静电悬浮条件下液态锆的热物理性质与快速枝晶生长
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摘要
利用静电悬浮实验技术研究Zr熔体的深过冷和枝晶生长动力学机制,并测定了液态Zr的密度、黏度和表面张力等热物理性质。结果表明:液态Zr的超过冷临界过冷度为524 K(0.25T_m),平均比热为41.03 J/(mol?K)。基于热平衡方程测定出液态Zr在1752～2315 K温度区间内的辐射率随温度升高而增大,熔点处其值为0.312。液态Zr的密度、黏度和表面张力均随温度降低呈上升趋势。同时,通过高速CCD摄像方法测得纯Zr的枝晶生长速度随过冷度以幂函数形式增大,在最大过冷度376 K(0.18T_m)处,枝晶生长速度达到48 m/s。此外对其凝固组织的研究发现,随着过冷度的增大,纯Zr的凝固组织显著细化且趋于均匀,微观硬度也随之增高。
The thermophysical properties and dendritic growth kinetics of undercooled liquid zirconium were investigated by electrostatic levitation method. The results show that the hypercooling limit and specific heat of liquid zirconium are determined to be 524 K(0.25 T_m) and 41.03 J/(mol?K), respectively, according to the relationship between undercooling and solidification plateau time. Meanwhile, the measured density, viscosity and surface tension of molten zirconium display a linear increase with the decrease of temperature. The hemispherical total emissivity of liquid zirconium is derived from the thermal equilibrium equation, which exhibits an increase tendency within the temperature range of 1752-2315 K. Besides, the dendritic growth velocity is experimentally measured by using a high speed camera according to the in-situ observation of S/L interface migration during recalescence, which agrees well with the theoretical prediction of LKT/BCT rapid dendritic growth model. The dendritic growth velocity shows a power increase relationship with undercooling, which reaches 48 m/s at the maximum undercooling of 376 K(0.18 T_m). In addition, the Vickers microhardness of rapidly solidified pure zirconium is derived as an increase tendency with enhanced undercooling.
The thermophysical properties and dendritic growth kinetics of undercooled liquid zirconium were investigated by electrostatic levitation method. The results show that the hypercooling limit and specific heat of liquid zirconium are determined to be 524 K(0.25 T_m) and 41.03 J/(mol?K), respectively, according to the relationship between undercooling and solidification plateau time. Meanwhile, the measured density, viscosity and surface tension of molten zirconium display a linear increase with the decrease of temperature. The hemispherical total emissivity of liquid zirconium is derived from the thermal equilibrium equation, which exhibits an increase tendency within the temperature range of 1752-2315 K. Besides, the dendritic growth velocity is experimentally measured by using a high speed camera according to the in-situ observation of S/L interface migration during recalescence, which agrees well with the theoretical prediction of LKT/BCT rapid dendritic growth model. The dendritic growth velocity shows a power increase relationship with undercooling, which reaches 48 m/s at the maximum undercooling of 376 K(0.18 T_m). In addition, the Vickers microhardness of rapidly solidified pure zirconium is derived as an increase tendency with enhanced undercooling.
引文
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[2]皮锦红,潘冶,吴继礼,张露,贺显聪.新型铜基块体非晶合金Cu55-xZr37Ti8Inx的制备及性能[J].中国有色金属学报,2013,23(10):2989-2993.PI Jin-hong,PAN Ye,WU Ji-li,ZHANG Lu,HE Xian-cong.Preparation and properties of novel Cu-based bulk metallic glasses Cu55-xZr37Ti8Inx[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(10):2989-2993.
[3]BOGNO A,NGUYEN-THI H,REINHART G,BILLIA B,BARUCHEL J.Growth and interaction of dendritic equiaxed grains:In situ characterization by synchrotron X-ray radiography[J].Acta Materialia,2013,61(4):1303-1315.
[4]夏瑱超,王伟丽,薇翟,李志强,魏炳波.三元Fe62.5Cu27.5Sn10合金的快速凝固组织演变机制[J].中国有色金属学报,2013,23(3):711-719.XIA Zhen-chao,WANG Wei-li,ZHAI Wei,LI Zhi-qiang,WEIBing-bo.Microstructural evolution mechanism of rapidly solidified ternary Fe62.5Cu27.5Sn10 alloy[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(3):711-719.
[5]HU Liang,WANG Wei-li,YANG Shang-jing,LI Liu-hui,GENGDe-lu,WANG Lei,WEI Bing-bo.Dendrite growth within supercooled liquid tungsten and tungsten-tantalum isomorphous alloys[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2017,121(8):085901.
[6]OKRESS E,WROUGHTON D,COMENETZ G,BRACE P,KELLY J.Electromagnetic levitation of solid and molten metals[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1952,23(5):545-552.
[7]XIE Wen-jun,CAO Cong-de,LüYong-jun,WEI Bing-bo.Levitation of iridium and liquid mercury by ultrasound[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,89(10):104304.
[8]WEBER J R,HAMPTON D S,MERKLEY D R,REY C A,ZATARSKI M M,NORDINE P C.Aero-acoustic levitation:Amethod for containerless liquid-phase processing at high temperatures[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,1994,65(2):456-465.
[9]QUIRINALE D G,RUSTAN G E,KREYSSIG A,GOLDMANA I.Synergistic stabilization of metastable Fe23B6 andγ-Fe in undercooled Fe83B17[J].Applied Physics Letters,2015,106(24):241906.
[10]LEE S,WI H S,JO W,CHO Y C,LEE H H,JEONG S Y,KIMY I,LEE G W.Multiple pathways of crystal nucleation in an extremely supersaturated aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KDP)solution droplet[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2016,113(48):13618-13623.
[11]KUMAR M V,KURIBAYASHI K,NAGASHIO K,ISHIKAWAT,OKADA J,YU J,YODA S,KATAYAMA Y.Real-time X-ray diffraction of metastable phases during solidification from the undercooled LuFeO3 melt by two-dimensional detector at 1kHz[J].Applied Physics Letters,2012,100(19):191905.
[12]HU Liang,YANG Shang-jing,WANG Lei,ZHAI Wei,WEIBing-bo.Dendrite growth kinetics ofβZr phase within highly undercooled liquid Zr-Si hypoeutectic alloys under electrostatic levitation condition[J].Applied Physics Letters,2017,110(16):164101.
[13]GANGOPADHYAY A K,BLODGETT M E,JOHNSON M L,VOGT A J,MAURO N A,KELTON K F.Thermal expansion measurements by X-ray scattering and breakdown of Ehrenfest’s relation in alloy liquids[J].Applied Physics Letters,2014,104(19):191907.
[14]MAURO N A,BLODGETT M,JOHNSON M L,VOGT A J,KELTON K F.A structural signature of liquid fragility[J].Nature Communications,2014,5:5616.
[15]LI Liu-hui,HU Liang,YANG Shang-jing,WANG Wei-li,WEIBing-bo.Thermodynamic properties and solidification kinetics of intermetallic Ni7Zr2 alloy investigated by electrostatic levitation technique and theoretical calculations[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2016,119(3):035902.
[16]STOLPE M,KRUZIC J,BUSCH R.Evolution of shear bands,free volume and hardness during cold rolling of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass[J].Acta Materialia,2014,64:231-240.
[17]HSU H C,WU S C,SUNG Y C,HO W F.The structure and mechanical properties of as-cast Zr-Ti alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2009,488(1):279-283.
[18]孙琳琳,王军,寇宏超,唐斌,李金山,张平祥.Ni在过冷液态Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8非晶合金中的扩散行为[J].中国有色金属学报,2015,25(5):1171-1175.SUN Lin-lin,WANG Jun,KOU Hong-chao,TANG Bin,LIJin-shan,ZHANG Ping-xiang,Diffusion behavior of Ni in Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 bulk metallic glass within supercooled liquid region[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2015,25(5):1171-1175.
[19]HU Liang,WANG Hai-peng,LI Liu-hui,WEI Bing-bo.Electrostatic levitation of plant seeds and flower buds[J].Chinese Physics Letters,2012,29(6):064101.
[20]RULISON A J,RHIM W K.A noncontact measurement technique for the specific heat and total hemispherical emissivity of undercooled refractory materials[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,1994,65(3):695-700.
[21]MARTYNYUK M,TSAPKOV V.Resistivity,enthalpy and phase-transitions of titanium,zirconium and hafnium during pulse heating[J].Russian Metallurgy,1974(2):108-112.
[22]ARBLASTER J.Thermodynamic properties of zirconium[J].Calphad,2013,43:32-39.
[23]ISHIKAWA T,PARADIS P-F,ITAMI T,YODA S.Thermophysical properties of liquid refractory metals:comparison between hard sphere model calculation and electrostatic levitation measurements[J].The Journal of Chemical Physics,2003,118(17):7912-7920.
[24]HU Liang,LI Liu-hui,YANG Shang-jing,WEI Bing-bo.Thermophysical properties and eutectic growth of electrostatically levitated and substantially undercooled liquid Zr91.2Si8.8 alloy[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2015,621:91-95.
[25]SANSOUCIE M,ROGERS J,KUMAR V,RODRIGUEZ J,XIAO X,MATSON D.Effects of environmental oxygen content and dissolved oxygen on the surface tension and viscosity of liquid nickel[J].International Journal of Thermophysics,2016,37(7):1-11.
[26]LIPTON J,KURZ W,TRIVEDI R.Rapid dridrite growth in undercooled alloys[J].Acta Metallurgica,1987,35(4):957-964.
[27]BOETTINGER W,CORIELL S,TRIVEDI R.Rapid solidification processing:Principles and technologies IV[C]//MEHRABIAN R,PARRISH P A.Claitor’s,Baton Rouge,LA,1988:13-53.
[28]GALE W F,TOTEMEIER T C.Smithells metals reference book(Eighth Edition)[M].Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,2004:14-9-14-16.