Effects of plant diversity on greenhouse gas emissions in microcosms simulating vertical constructed wetlands with high ammonium loading
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摘要
Wastewater with relatively high nitrogen concentrations is a major source of nitrous oxide(N_2O) and methane(CH_4) emissions and exerts multiple stresses on the environment.Studies have shown that plant diversity plays an important role in ecosystem functioning.However, the effects of plant species diversity on CH_4 and N_2O emissions under high ammonium(NH_4~+-N) loading rates remain unclear. In this study, a microcosm experiment simulating vertical constructed wetlands supplied with high NH_4~+-N water levels was established. The treatments included four species richness levels(1, 2, 3, 4) and 15 species compositions. There was no significant relationship between species richness and N_2O emissions. However, N_2O emissions were significantly reduced by specific plant species composition. Notably, the communities with the presence of Rumex japonicus L. reduced N_2O emissions by 62% compared to communities without this species. This reduction in N_2O emissions may have been a result of decreased N concentrations and increased plant biomass. CH_4 emissions did not respond to plant species richness or species identity.Overall, plant species identity surpassed species richness in lowering N_2O emissions from constructed wetlands with high NH_4~+-N water. The results also suggest that communities with R. japonicus could achieve higher N removal and lower greenhouse gas emissions than other wetland species.
Wastewater with relatively high nitrogen concentrations is a major source of nitrous oxide(N_2O) and methane(CH_4) emissions and exerts multiple stresses on the environment.Studies have shown that plant diversity plays an important role in ecosystem functioning.However, the effects of plant species diversity on CH_4 and N_2O emissions under high ammonium(NH_4~+-N) loading rates remain unclear. In this study, a microcosm experiment simulating vertical constructed wetlands supplied with high NH_4~+-N water levels was established. The treatments included four species richness levels(1, 2, 3, 4) and 15 species compositions. There was no significant relationship between species richness and N_2O emissions. However, N_2O emissions were significantly reduced by specific plant species composition. Notably, the communities with the presence of Rumex japonicus L. reduced N_2O emissions by 62% compared to communities without this species. This reduction in N_2O emissions may have been a result of decreased N concentrations and increased plant biomass. CH_4 emissions did not respond to plant species richness or species identity.Overall, plant species identity surpassed species richness in lowering N_2O emissions from constructed wetlands with high NH_4~+-N water. The results also suggest that communities with R. japonicus could achieve higher N removal and lower greenhouse gas emissions than other wetland species.
Wastewater with relatively high nitrogen concentrations is a major source of nitrous oxide(N_2O) and methane(CH_4) emissions and exerts multiple stresses on the environment.Studies have shown that plant diversity plays an important role in ecosystem functioning.However, the effects of plant species diversity on CH_4 and N_2O emissions under high ammonium(NH_4~+-N) loading rates remain unclear. In this study, a microcosm experiment simulating vertical constructed wetlands supplied with high NH_4~+-N water levels was established. The treatments included four species richness levels(1, 2, 3, 4) and 15 species compositions. There was no significant relationship between species richness and N_2O emissions. However, N_2O emissions were significantly reduced by specific plant species composition. Notably, the communities with the presence of Rumex japonicus L. reduced N_2O emissions by 62% compared to communities without this species. This reduction in N_2O emissions may have been a result of decreased N concentrations and increased plant biomass. CH_4 emissions did not respond to plant species richness or species identity.Overall, plant species identity surpassed species richness in lowering N_2O emissions from constructed wetlands with high NH_4~+-N water. The results also suggest that communities with R. japonicus could achieve higher N removal and lower greenhouse gas emissions than other wetland species.
引文
Abalos,D.,Deyn,G.B.,Kuyper,T.W.,Van Groenigen,J.W.,2014.Plant species identity surpasses species richness as a key driver of N2O emissions from grassland.Glob.Chang.Biol.20,265-275.
Barbera,A.C.,Borin,M.,Cirelli,G.L.,2015.Comparison of carbon balance in Mediterranean pilot constructed wetlands vegetated with different C4plant species.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.22,2372-2383.
Bhullar,G.S.,Edwards,P.J.,Olde,V.H.,2014.Influence of different plant species on methane emissions from soil in a restored swiss wetland.PLoS One 9,e89588.
Blake,G.R.,Hartge,K.H.,et al.,1986.Bulk Density,Methods of Soil Analysis,Part 1.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.363-376.
Bodelier,P.L.E.,Laanbroek,H.J.,2004.Nitrogen as a regulatory factor of methane oxidation in soils and sediments.FEMSMicrobiol.Ecol.47,265-277.
Bouchard,V.,Frey,S.D.,Gilbert,J.M.,Reed,S.E.,2007.Effects of macrophyte functional group richness on emergent freshwater wetland functions.Ecology 88,2903-2914.
Bouwman,A.F.,Boumans,L.J.M.,Batjes,N.H.,2002.Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields:Summary of available measurement data.Global Biogeochem.Cy.16,1-13.
Britto,D.T.,Kronzucker,H.J.,2002.NH4+toxicity in higher plants:a critical review.J.Plant Physiol.159,567-584.
Canfield,D.E.,Glazer,A.N.,Falkowski,P.G.,2010.The evolution and future of Earth's nitrogen cycle.Science 330,192-196.
Cao,H.Q.,Ge,Y.,Liu,D.,Cao,Q.J.,Chang,S.X.,Chang,J.,et al.,2010.Nitrate/ammonium ratios affect ryegrass growth and nitrogen accumulation in a hydroponic system.J.Plant Nutr.34,206-216.
Carlsen,H.N.,Joergensen,L.,Degn,H.,1991.Inhibition by ammonia of methane utilization in Methylococcuscapsulatus(Bath).Appl.Microbiol.Biot.35,124-127.
Chaney,R.L.,Fellet,G.,Torres,R.,Centofanti,T.,Green,C.E.,Marchiol,L.,2009.Using chelator-buffered nutrient solutions to limit Ni phytoavailability to the Ni-hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale.Northeast.Nat.16,215e22.
Chang,J.,Fan,X.,Sun,H.Y.,Zhang,C.B.,Song,C.,Chang,S.X.,et al.,2014.Plant species richness enhances nitrous oxide emissions in microcosms of constructed wetlands.Ecol.Eng.64,108-115.
Cheng,X.L.,Peng,R.H.,Chen,J.Q.,Luo,Y.,Zhang,Q.,An,S.,et al.,2007.CH4and N2O emissions from Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis in experimental mesocosms.Chemosphere68,420-427.
Du,Y.Y.,Pan,K.X.,Yu,C.C.,Luo,B.,Gu,W.L.,Sun,H.Y.,et al.,2018.Plant diversity decreases net global warming potential integrating multiple functions in microcosms of constructed wetlands.J.Clean.Prod.184,726-728.
Dunn,O.J.,1961.Multiple comparisons among means.J.Am.Stat.Assoc.56,52-64.
Engelhardt,K.A.M.,Ritchie,M.E.,2001.Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services.Nature 411,687-689.
Engelhardt,K.A.M.,Ritchie,M.E.,2002.The effect of aquatic plant species richness on wetland ecosystem processes.Ecology 83,2911-2924.
Faulwetter,J.L.,Gagnon,V.,Sundberg,C.,Chazarenc,F.,Burr,M.D.,Brisson,J.,et al.,2009.Microbial processes influencing performance of treatment wetlands:a review.Ecol.Eng.35,987-1004.
Fraser,L.H.,Carty,S.M.,Steer,D.,2004.A test of four plant species to reduce total nitrogen and total phosphorus from soil leachate in subsurface wetland microcosms.Bioresour.Technol.94,185-192.
Galloway,J.N.,Townsend,A.R.,Erisman,J.W.,et al.,Bekunda,M.,Cai,Z.C.,Freney,J.R.,et al.,2008.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:recent trends,questions,and potential solutions.Science 320,889-892.
Ge,Y.,Han,W.J.,Huang,C.C.,Wang,H.,Liu,D.,Chang,S.X.,et al.,2015.Positive effects of plant diversity on nitrogen removal in microcosms of constructed wetlands with high ammonium loading.Ecol.Eng.82,614-623.
Geng,Y.,Han,W.J.,Yu,C.C.,Jiang,Q.S.,Wu,J.Z.,Chang,J.,et al.,2017.Effect of plant diversity on phosphorus removal in hydroponic microcosms simulating floating constructed wetlands.Ecol.Eng.107,110-119.
Gu,B.J.,Ju,X.T.,Chang,J.,Ge,Y.,Vitousek,P.M.,2015.Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 112,8792-8797.
Han,W.J.,Shi,M.M.,Chang,J.,Ren,Y.,Xu,R.H.,Zhang,C.B.,et al.,2017.Plant diversity reduces N2O but not CH4emissions from constructed wetlands under high nitrogen levels.Environ.Sci.Pollut.R.24,1-11.
Hoagland,D.R.,Arnon,D.J.,1950.The water culture method for growing plants without soil.Calif.Agr.347,1-32.
Hunt,P.G.,Sz?gi,A.A.,Humenik,F.J.,Rice,J.M.,Matheny,T.A.,Stone,K.C.,2002.Constructed wetlands for treatment of swine wastewater from an anaerobic lagoon.T.Asae.45,639-647.
IPCC,2014.Climate Change:Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY.
Jahangir,M.M.R.,Richards,K.G.,Healy,M.G.,Gill,L.,Müller,C.,Johnston,P.,et al.,2016.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands treating wastewater:a review.Hydro Earth Syst.Sci.20,109.
Johansson,A.E.,Klemedtsson,A.K.,Klemedtsson,L.,Svensson,B.H.,2003.Nitrous oxide exchanges with the atmosphere of a constructed wetland treating wastewater-parameters and implications for emission factors.Tellus B 55,737-750.
J?rgensen,C.J.,Struwe,S.,Elberling,B.,2012.Temporal trends in N2O flux dynamics in a Danish wetland-effects of plantmediated gas transport of N2O and O2following changes in water level and soil mineral-N availability.Glob.Chang.Biol.18,210-222.
Kampschreur,M.J.,Temmink,H.,Kleerebezem,R.,Jetten,M.S.,van Loosdrecht,M.C.,2009.Nitrous oxide emission during wastewater treatment.Water Res.43,4093-4103.
Kaokniffin,J.,Freyre,D.S.,Balser,T.C.,2011.Increased methane emissions from an invasive wetland plant under elevated carbon dioxide levels.Appl.Soil Ecol.48,309-312.
Law,Y.,Ye,L.,Pan,Y.,Yuan,Z.,2012.Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment processes.Phil.Trans.R.Soc.B367,1265-1277.
Le Mer,J.,Roger,P.,2001.Production,oxidation,emission and consumption of methane by soils:A review.Eur.J.Soil Biol.37,25-50.
Liu,D.,Ge,Y.,Chang,J.,Peng,C.H.,Gu,B.J.,Chan,G.Y.,et al.,2009.Constructed wetlands in China:recent developments and future challenges.Front.Ecol.Environ.7,261-268.
Liu,D.,Wu,X.,Chang,J.,Gu,B.J.,Ming,Y.,Ge,Y.,et al.,2012.Constructed wetlands as biofuel production systems.Nat.Commun.2,190-194.
Luo,B.,Ge,Y.,Han,W.J.,Fan,X.,Ren,Y.,Du,Y.Y.,et al.,2016.Decreases in ammonia volatilization in response to greater plant diversity in microcosms of constructed wetlands.Atmos.Environ.142,414-419.
Maltais-Landry,G.,Maranger,R.,Brisson,J.,et al.,2009.Effect of artificial aeration and macrophyte species on nitrogen cycling and gas flux in constructed wetlands.Ecol.Eng.35,221-229.
Mander,ü.,Dotro,G.,Ebie,Y.,Towprayoon,S.,Chiemchaisri,C.,Nogueira,S.F.,et al.,2014.Greenhouse gas emission in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment:a review.Ecol.Eng.66,19-35.
Maucieri,C.,Borin,M.,Barbera,A.C.,2014.Role of C3plant species on carbon dioxide and methane emissions in Mediterranean constructed wetland.Ital.J.Agron.9,120-126.
Maucieri,C.,Barbera,A.C.,Vymazal,J.,Borin,M.,2017.A review on the main affecting factors of greenhouse gases emission in constructed wetlands.Agric.For.Meteorol.236,175-193.
Mo,Y.,Deng,Z.H.,Gao,J.Q.,Guo,Y.X.,Yu,F.H.,2015.Does richness of emergent plants affect CO2and CH4emissions in experimental wetlands?Freshw.Biol.60,1537-1544.
Niklaus,P.A.,Wardle,D.A.,Tate,K.R.,2006.Effects of plant species diversity and compositions on nitrogen cycling and the trace gas balance of soils.Plant Soil 282,83-98.
Niklaus,P.A.,Roux,X.L.,Poly,F.,Buchmann,N.,Scherer-Lorenzen,M.,Weigelt,A.,et al.,2016.Plant species diversity affects soilatmosphere fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide.Oecologia181,919-930.
Palmborg,C.,Scherer-Lorenzen,M.,Jumpponen,A.,Carlsson,G.,Huss-Danell,K.,H?gberg,P.,2005.Inorganic soil nitrogen under grassland plant communities of different species compositions and diversity.Oikos 110,271-282.
Saeed,T.,Sun,G.,2012.A review on nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms in subsurface flow constructed wetlands:dependency on environmental parameters,operating conditions and supporting media.J.Environ.Manag.112,429-448.
Schimel,J.,2000.Rice,microbes and methane.Nature 403,375-377.
Teiter,S.,Mander,ü.,2005.Emission of N2O,N2,CH4and CO2from constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and from riparian buffer zones.Ecol.Eng.25,528-541.
Tilman,D.,Isbell,F.,Cowles,M.J.,2014.Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.Annu.Rev.Ecol.Evol.Syst 45,471-493.
Upadhyay,A.K.,Bankoti,N.S.,Rai,U.N.,2016.Studies on sustainability of simulated constructed wetland system for treatment of urban waste:design and operation.J.Environ.Manag.169,285-292.
van der Zaag,A.C.,Gordon,R.J.,Burton,D.L.,Jamieson,R.C.,Stratton,G.W.,2010.Greenhouse gas emissions from surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating dairy wastewater.J.Environ.Qual.39,460-471.
Vymazal,J.,2007.Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands.Sci.Total Environ.380,48-65.
Vymazal,J.,2014.Constructed wetlands for treatment of industrial wastewaters:A review.Ecol.Eng.73,724-751.
Wang,M.,Zhang,D.Q.,Dong,J.W.,Tan,S.K.,2017.Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in cold climate-A review.J.Environ.Sci.57,293-311.
Yan,X.,Li,L.,Liu,J.,2014.Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in three full-scale wastewater treatment processes.J.Environ.Sci.26,256-263.
Zhang,C.B.,Sun,H.Y.,Ge,Y.,Gu,B.J.,Wang,H.,Chang,J.,2012.Plant species richness enhanced the methane emission in experimental microcosms.Atmos.Environ.62,180-183.
Zhao,Z.Y.,Chang,J.,Han,W.J.,Wang,M.,Ma,D.P.,Du,Y.Y.,et al.,2016.Effects of plant diversity and sand particle size on methane emission and nitrogen removal in microcosms of constructed wetlands.Ecol.Eng.95,390-398.
Zhu,S.X.,Ge,H.L.,Ge,Y.,Cao,H.Q.,Liu,D.,Chang,J.,et al.,2010.Effects of plant diversity on biomass production and substrate nitrogen in a subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland.Ecol.Eng.36,1307-1313.
Barbera,A.C.,Borin,M.,Cirelli,G.L.,2015.Comparison of carbon balance in Mediterranean pilot constructed wetlands vegetated with different C4plant species.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.22,2372-2383.
Bhullar,G.S.,Edwards,P.J.,Olde,V.H.,2014.Influence of different plant species on methane emissions from soil in a restored swiss wetland.PLoS One 9,e89588.
Blake,G.R.,Hartge,K.H.,et al.,1986.Bulk Density,Methods of Soil Analysis,Part 1.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.363-376.
Bodelier,P.L.E.,Laanbroek,H.J.,2004.Nitrogen as a regulatory factor of methane oxidation in soils and sediments.FEMSMicrobiol.Ecol.47,265-277.
Bouchard,V.,Frey,S.D.,Gilbert,J.M.,Reed,S.E.,2007.Effects of macrophyte functional group richness on emergent freshwater wetland functions.Ecology 88,2903-2914.
Bouwman,A.F.,Boumans,L.J.M.,Batjes,N.H.,2002.Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields:Summary of available measurement data.Global Biogeochem.Cy.16,1-13.
Britto,D.T.,Kronzucker,H.J.,2002.NH4+toxicity in higher plants:a critical review.J.Plant Physiol.159,567-584.
Canfield,D.E.,Glazer,A.N.,Falkowski,P.G.,2010.The evolution and future of Earth's nitrogen cycle.Science 330,192-196.
Cao,H.Q.,Ge,Y.,Liu,D.,Cao,Q.J.,Chang,S.X.,Chang,J.,et al.,2010.Nitrate/ammonium ratios affect ryegrass growth and nitrogen accumulation in a hydroponic system.J.Plant Nutr.34,206-216.
Carlsen,H.N.,Joergensen,L.,Degn,H.,1991.Inhibition by ammonia of methane utilization in Methylococcuscapsulatus(Bath).Appl.Microbiol.Biot.35,124-127.
Chaney,R.L.,Fellet,G.,Torres,R.,Centofanti,T.,Green,C.E.,Marchiol,L.,2009.Using chelator-buffered nutrient solutions to limit Ni phytoavailability to the Ni-hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale.Northeast.Nat.16,215e22.
Chang,J.,Fan,X.,Sun,H.Y.,Zhang,C.B.,Song,C.,Chang,S.X.,et al.,2014.Plant species richness enhances nitrous oxide emissions in microcosms of constructed wetlands.Ecol.Eng.64,108-115.
Cheng,X.L.,Peng,R.H.,Chen,J.Q.,Luo,Y.,Zhang,Q.,An,S.,et al.,2007.CH4and N2O emissions from Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis in experimental mesocosms.Chemosphere68,420-427.
Du,Y.Y.,Pan,K.X.,Yu,C.C.,Luo,B.,Gu,W.L.,Sun,H.Y.,et al.,2018.Plant diversity decreases net global warming potential integrating multiple functions in microcosms of constructed wetlands.J.Clean.Prod.184,726-728.
Dunn,O.J.,1961.Multiple comparisons among means.J.Am.Stat.Assoc.56,52-64.
Engelhardt,K.A.M.,Ritchie,M.E.,2001.Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services.Nature 411,687-689.
Engelhardt,K.A.M.,Ritchie,M.E.,2002.The effect of aquatic plant species richness on wetland ecosystem processes.Ecology 83,2911-2924.
Faulwetter,J.L.,Gagnon,V.,Sundberg,C.,Chazarenc,F.,Burr,M.D.,Brisson,J.,et al.,2009.Microbial processes influencing performance of treatment wetlands:a review.Ecol.Eng.35,987-1004.
Fraser,L.H.,Carty,S.M.,Steer,D.,2004.A test of four plant species to reduce total nitrogen and total phosphorus from soil leachate in subsurface wetland microcosms.Bioresour.Technol.94,185-192.
Galloway,J.N.,Townsend,A.R.,Erisman,J.W.,et al.,Bekunda,M.,Cai,Z.C.,Freney,J.R.,et al.,2008.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:recent trends,questions,and potential solutions.Science 320,889-892.
Ge,Y.,Han,W.J.,Huang,C.C.,Wang,H.,Liu,D.,Chang,S.X.,et al.,2015.Positive effects of plant diversity on nitrogen removal in microcosms of constructed wetlands with high ammonium loading.Ecol.Eng.82,614-623.
Geng,Y.,Han,W.J.,Yu,C.C.,Jiang,Q.S.,Wu,J.Z.,Chang,J.,et al.,2017.Effect of plant diversity on phosphorus removal in hydroponic microcosms simulating floating constructed wetlands.Ecol.Eng.107,110-119.
Gu,B.J.,Ju,X.T.,Chang,J.,Ge,Y.,Vitousek,P.M.,2015.Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 112,8792-8797.
Han,W.J.,Shi,M.M.,Chang,J.,Ren,Y.,Xu,R.H.,Zhang,C.B.,et al.,2017.Plant diversity reduces N2O but not CH4emissions from constructed wetlands under high nitrogen levels.Environ.Sci.Pollut.R.24,1-11.
Hoagland,D.R.,Arnon,D.J.,1950.The water culture method for growing plants without soil.Calif.Agr.347,1-32.
Hunt,P.G.,Sz?gi,A.A.,Humenik,F.J.,Rice,J.M.,Matheny,T.A.,Stone,K.C.,2002.Constructed wetlands for treatment of swine wastewater from an anaerobic lagoon.T.Asae.45,639-647.
IPCC,2014.Climate Change:Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY.
Jahangir,M.M.R.,Richards,K.G.,Healy,M.G.,Gill,L.,Müller,C.,Johnston,P.,et al.,2016.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands treating wastewater:a review.Hydro Earth Syst.Sci.20,109.
Johansson,A.E.,Klemedtsson,A.K.,Klemedtsson,L.,Svensson,B.H.,2003.Nitrous oxide exchanges with the atmosphere of a constructed wetland treating wastewater-parameters and implications for emission factors.Tellus B 55,737-750.
J?rgensen,C.J.,Struwe,S.,Elberling,B.,2012.Temporal trends in N2O flux dynamics in a Danish wetland-effects of plantmediated gas transport of N2O and O2following changes in water level and soil mineral-N availability.Glob.Chang.Biol.18,210-222.
Kampschreur,M.J.,Temmink,H.,Kleerebezem,R.,Jetten,M.S.,van Loosdrecht,M.C.,2009.Nitrous oxide emission during wastewater treatment.Water Res.43,4093-4103.
Kaokniffin,J.,Freyre,D.S.,Balser,T.C.,2011.Increased methane emissions from an invasive wetland plant under elevated carbon dioxide levels.Appl.Soil Ecol.48,309-312.
Law,Y.,Ye,L.,Pan,Y.,Yuan,Z.,2012.Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment processes.Phil.Trans.R.Soc.B367,1265-1277.
Le Mer,J.,Roger,P.,2001.Production,oxidation,emission and consumption of methane by soils:A review.Eur.J.Soil Biol.37,25-50.
Liu,D.,Ge,Y.,Chang,J.,Peng,C.H.,Gu,B.J.,Chan,G.Y.,et al.,2009.Constructed wetlands in China:recent developments and future challenges.Front.Ecol.Environ.7,261-268.
Liu,D.,Wu,X.,Chang,J.,Gu,B.J.,Ming,Y.,Ge,Y.,et al.,2012.Constructed wetlands as biofuel production systems.Nat.Commun.2,190-194.
Luo,B.,Ge,Y.,Han,W.J.,Fan,X.,Ren,Y.,Du,Y.Y.,et al.,2016.Decreases in ammonia volatilization in response to greater plant diversity in microcosms of constructed wetlands.Atmos.Environ.142,414-419.
Maltais-Landry,G.,Maranger,R.,Brisson,J.,et al.,2009.Effect of artificial aeration and macrophyte species on nitrogen cycling and gas flux in constructed wetlands.Ecol.Eng.35,221-229.
Mander,ü.,Dotro,G.,Ebie,Y.,Towprayoon,S.,Chiemchaisri,C.,Nogueira,S.F.,et al.,2014.Greenhouse gas emission in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment:a review.Ecol.Eng.66,19-35.
Maucieri,C.,Borin,M.,Barbera,A.C.,2014.Role of C3plant species on carbon dioxide and methane emissions in Mediterranean constructed wetland.Ital.J.Agron.9,120-126.
Maucieri,C.,Barbera,A.C.,Vymazal,J.,Borin,M.,2017.A review on the main affecting factors of greenhouse gases emission in constructed wetlands.Agric.For.Meteorol.236,175-193.
Mo,Y.,Deng,Z.H.,Gao,J.Q.,Guo,Y.X.,Yu,F.H.,2015.Does richness of emergent plants affect CO2and CH4emissions in experimental wetlands?Freshw.Biol.60,1537-1544.
Niklaus,P.A.,Wardle,D.A.,Tate,K.R.,2006.Effects of plant species diversity and compositions on nitrogen cycling and the trace gas balance of soils.Plant Soil 282,83-98.
Niklaus,P.A.,Roux,X.L.,Poly,F.,Buchmann,N.,Scherer-Lorenzen,M.,Weigelt,A.,et al.,2016.Plant species diversity affects soilatmosphere fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide.Oecologia181,919-930.
Palmborg,C.,Scherer-Lorenzen,M.,Jumpponen,A.,Carlsson,G.,Huss-Danell,K.,H?gberg,P.,2005.Inorganic soil nitrogen under grassland plant communities of different species compositions and diversity.Oikos 110,271-282.
Saeed,T.,Sun,G.,2012.A review on nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms in subsurface flow constructed wetlands:dependency on environmental parameters,operating conditions and supporting media.J.Environ.Manag.112,429-448.
Schimel,J.,2000.Rice,microbes and methane.Nature 403,375-377.
Teiter,S.,Mander,ü.,2005.Emission of N2O,N2,CH4and CO2from constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and from riparian buffer zones.Ecol.Eng.25,528-541.
Tilman,D.,Isbell,F.,Cowles,M.J.,2014.Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.Annu.Rev.Ecol.Evol.Syst 45,471-493.
Upadhyay,A.K.,Bankoti,N.S.,Rai,U.N.,2016.Studies on sustainability of simulated constructed wetland system for treatment of urban waste:design and operation.J.Environ.Manag.169,285-292.
van der Zaag,A.C.,Gordon,R.J.,Burton,D.L.,Jamieson,R.C.,Stratton,G.W.,2010.Greenhouse gas emissions from surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating dairy wastewater.J.Environ.Qual.39,460-471.
Vymazal,J.,2007.Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands.Sci.Total Environ.380,48-65.
Vymazal,J.,2014.Constructed wetlands for treatment of industrial wastewaters:A review.Ecol.Eng.73,724-751.
Wang,M.,Zhang,D.Q.,Dong,J.W.,Tan,S.K.,2017.Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in cold climate-A review.J.Environ.Sci.57,293-311.
Yan,X.,Li,L.,Liu,J.,2014.Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in three full-scale wastewater treatment processes.J.Environ.Sci.26,256-263.
Zhang,C.B.,Sun,H.Y.,Ge,Y.,Gu,B.J.,Wang,H.,Chang,J.,2012.Plant species richness enhanced the methane emission in experimental microcosms.Atmos.Environ.62,180-183.
Zhao,Z.Y.,Chang,J.,Han,W.J.,Wang,M.,Ma,D.P.,Du,Y.Y.,et al.,2016.Effects of plant diversity and sand particle size on methane emission and nitrogen removal in microcosms of constructed wetlands.Ecol.Eng.95,390-398.
Zhu,S.X.,Ge,H.L.,Ge,Y.,Cao,H.Q.,Liu,D.,Chang,J.,et al.,2010.Effects of plant diversity on biomass production and substrate nitrogen in a subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland.Ecol.Eng.36,1307-1313.