser Grey Shrike.Biol Conserv.2008;17:1997-2012.
Gottschalk TK,Ekschmitt K,Wolters V.Efficient placement of nest boxes for the little owl(Athene noctua).J Raptor Res.2011;45:1-14.
Hunter MD.Landscape structure,habitat fragmentation,and the ecology of insects.Agric For Entomol.2002;4:159-66.
Jung M.LecoS-a python plugin for automated landscape ecology analysis.Ecol Inform.2016;31:18-21.
Kerus V,Racinskis E.The second Latvian Breeding Bird Atlas 2000-2004:preliminary results.Rev Catalana d’Ornitol.2008;24:100-6.
Kiss O,Elek Z,Moskát C.High breeding performance of European Rollers Coracias garrulus in heterogeneous farmland habitat in southern Hungary.Bird Study.2014;61:496-505.
Kiss O,Tokody B,Deák B,Moskát C.Increased landscape heterogeneity supports the conservation of European rollers(Coracias garrulus)in southern Hungary.J Nat Conserv.2016;29:97-104.
Kovácsh eA,E Buraroopve aB,n ORrohlluenr CC,o rGaacliluos-OGrasrir uUl.uIsn tGearrnrautliuos.n aBl esspeencyie?st ealcetki,o Hn uPnlagna rfyo.r MME/BirdLife Hungary and BirdLife International for the European Commission;2008.http://ec.europ a.eu/envir onmen t/natur e/conse rvati on/wildbi rds/actio n_plans/docs/coraci as_garrul us_garrul us.pdf.
Lambrechts MM,Adriaensen F,Ardia DR,Artemyev AV,Atiénzar F,Banbura J,Barba E,Bouvier J-C,Camprodon J,Cooper CB,et al.The design of artificial nestboxes for the study of secondary hole-nesting birds:a review of methodological inconsistencies and potential biases.Acta Ornithol.2010;45:1-26.
Lovari S.The roller(Coracias garrulus L.)in Italy:a bird in need of protection.Biol Conserv.1975;8:19-22.
Meschini A.Atti del I Convegno nazionale sulla Ghiandaia marina Coracias garrulus"Un lampo turchese di interesse comunitario".Canale Monterano(RM),20 settembre 2014.Alula.2015;XXII(1-2):1-144.
Morelli F.Quantifying effects of spatial heterogeneity of farmlands on bird species richness by means of similarity index pairwise.Int J Biodivers.2013.https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/91483 7.
Morelli F,Jerzak L,Tryjanowski P.Birds as useful indicators of high nature value(HNV)farmland in Central Italy.Ecol Indic.2014;38:236-42.
Newton I.The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds:a review.Biol Conserv.1994;70:265-76.
Nikolov SC,Demerdzhiev DA,Popgeorgiev GS,Plachiyski DG.Bird community patterns in sub-Mediterranean pastures:the effects of shrub cover and grazing intensity.Anim Biodiv Conserv.2011;34:11-21.
Parejo D,Avilés JM.Predation risk determines breeding territory choice in a Mediterranean cavity-nesting bird community.Oecologia.2011;165:185-91.
Parejo D,Avilés JM,Rodriguez J.Supplemental food affects egg size but not hatching asynchrony in rollers.Behav Ecol Sociobiol.2012;66:1097-105.
Parejo D,Avilés JM,Pena A,Sanchez L,Ruano F,ZamoraMunoz C,MartinVivaldi M.Armed rollers:does nestling’s vomit function as a defence against predators?PLoS ONE.2013;8:e68862.
Parejo D,Avilés JM,Exposito M.Hatching asynchrony and spring climatic conditions in the European Roller.Evol Biol.2015;42:443-51.
Pezzo F,Puglisi L.Aumento ed espansione della ghiandaia marina Coracias garrulus in Toscana.In:Meschini A,editor.Alula.Atti del I Convegno nazionale sulla Ghiandaia marina Coracias garrulus"Un lampo turchese di interesse comunitario",Vol.XXII,No.1-2.Canale Monterano(RM);2015.p.133-135.
QGIS Development Team.QGIS Geographic Information System.Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project;2018.
R Development Core Team.R:a language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna;2018.
Rodriguez J,Avilés JM,Parejo D.The value of nest boxes in the conservation of Eurasian Rollers Coracias garrulus in southern Spain.Ibis.2011;153:735-45.
Saunders P.Habitat change and climate effects on the European Roller(Coracias garrulus);implications for conservation.Ph.D.Thesis.UK:University of East Anglia;2016.
Tarquini S,Isola I,Favalli M,Mazzarini F,Bisson M,Pareschi MT,Boschi E.TINITALY/01:a new Triangular Irregular Network of Italy.Ann Geophys.2007;50:407-25.
Tarquini S,Vinci S,Favalli M,Doumaz F,Fornaciai A,Nannipieri L.Release of a10-m-resolution DEM for the Italian territory:comparison with globalcoverage DEMs and anaglyph-mode exploration via the web.Comput Geosci.2012;38:168-70.
Teillard F,Jiguet F,Tichit M.The response of farmland bird communities to agricultural intensity as influenced by aggregation.PLoS ONE.2015;10:e0119674.
Tiefenbach M.Habitat Selection in Foraging European Rollers(Coracias Garrulus L.)in Eastern Austria.Master’s Thesis.Vienna:University of Vienna;2009.
Vaclav R,Valera F,Martinez T.Social information in nest colonisation and occupancy in a long-lived,solitary breeding bird.Oecologia.2011;165:617-27.
van Klink R,van der Plas F,van Noordwikj CGE,WallisDeVries MF,Olff H.Effects of large herbivores on grassland arthropod diversity.Biol Rev.2015;90:347-66.
Anderson DR,Link WA,Johnson DH,Burnham KP.Suggestions for presenting the results of data analysis.J Wildl Manag.2001;65:373-8.
Avilés JM,Costillo E.Selection of breeding habitats by the Roller(Coracias garrulus)in farming areas of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula.Vogelwarte.1998;39:242-7.
Avilés JM,Parejo D.Farming practices and roller Coracias garrulus conservation in south-west Spain.Bird Conserv Int.2004;14:173-81.
Avilés JM,Sanchez JM,Sanchez A,Parejo D.Breeding biology of the roller Coracias garrulus in farming areas of the southwest Iberian Peninsula.Bird Study.1999;46:217-23.
Barton K.MuMIn:multi-model inference.R package version 1.15.6;2016.https://CRAN.R-proje ct.org/packa ge=MuMIn.Accessed 9 May 2018.
Bates D,Maechler M,Bolker B,Walker S.Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.J Stat Softw.2015;67:1-48.
Benton TG,Vickery JA,Wilson JD.Farmland biodiversity:is habitat heterogeneity the key?Trends Ecol Evol.2003;18:182-8.
BirdLife International.European red list of birds.Cambridge:BirdLife International;2015.
BirdLife International.Coracias garrulus(Amended version published in 2016).The IUCN red list of threatened species;2017.
Blanco G,Fargallo JA,Tella JL,Cuevas JA.Role of the buildings as nest-sites in the range expansion and conservation of Choughs Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax in Spain.Biol Conserv.1997;79:117-22.
Bouvier JC,Muller I,Génard M,Fran?oise L,Lavigne C.Nest-site and landscape characteristics affect the distribution of breeding pairs of European Rollers Coracias garullus in an agricultural area of Southeastern France.Acta Ornithol.2014;49:23-32.
Brunelli M,Sarrocco S,Corbi F,Sorace A,Boano A,De Felici S,Guerrieri G,Meschini A,Roma S.Nuovo atlante degli uccelli nidificanti nel Lazio.Roma:Agenzia Regionale Parchi del Lazio;2011.
Burnham KP,Anderson DR.Model selection and multimodel inference:a practical information-theoretic approach.2nd ed.New York:Springer;2002.
Burnham KP,Anderson DR,Huyvaert KP.AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology:some background,observations,and comparisons.Behav Ecol Sociobiol.2011;65:23-35.
Butler SJ.Nest-site selection by the European Roller(Coracias garrulus)in southern France.Master’s Thesis.UK:University of York;2001.
Butler SJ,Boccaccio L,Gregory RD,Vorisek P,Norris K.Quantifying the impact of land-use change to European farmland bird populations.Agric Ecosyst Environ.2010;137:348-57.
Büttner G,Kosztra B.CLC 2007 technical guidelines.EEA technical report;2007.p.66.
Catry I,Franco AMA,Rocha P,Alcazar R,Reis S,Cordeiro A,Ventim R,Teodósio J,Moreira F.Foraging habitat quality constrains effectiveness of artificial nest-site provisioning in reversing population declines in a colonial cavity nester.PLoS ONE.2013;8:e58320.
Catry I,Catry T,Patto P,Franco AMA,Moreira F.Differential heat tolerance in nestlings suggests sympatric species may face different climate change risks.Clim Res.2015;66:13-24.
Catry I,Marcelino J,Franco AMA,Moreira F.Landscape determinants of European roller foraging habitat:implications for the definition of agrienvironmental measures for species conservation.Biodivers Conserv.2017;26:553-66.
Chamberlain DE,Fuller RJ,Bunce RGH,Duckworth JC,Shrubb M.Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales.J Appl Ecol.2000;37:771-88.
Conrad O,Bechtel B,Bock M,Dietrich H,Fischer E,Gerlitz L,Wehberg J,Wichmann V,B?hner J.System for automated geoscientific analyses(SAGA)v.2.1.4.Geosci Model Dev.2015;8:1991-2007.https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1991-2015.
Cramp S.The birds of the western palearctic,terns to woodpeckers,vol.4.Oxford:Oxford University Press;1985.
Donald PF,Green RE,Heath MF.Agricultural intensification and the collapse of Europe’s farmland bird populations.Proc R Soc B Biol Sci.2001;268:25-9.
Donald PF,Sanderson FJ,Burfield IJ,van Bommel FPJ.Further evidence of continent-wide impacts of agricultural intensification on European farmland birds,1990-2000.Agric Ecosyst Environ.2006;116:189-96.
Evans MR,Lank DB,Boyd WS,Cooke F.A comparison of the characteristics and fate of barrow’s goldeneye and bufflehead nests in nest boxes and natural cavities.Condor.2002;104:610-9.
Finch T.Conservation ecology of the European roller.Ph.D.Thesis.UK:University of East Anglia;2016.
Finch T,Branston C,Clewlow H,Dunning J,Franco AM,Ra?inskis E,Schwartz T,Butler SJ.Context-dependent conservation of the cavity-nesting European Roller.Ibis.2018.https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12650.
Franco AMA,Sutherland WJ.Modelling the foraging habitat selection of lesser kestrels:conservation implications of European Agricultural Policies.Biol Conserv.2004;120:63-74.
Giralt D,Brotons L,Valera F,Kristin A.The role of natural habitats in agricultural systems for bird conservation:the case of the threatened Lesser Grey Shrike.Biol Conserv.2008;17:1997-2012.
Gottschalk TK,Ekschmitt K,Wolters V.Efficient placement of nest boxes for the little owl(Athene noctua).J Raptor Res.2011;45:1-14.
Hunter MD.Landscape structure,habitat fragmentation,and the ecology of insects.Agric For Entomol.2002;4:159-66.
Jung M.LecoS-a python plugin for automated landscape ecology analysis.Ecol Inform.2016;31:18-21.
Kerus V,Racinskis E.The second Latvian Breeding Bird Atlas 2000-2004:preliminary results.Rev Catalana d’Ornitol.2008;24:100-6.
Kiss O,Elek Z,Moskát C.High breeding performance of European Rollers Coracias garrulus in heterogeneous farmland habitat in southern Hungary.Bird Study.2014;61:496-505.
Kiss O,Tokody B,Deák B,Moskát C.Increased landscape heterogeneity supports the conservation of European rollers(Coracias garrulus)in southern Hungary.J Nat Conserv.2016;29:97-104.
Kovácsh eA,E Buraroopve aB,n ORrohlluenr CC,o rGaacliluos-OGrasrir uUl.uIsn tGearrnrautliuos.n aBl esspeencyie?st ealcetki,o Hn uPnlagna rfyo.r MME/BirdLife Hungary and BirdLife International for the European Commission;2008.http://ec.europ a.eu/envir onmen t/natur e/conse rvati on/wildbi rds/actio n_plans/docs/coraci as_garrul us_garrul us.pdf.
Lambrechts MM,Adriaensen F,Ardia DR,Artemyev AV,Atiénzar F,Banbura J,Barba E,Bouvier J-C,Camprodon J,Cooper CB,et al.The design of artificial nestboxes for the study of secondary hole-nesting birds:a review of methodological inconsistencies and potential biases.Acta Ornithol.2010;45:1-26.
Lovari S.The roller(Coracias garrulus L.)in Italy:a bird in need of protection.Biol Conserv.1975;8:19-22.
Meschini A.Atti del I Convegno nazionale sulla Ghiandaia marina Coracias garrulus"Un lampo turchese di interesse comunitario".Canale Monterano(RM),20 settembre 2014.Alula.2015;XXII(1-2):1-144.
Morelli F.Quantifying effects of spatial heterogeneity of farmlands on bird species richness by means of similarity index pairwise.Int J Biodivers.2013.https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/91483 7.
Morelli F,Jerzak L,Tryjanowski P.Birds as useful indicators of high nature value(HNV)farmland in Central Italy.Ecol Indic.2014;38:236-42.
Newton I.The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds:a review.Biol Conserv.1994;70:265-76.
Nikolov SC,Demerdzhiev DA,Popgeorgiev GS,Plachiyski DG.Bird community patterns in sub-Mediterranean pastures:the effects of shrub cover and grazing intensity.Anim Biodiv Conserv.2011;34:11-21.
Parejo D,Avilés JM.Predation risk determines breeding territory choice in a Mediterranean cavity-nesting bird community.Oecologia.2011;165:185-91.
Parejo D,Avilés JM,Rodriguez J.Supplemental food affects egg size but not hatching asynchrony in rollers.Behav Ecol Sociobiol.2012;66:1097-105.
Parejo D,Avilés JM,Pena A,Sanchez L,Ruano F,ZamoraMunoz C,MartinVivaldi M.Armed rollers:does nestling’s vomit function as a defence against predators?PLoS ONE.2013;8:e68862.
Parejo D,Avilés JM,Exposito M.Hatching asynchrony and spring climatic conditions in the European Roller.Evol Biol.2015;42:443-51.
Pezzo F,Puglisi L.Aumento ed espansione della ghiandaia marina Coracias garrulus in Toscana.In:Meschini A,editor.Alula.Atti del I Convegno nazionale sulla Ghiandaia marina Coracias garrulus"Un lampo turchese di interesse comunitario",Vol.XXII,No.1-2.Canale Monterano(RM);2015.p.133-135.
QGIS Development Team.QGIS Geographic Information System.Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project;2018.
R Development Core Team.R:a language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna;2018.
Rodriguez J,Avilés JM,Parejo D.The value of nest boxes in the conservation of Eurasian Rollers Coracias garrulus in southern Spain.Ibis.2011;153:735-45.
Saunders P.Habitat change and climate effects on the European Roller(Coracias garrulus);implications for conservation.Ph.D.Thesis.UK:University of East Anglia;2016.
Tarquini S,Isola I,Favalli M,Mazzarini F,Bisson M,Pareschi MT,Boschi E.TINITALY/01:a new Triangular Irregular Network of Italy.Ann Geophys.2007;50:407-25.
Tarquini S,Vinci S,Favalli M,Doumaz F,Fornaciai A,Nannipieri L.Release of a10-m-resolution DEM for the Italian territory:comparison with globalcoverage DEMs and anaglyph-mode exploration via the web.Comput Geosci.2012;38:168-70.
Teillard F,Jiguet F,Tichit M.The response of farmland bird communities to agricultural intensity as influenced by aggregation.PLoS ONE.2015;10:e0119674.
Tiefenbach M.Habitat Selection in Foraging European Rollers(Coracias Garrulus L.)in Eastern Austria.Master’s Thesis.Vienna:University of Vienna;2009.
Vaclav R,Valera F,Martinez T.Social information in nest colonisation and occupancy in a long-lived,solitary breeding bird.Oecologia.2011;165:617-27.
van Klink R,van der Plas F,van Noordwikj CGE,WallisDeVries MF,Olff H.Effects of large herbivores on grassland arthropod diversity.Biol Rev.2015;90:347-66.