本·方登《漫长的中场休息》的后现代战争书写
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摘要
后现代战争指敌人身份不确定的非正面的现代战争。美国对伊拉克及阿富汗的战争都属于后现代战争的范畴。本·方登在其《漫长的中场休息》中,打破语图叙事的边界,消解战争宏大叙事与日常书写的边界,采用电影叙事的手法,展现了美国对伊拉克战争的后现代战争实质,呈现了视觉文化之下后现代战争的矛盾与困境,这种视觉化的战争包含着一种无法摆脱的视觉政治。在这种视觉政治中,战争创伤及英雄成为一种消费符号,成为权力和意识形态的直接表征,爱国主义也呈现出"仿真性"和"虚拟性"的特征。
American war on Iraq and Afghanistan is a typical neo-war with its uncertain enemy and unknown winning side. Ben Fountain's Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk reveals the true nature of War on Terror and addresses the paradoxical predicament of the neo-war, which entails an unavoidable visual politics enmeshed in consumption, power relations and internalized ideology. Focusing on the transformation from text to visual images in Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk, this article intends to analyze the novel's visuality, cinematic techniques, and the paradox of American patriotism in which trauma and heroism, as signs for consumption, become markers of power and ideology. In the meantime, patriotism exhibits characteristics of "simulation" and "virtuality".
American war on Iraq and Afghanistan is a typical neo-war with its uncertain enemy and unknown winning side. Ben Fountain's Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk reveals the true nature of War on Terror and addresses the paradoxical predicament of the neo-war, which entails an unavoidable visual politics enmeshed in consumption, power relations and internalized ideology. Focusing on the transformation from text to visual images in Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk, this article intends to analyze the novel's visuality, cinematic techniques, and the paradox of American patriotism in which trauma and heroism, as signs for consumption, become markers of power and ideology. In the meantime, patriotism exhibits characteristics of "simulation" and "virtuality".
引文
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Baudrillard,Jean.Selected Writings.Ed.Mark Poster.Stanford:Stanford UP,1996.
Best,Steven,and Douglas Kellner.Postmodern Theory:Critical Interrogations.New York:The Guilford Press,1991.
Debord,Guy.The Society of the Spectacle.Trans.Wang Zhaofeng.Nanjing:Nanjing UP,2007.[居伊·德波:《景观社会》,王昭凤译,南京:南京大学出版社,2007年。]
Eagleton,Terry,and Matthew Beaumont.The Task of the Critic:Terry Eagleton in Dialogue.Trans.Wang Jie and Jia Jie.Beijing:Peking UP,2014.[特里·伊格尔顿,马修·博蒙特:《批评家的任务-与特里·伊格尔顿的对话》,王杰、贾洁译,北京:北京大学出版社,2014年。
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---.Turning Back the Clock:Hot Wars and Media Populism.Trans.Alastair McEwen.Boston:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2007.
Fountain,Ben.Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk.Trans.Zhang Xiaoyi.Haikou:Nanhai Publishing Co.,2016.[本·方登:《漫长的中场休息》,张晓意译,海口:南海出版公司,2016年。]
Jin,Huimin.“Simulacra and the End of Literature.”Social Sciences in China 5(2004):167-78.[金惠敏:《图像增殖与文学的当前危机》,《中国社会科学》2004年第5期,第167-78页。]
Mirzoeff,Nicholas.An Introduction to Visual Culture.London&New York:Routledge,2005.
Mitchell,W.J.T.Iconology,Image,Text,Ideology.Chicago:U of Chicago P,1986.
Peng,Yafei.“Image Society and the Future of Literature.”Literary Review 5(2003):30-39.[彭亚非:《图像社会与文学的未来》,《文学评论》2003年第5期,第30-39页。]
Ryan,Maureen.“Intraspecies Communication:Memory,Story-Telling,and Football in American Fiction of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars.”War,Literature&the Arts 28(2016):1-27.
Baudrillard,Jean.Selected Writings.Ed.Mark Poster.Stanford:Stanford UP,1996.
Best,Steven,and Douglas Kellner.Postmodern Theory:Critical Interrogations.New York:The Guilford Press,1991.
Debord,Guy.The Society of the Spectacle.Trans.Wang Zhaofeng.Nanjing:Nanjing UP,2007.[居伊·德波:《景观社会》,王昭凤译,南京:南京大学出版社,2007年。]
Eagleton,Terry,and Matthew Beaumont.The Task of the Critic:Terry Eagleton in Dialogue.Trans.Wang Jie and Jia Jie.Beijing:Peking UP,2014.[特里·伊格尔顿,马修·博蒙特:《批评家的任务-与特里·伊格尔顿的对话》,王杰、贾洁译,北京:北京大学出版社,2014年。
Eco,Umberto.“A Theory of Conspiracies.”Livemint.
---.Turning Back the Clock:Hot Wars and Media Populism.Trans.Alastair McEwen.Boston:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2007.
Fountain,Ben.Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk.Trans.Zhang Xiaoyi.Haikou:Nanhai Publishing Co.,2016.[本·方登:《漫长的中场休息》,张晓意译,海口:南海出版公司,2016年。]
Jin,Huimin.“Simulacra and the End of Literature.”Social Sciences in China 5(2004):167-78.[金惠敏:《图像增殖与文学的当前危机》,《中国社会科学》2004年第5期,第167-78页。]
Mirzoeff,Nicholas.An Introduction to Visual Culture.London&New York:Routledge,2005.
Mitchell,W.J.T.Iconology,Image,Text,Ideology.Chicago:U of Chicago P,1986.
Peng,Yafei.“Image Society and the Future of Literature.”Literary Review 5(2003):30-39.[彭亚非:《图像社会与文学的未来》,《文学评论》2003年第5期,第30-39页。]
Ryan,Maureen.“Intraspecies Communication:Memory,Story-Telling,and Football in American Fiction of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars.”War,Literature&the Arts 28(2016):1-27.