Ameliorative effect of Pergularia daemia(Forssk.) Chiov. leaves extract against anti-tuberculosis drugs induced liver injury in rats
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摘要
Objective:To evaluate therapeutic potential of hydroethanolic extract of Pergularia daemia(P.daemia) against anti-tuberculosis drugs(ATDs) induced liver injury.Methods:Wistar albino rats were divided into seven groups of six animal in each.The ATDs and P.daemia extract(100,200 and 400 mg/kg,p.o.) were conjointly administered for 8 weeks and various biochemical,histoarchitectural,ultrastructural studies were performed.Results:Administration of ATDs significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,triglycerides,cholesterol,bilirubin and decreased glucose and albumin level.Increased lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione,superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase,glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found after ATDs exposure.Administration of P.daemia extract maintained serum biochemical indices as well as antioxidant status similar to control and diminished oxidative stress in dose dependent manner.Histological and ultra-structural observations substantiated biochemical findings.Conclusions:P.daemia has therapeutic potential against ATDs induced liver injury and may be of clinical significance after extensive studies.
Objective:To evaluate therapeutic potential of hydroethanolic extract of Pergularia daemia(P.daemia) against anti-tuberculosis drugs(ATDs) induced liver injury.Methods:Wistar albino rats were divided into seven groups of six animal in each.The ATDs and P.daemia extract(100,200 and 400 mg/kg,p.o.) were conjointly administered for 8 weeks and various biochemical,histoarchitectural,ultrastructural studies were performed.Results:Administration of ATDs significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,triglycerides,cholesterol,bilirubin and decreased glucose and albumin level.Increased lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione,superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase,glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found after ATDs exposure.Administration of P.daemia extract maintained serum biochemical indices as well as antioxidant status similar to control and diminished oxidative stress in dose dependent manner.Histological and ultra-structural observations substantiated biochemical findings.Conclusions:P.daemia has therapeutic potential against ATDs induced liver injury and may be of clinical significance after extensive studies.
Objective:To evaluate therapeutic potential of hydroethanolic extract of Pergularia daemia(P.daemia) against anti-tuberculosis drugs(ATDs) induced liver injury.Methods:Wistar albino rats were divided into seven groups of six animal in each.The ATDs and P.daemia extract(100,200 and 400 mg/kg,p.o.) were conjointly administered for 8 weeks and various biochemical,histoarchitectural,ultrastructural studies were performed.Results:Administration of ATDs significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,triglycerides,cholesterol,bilirubin and decreased glucose and albumin level.Increased lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione,superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase,glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found after ATDs exposure.Administration of P.daemia extract maintained serum biochemical indices as well as antioxidant status similar to control and diminished oxidative stress in dose dependent manner.Histological and ultra-structural observations substantiated biochemical findings.Conclusions:P.daemia has therapeutic potential against ATDs induced liver injury and may be of clinical significance after extensive studies.
引文
[1]WHO.Global tuberculosis report.Geneva:World Health Organization;2017.
[2]Gutierrez-Rebolledo GA,Siordia-Reyes AG,Meckes-Fischer M,Jimenez-Arellanes A.Hepatoprotective properties of oleanolic and ursolic acids in antitubercular drug-induced liver damage.Asian Pac J Trop Med2016;9(7):644-651.
[3]Boelsterli UA,Lee KK.Mechanisms of isoniazid-induced idiosyncratic liver injury:Emerging role of mitochondrial stress.J Gastroenterol Hepatol2014;29(4):678-687.
[4]Nahar BL,Mosharrof HAKM,Monirul IM,Saha DR.A comparative study on the adverse effects of two anti-tuberculosis drugs regimen in initial two month treatment period.Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2006;1(2):51-57.
[5]Gilman AG,Rall TW,Nies AS,Taylor P.Rifamycins:Rifampin rifapentine,and rifabutin anti-mycobacterial drugs.In:Brunton LL,editor.Chemotherapy of tuberculosis,mycobacterium avium complex disease,and leprosy,goodman and gilmans’the pharmacological basis of therapeutics.New York:McGraw-Hill;2011,p.1549-1570.
[6]Chetty S,Ramesh M,Pillay AS,Soliman MES.Recent advancements in the development of anti-tuberculosis drugs.Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017;27(3):370-386.
[7]Antwi S,Yang H,Enimil A,Sarfo AM,Gillani FS,Ansong D,et al.Pharmacokinetics of the first-line antituberculosis drugs in Ghanaian children with tuberculosis with or without HIV coinfection.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61(2):e01701-e01716.
[8]Kim SH,Lee JH,Lee BH,Kim YS,Park JS,Jee YK.Polymorphisms in drug transporter genes(ABCB1,SLCO1B1 and ABCC2)and hepatitis induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs.Tuberculosis 2012;92(1):100-104.
[9]Sharma R,Sharma VL.Review:Treatment of toxicity caused by antitubercular drugs by use of different herbs.Int J Pharma Sci Res 2015;6(10):1288-1294.
[10]Seif HS.Physiological changes due to hepatotoxicity and the protective role of some medicinal plants.Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 2016;5(2):134-146.
[11]Ignacimuthu S,Ayyanar S,Sivaraman S.Ethno botanical study of medicinal plants used by paliyar tribals in Theni district of Tamilnadu,India.Fitoterapia 2008;79(7-8):562-568.
[12]Sureshkumar SV,Mishra SH.Hepatoprotective activity of extracts from Pergularia daemia Forsk.against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity in rats.Phcog Mag 2007;3(11):187.
[13]Wahi AK,Ravi J,Hemalatha S,Singh PN.Anti-diabetic activity of Pergularia daemia extensa.J Nat Remedies 2002;2(1):80-83.
[14]Suresh M.Antifungal activity of selected Indian medicinal plant salts.JGlob Pharma Tech 2010;2(4):71-74.
[15]Karthishwaran K,Mirunalini S.Therapeutic potential of Pergularia daemia(Forsk.):The Ayurvedic wonder.Int J Pharmacol 2010;6(6):836-843.
[16]Ananth DA,Rameshkumar A,Jeyadevi R,Aseervatham GS,Sripriya J,Bose PC,et al.Amelioratory effect of flavonoids rich Pergularia daemia extract against CFA induced arthritic rats.Biomed Pharmacother 2016;80(1):244-252.
[17]Freireich EJ,Gehan EA,Rall DP,Schmidt LH,Skipper HE.Quantitative comparison of toxicity of anticancer agents in mouse,rat,hamster,dog,monkey and man.Cancer Chemoth Rep 1966;50(4):219-244.
[18]Riley V.Adaptation of orbital bleeding technique to rapid serial blood studies.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960;104(4):751-754.
[19]Schenkman JB,Cinti DL.Preparation of microsomes with calcium.Methods Enzymol 1978;52(6):83-89.
[20]Kato R,Gillette JR.Effect of starvation on NADPH-dependent enzymes in liver microsomes of male and female rats.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1965;150(2):279-284.
[21]Brehe JE,Burch HB.Enzymatic assay for glutathione.Anal Biochem1976;74(1):189-197.
[22]Sharma SK,Krishna Murthi CR.Production of lipid peroxides by brain.J Neurochem 1968;15(2):147-149.
[23]Aebi HL.Catalase in vitro.Methods Enzymol 1984;105(13):121-126.
[24]Mishra P,Fridovich I.The role of superoxide anion in the auto oxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase.J Biol Chem1972;247(10):3170-3175.
[25]Paglia DE,Valentine WM.Studies on quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase.J Lab Clin Med1967;70(1):158-169.
[26]Tayarani I,Cloez I,Clement M,Bourre JM.Antioxidant enzymes and related free element in aging brain capillaries and choroid plexus.JNeurochem1989;53(3):817-824.
[27]Asker MA,Sumathy K,Zaheer Baquer N.Regulation and properties of purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat brain.Indian JBiochem Bio 1996;33(6):512-518.
[28]Zlatkis A,Zak B,Boyle AJ.A new method for the direct determination of serum cholesterol.J Lab Clin Med 1953;41(3):486-492.
[29]Neri BP,Frings CS.Improved method for determination of triglycerides in serum.Clin Chem 1973;19(10):1201-1202.
[30]Lowry OH,Rosenbrough NJ,Farr AL,Randall RJ.Protein measurement with Folin’s phenol reagent.J Biol Chem 1951;193(1):265-275.
[31]Snedecor GW,Cochran WG.Statistical method.8th ed.Ames:Affiliated East-West Press;1989,p.217-236.
[32]Kosanam S,Boyina R.Drug-induced liver injury:A review.Int JPharmacol Res 2015;5(2):24-30.
[33]Basheer AS,Siddiqui A,Paudel YN,Hassan MQ,Imran M,Najmi AK,et al.Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of fish oil on isoniazidrifampin induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Pharma Nutrition 2017;5(1):29-33.
[34]Abirami A,Nagarani G,Siddhuraju P.In vitro antioxidant,anti-diabetic,cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of fresh juice from Citrus hystrix and C.maxicana fruits.Food Sci Hum Wellness 2014;3(1):16-25.
[35]Wang P,Pradhan K,Zhong XB,Ma X.Isoniazid metabolism and hepatotoxicity.Acta Pharma Sin-B 2016;6(5):384-392.
[36]Himaja N,Shama SN.Herbal wealth for hepatotoxicity:A review.Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2015;8(1):3-9.
[37]Ramappa V,Aithal GP.Hepatotoxicity related to anti-tuberculosis drugs:Mechanisms and management.J Clin Exp Hepatol 2013;3(1):37-49.
[38]Wu ZR,Bai ZT,Sun Y,Chen P,Yang ZG,Zhi DJ,et al.Protective effects of the bioactive natural product N-trans-Caffeoyldopamine on hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid and rifampicin.Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015;25(22):5424-5426.
[39]Vaithiyanathan V,Mirunalini S.Assessment of anticancer activity:Acomparison of dose response effect of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Pergularia daemia(Forsk).Oral Sci Int 2016;13(1):24-31.
[40]Dhamal N,Patel M,Pawar S.Evaluation of Jasminum grandiflorum for hepato protective activity in isoniazid induced liver damage.Int J Pharm Sci Res 2012;3(8):2568-2573.
[41]Jyothi B,Mohanalakshmi K,Anitha K.Protective effect of Mirabilis jalapa leaves on anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity.Asian JPharm Clin Res 2013;6(3):221-224.
[42]Luo J,Cheung J,Yevich E.Novel terpenoid type quinines isolated from Pycnanthu angolensis of potential utility in the treatment of type-2diabetes.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;288(2):529-534.
[43]Njoku DB.Drug-induced hepatotoxicity:Metabolic,genetic and immunological basis.Int J Mol Sci 2014;15(4):6990-7003.
[44]Jeong I,Park JS,Cho YJ,Yoon HI,Song J,Lee CT,et al.Drug induced hepatotoxicity of anti-tuberculosis drugs and their serum levels.J Korean Med Sci 2015;30(2):167-172.
[45]Jaeschke H,Williams CD,McGill MR,Xie Y,Ramachandran A.Models of drug induced liver injury for evaluation of phytotherapeutics and other natural products.Food Chem Toxicol 2013;55(1):279-289.
[46]Kulathuran PK,Chidambaranathan N,Mohamed H,Jayaprakash S,Narayanan N.Hepatoprotective activity of Cnidoscolus chayamansa against rifampicin and isoniazid induced toxicity in Wistar rats.Res JPharm Biol Chem Sci 2012;3(2):577-585.
[47]Kane GC,Lipsky JJ.Drug-grapefruit juice interactions.Mayo Clin Proc5252000;75(9):933-942.
[48]Breinholt VM,Offord EA,Brouwer C,Nielsen SE,Brosen K,Friedberg T.In vitro investigation of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of dietary flavonoids.Food Chem Toxicol 2000;40(5):609-616.
[49]Karthishwaran K,Mirunalini S,Dhamodharan G,Krishnaveni M,Arulmozhi V.Phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract of the leaves of Pergularia daemia.J Biol Sci 2010;10(3):242-246.
[50]Sankar M,Rajkumar J,Sridhar D.Hepatoprotective activity of hepatoplus on isoniazid and rifampicin induced liver damage in rats.Indian J Pharm Sci 2015;77(1):556-562.
[51]Senousy BE,Belal SI,Draganov PV.Hepatotoxic effects of therapies for tuberculosis.Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;7(10):543-556.
[52]Bais B,Saiju P.Ameliorative effect of Leucas cephalotes extract on isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed2014;4(2):S633-S638.
[53]Naik SR,Panda VS.Hepato protective effect of Ginkgoselect Phytosome襆in rifampicin induced liver injury in rats:Evidence of antioxidant activity.Fitoterapia 2008;79(6):439-445.
[54]Balakrishman S,Khurana BS,Singh A,Kaliappan I,Dubey G.Hepatoprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira against rifampicin and isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity.Cont J Food Sci Technol 2012;6(1):30-35.
[55]Jahromi HK,Pourahmad M,Abedi HA,Jahromi ZK.Protective effects of salep against isoniazid liver toxicity in wistar rats.J Trad Comp Med2018;8(1):239-243.
[56]Jaydeokar AV,Bandawane DD,Bibave KH,Patil TV.Hepatoprotective potential of Cassia auriculata roots on ethanol and antitubercular druginduced hepatotoxicity in experimental models.Pharm Biol 2014;52(3):344-355.
[57]Espinosa-Diez C,Miguel V,Mennerich D,Kietzmann T,Sánchez-Pérez P,Cadenas S,et al.Antioxidant responses and cellular adjustments to oxidative stress.Redox Biol 2015;6(1):183-197.
[58]Verma P,Paswan S,Singh SP,Shrivastva S,Rao CV.Assessment of hepatoprotective potential of Solanum xanthocarpum(whole plant)Linn.against isoniazid&rifampicin induced hepatic toxicity in wistar rats.Indian J Res Pharm Biotec 2015;3(5):373.
[59]Panda VS,Ashar HD,Sharan A.Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind in antitubercular drug-induced liver injury in rats.Bot Target Ther 2013;3:29-37.
[60]Maheshwari DT,Kumar MY,Verma SK,Singh VK,Singh SN.Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of phenolic rich fraction of seabuckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)leaves.Food Chem Toxicol2011;49(9):2422-2428.
[61]Lee HM,Chung CW,Kim CH,Kim DH,Kwak TW,Jeong Y,et al.Defensive mechanism in cholangiocarcinoma cells against oxidative stress induced by chlorin e6-based photodynamic therapy.Drug Des Devel Ther 2014;18(1):1451-1462.
[62]Bhadauria M,Nirala SK.Reversal of acetaminophen induced subchronic hepatorenal injury by propolis extract in rats.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol2009;27(1):17-25.
[63]Ramya B,Anjaneyulu Y,Gopala Reddy A,Madhuri D,Lakshman M,Shivakumar P.Protective role of turmeric on histological,ultrastructural and sero-biochemical changes in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats.Vet World 2013;6(11):865-869.
[2]Gutierrez-Rebolledo GA,Siordia-Reyes AG,Meckes-Fischer M,Jimenez-Arellanes A.Hepatoprotective properties of oleanolic and ursolic acids in antitubercular drug-induced liver damage.Asian Pac J Trop Med2016;9(7):644-651.
[3]Boelsterli UA,Lee KK.Mechanisms of isoniazid-induced idiosyncratic liver injury:Emerging role of mitochondrial stress.J Gastroenterol Hepatol2014;29(4):678-687.
[4]Nahar BL,Mosharrof HAKM,Monirul IM,Saha DR.A comparative study on the adverse effects of two anti-tuberculosis drugs regimen in initial two month treatment period.Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2006;1(2):51-57.
[5]Gilman AG,Rall TW,Nies AS,Taylor P.Rifamycins:Rifampin rifapentine,and rifabutin anti-mycobacterial drugs.In:Brunton LL,editor.Chemotherapy of tuberculosis,mycobacterium avium complex disease,and leprosy,goodman and gilmans’the pharmacological basis of therapeutics.New York:McGraw-Hill;2011,p.1549-1570.
[6]Chetty S,Ramesh M,Pillay AS,Soliman MES.Recent advancements in the development of anti-tuberculosis drugs.Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017;27(3):370-386.
[7]Antwi S,Yang H,Enimil A,Sarfo AM,Gillani FS,Ansong D,et al.Pharmacokinetics of the first-line antituberculosis drugs in Ghanaian children with tuberculosis with or without HIV coinfection.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61(2):e01701-e01716.
[8]Kim SH,Lee JH,Lee BH,Kim YS,Park JS,Jee YK.Polymorphisms in drug transporter genes(ABCB1,SLCO1B1 and ABCC2)and hepatitis induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs.Tuberculosis 2012;92(1):100-104.
[9]Sharma R,Sharma VL.Review:Treatment of toxicity caused by antitubercular drugs by use of different herbs.Int J Pharma Sci Res 2015;6(10):1288-1294.
[10]Seif HS.Physiological changes due to hepatotoxicity and the protective role of some medicinal plants.Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 2016;5(2):134-146.
[11]Ignacimuthu S,Ayyanar S,Sivaraman S.Ethno botanical study of medicinal plants used by paliyar tribals in Theni district of Tamilnadu,India.Fitoterapia 2008;79(7-8):562-568.
[12]Sureshkumar SV,Mishra SH.Hepatoprotective activity of extracts from Pergularia daemia Forsk.against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity in rats.Phcog Mag 2007;3(11):187.
[13]Wahi AK,Ravi J,Hemalatha S,Singh PN.Anti-diabetic activity of Pergularia daemia extensa.J Nat Remedies 2002;2(1):80-83.
[14]Suresh M.Antifungal activity of selected Indian medicinal plant salts.JGlob Pharma Tech 2010;2(4):71-74.
[15]Karthishwaran K,Mirunalini S.Therapeutic potential of Pergularia daemia(Forsk.):The Ayurvedic wonder.Int J Pharmacol 2010;6(6):836-843.
[16]Ananth DA,Rameshkumar A,Jeyadevi R,Aseervatham GS,Sripriya J,Bose PC,et al.Amelioratory effect of flavonoids rich Pergularia daemia extract against CFA induced arthritic rats.Biomed Pharmacother 2016;80(1):244-252.
[17]Freireich EJ,Gehan EA,Rall DP,Schmidt LH,Skipper HE.Quantitative comparison of toxicity of anticancer agents in mouse,rat,hamster,dog,monkey and man.Cancer Chemoth Rep 1966;50(4):219-244.
[18]Riley V.Adaptation of orbital bleeding technique to rapid serial blood studies.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960;104(4):751-754.
[19]Schenkman JB,Cinti DL.Preparation of microsomes with calcium.Methods Enzymol 1978;52(6):83-89.
[20]Kato R,Gillette JR.Effect of starvation on NADPH-dependent enzymes in liver microsomes of male and female rats.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1965;150(2):279-284.
[21]Brehe JE,Burch HB.Enzymatic assay for glutathione.Anal Biochem1976;74(1):189-197.
[22]Sharma SK,Krishna Murthi CR.Production of lipid peroxides by brain.J Neurochem 1968;15(2):147-149.
[23]Aebi HL.Catalase in vitro.Methods Enzymol 1984;105(13):121-126.
[24]Mishra P,Fridovich I.The role of superoxide anion in the auto oxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase.J Biol Chem1972;247(10):3170-3175.
[25]Paglia DE,Valentine WM.Studies on quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase.J Lab Clin Med1967;70(1):158-169.
[26]Tayarani I,Cloez I,Clement M,Bourre JM.Antioxidant enzymes and related free element in aging brain capillaries and choroid plexus.JNeurochem1989;53(3):817-824.
[27]Asker MA,Sumathy K,Zaheer Baquer N.Regulation and properties of purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat brain.Indian JBiochem Bio 1996;33(6):512-518.
[28]Zlatkis A,Zak B,Boyle AJ.A new method for the direct determination of serum cholesterol.J Lab Clin Med 1953;41(3):486-492.
[29]Neri BP,Frings CS.Improved method for determination of triglycerides in serum.Clin Chem 1973;19(10):1201-1202.
[30]Lowry OH,Rosenbrough NJ,Farr AL,Randall RJ.Protein measurement with Folin’s phenol reagent.J Biol Chem 1951;193(1):265-275.
[31]Snedecor GW,Cochran WG.Statistical method.8th ed.Ames:Affiliated East-West Press;1989,p.217-236.
[32]Kosanam S,Boyina R.Drug-induced liver injury:A review.Int JPharmacol Res 2015;5(2):24-30.
[33]Basheer AS,Siddiqui A,Paudel YN,Hassan MQ,Imran M,Najmi AK,et al.Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of fish oil on isoniazidrifampin induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Pharma Nutrition 2017;5(1):29-33.
[34]Abirami A,Nagarani G,Siddhuraju P.In vitro antioxidant,anti-diabetic,cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of fresh juice from Citrus hystrix and C.maxicana fruits.Food Sci Hum Wellness 2014;3(1):16-25.
[35]Wang P,Pradhan K,Zhong XB,Ma X.Isoniazid metabolism and hepatotoxicity.Acta Pharma Sin-B 2016;6(5):384-392.
[36]Himaja N,Shama SN.Herbal wealth for hepatotoxicity:A review.Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2015;8(1):3-9.
[37]Ramappa V,Aithal GP.Hepatotoxicity related to anti-tuberculosis drugs:Mechanisms and management.J Clin Exp Hepatol 2013;3(1):37-49.
[38]Wu ZR,Bai ZT,Sun Y,Chen P,Yang ZG,Zhi DJ,et al.Protective effects of the bioactive natural product N-trans-Caffeoyldopamine on hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid and rifampicin.Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015;25(22):5424-5426.
[39]Vaithiyanathan V,Mirunalini S.Assessment of anticancer activity:Acomparison of dose response effect of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Pergularia daemia(Forsk).Oral Sci Int 2016;13(1):24-31.
[40]Dhamal N,Patel M,Pawar S.Evaluation of Jasminum grandiflorum for hepato protective activity in isoniazid induced liver damage.Int J Pharm Sci Res 2012;3(8):2568-2573.
[41]Jyothi B,Mohanalakshmi K,Anitha K.Protective effect of Mirabilis jalapa leaves on anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity.Asian JPharm Clin Res 2013;6(3):221-224.
[42]Luo J,Cheung J,Yevich E.Novel terpenoid type quinines isolated from Pycnanthu angolensis of potential utility in the treatment of type-2diabetes.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;288(2):529-534.
[43]Njoku DB.Drug-induced hepatotoxicity:Metabolic,genetic and immunological basis.Int J Mol Sci 2014;15(4):6990-7003.
[44]Jeong I,Park JS,Cho YJ,Yoon HI,Song J,Lee CT,et al.Drug induced hepatotoxicity of anti-tuberculosis drugs and their serum levels.J Korean Med Sci 2015;30(2):167-172.
[45]Jaeschke H,Williams CD,McGill MR,Xie Y,Ramachandran A.Models of drug induced liver injury for evaluation of phytotherapeutics and other natural products.Food Chem Toxicol 2013;55(1):279-289.
[46]Kulathuran PK,Chidambaranathan N,Mohamed H,Jayaprakash S,Narayanan N.Hepatoprotective activity of Cnidoscolus chayamansa against rifampicin and isoniazid induced toxicity in Wistar rats.Res JPharm Biol Chem Sci 2012;3(2):577-585.
[47]Kane GC,Lipsky JJ.Drug-grapefruit juice interactions.Mayo Clin Proc5252000;75(9):933-942.
[48]Breinholt VM,Offord EA,Brouwer C,Nielsen SE,Brosen K,Friedberg T.In vitro investigation of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of dietary flavonoids.Food Chem Toxicol 2000;40(5):609-616.
[49]Karthishwaran K,Mirunalini S,Dhamodharan G,Krishnaveni M,Arulmozhi V.Phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract of the leaves of Pergularia daemia.J Biol Sci 2010;10(3):242-246.
[50]Sankar M,Rajkumar J,Sridhar D.Hepatoprotective activity of hepatoplus on isoniazid and rifampicin induced liver damage in rats.Indian J Pharm Sci 2015;77(1):556-562.
[51]Senousy BE,Belal SI,Draganov PV.Hepatotoxic effects of therapies for tuberculosis.Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;7(10):543-556.
[52]Bais B,Saiju P.Ameliorative effect of Leucas cephalotes extract on isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed2014;4(2):S633-S638.
[53]Naik SR,Panda VS.Hepato protective effect of Ginkgoselect Phytosome襆in rifampicin induced liver injury in rats:Evidence of antioxidant activity.Fitoterapia 2008;79(6):439-445.
[54]Balakrishman S,Khurana BS,Singh A,Kaliappan I,Dubey G.Hepatoprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira against rifampicin and isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity.Cont J Food Sci Technol 2012;6(1):30-35.
[55]Jahromi HK,Pourahmad M,Abedi HA,Jahromi ZK.Protective effects of salep against isoniazid liver toxicity in wistar rats.J Trad Comp Med2018;8(1):239-243.
[56]Jaydeokar AV,Bandawane DD,Bibave KH,Patil TV.Hepatoprotective potential of Cassia auriculata roots on ethanol and antitubercular druginduced hepatotoxicity in experimental models.Pharm Biol 2014;52(3):344-355.
[57]Espinosa-Diez C,Miguel V,Mennerich D,Kietzmann T,Sánchez-Pérez P,Cadenas S,et al.Antioxidant responses and cellular adjustments to oxidative stress.Redox Biol 2015;6(1):183-197.
[58]Verma P,Paswan S,Singh SP,Shrivastva S,Rao CV.Assessment of hepatoprotective potential of Solanum xanthocarpum(whole plant)Linn.against isoniazid&rifampicin induced hepatic toxicity in wistar rats.Indian J Res Pharm Biotec 2015;3(5):373.
[59]Panda VS,Ashar HD,Sharan A.Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind in antitubercular drug-induced liver injury in rats.Bot Target Ther 2013;3:29-37.
[60]Maheshwari DT,Kumar MY,Verma SK,Singh VK,Singh SN.Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of phenolic rich fraction of seabuckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)leaves.Food Chem Toxicol2011;49(9):2422-2428.
[61]Lee HM,Chung CW,Kim CH,Kim DH,Kwak TW,Jeong Y,et al.Defensive mechanism in cholangiocarcinoma cells against oxidative stress induced by chlorin e6-based photodynamic therapy.Drug Des Devel Ther 2014;18(1):1451-1462.
[62]Bhadauria M,Nirala SK.Reversal of acetaminophen induced subchronic hepatorenal injury by propolis extract in rats.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol2009;27(1):17-25.
[63]Ramya B,Anjaneyulu Y,Gopala Reddy A,Madhuri D,Lakshman M,Shivakumar P.Protective role of turmeric on histological,ultrastructural and sero-biochemical changes in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats.Vet World 2013;6(11):865-869.