Different Flooding Behaviors Due to Varied Urbanization Levels within River Basin: A Case Study from the Xiang River Basin,China
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摘要
Booming urbanization due to a fast-growing population results in more impervious areas, less infiltration,and hence greater flood peak and runoff. Clear understanding of flood responses in regions with different levels and expansions of urbanization is of great importance for regional urban planning. In this study, comparison of flooding responses to urbanization processes in terms of flood peak and runoff volume in the upper, middle,and lower Xiang River Basin(XRB), China, was carried out using the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System(HEC-HMS) model. From 2005 to 2015, urbanization level and intensity were higher in the lower XRB compared to the upper and middle XRB, and the overall expansion rate of urban areas was 112.8%.Modeling results by the HEC-HMS model indicate elevated flood peak discharges and volumes due to fast urbanization in the XRB from the 1980 s to 2015. This rapid increase is particularly the case in the lower XRB. The study also revealed different hydrological responses of flood regimes—urbanization tends to have larger impacts on peak flood flow rather than on flood volume in the lowerXRB, which further corroborated urbanization-induced intensifying flood processes in terms of peak flood flow.Urbanization has increasing impacts on flood volume from the upper to the lower XRB, which can be attributed to accumulated runoff down the river system. This study provides a reference for basin-wide land use and urban planning as well as flood hazard mitigation.
Booming urbanization due to a fast-growing population results in more impervious areas, less infiltration,and hence greater flood peak and runoff. Clear understanding of flood responses in regions with different levels and expansions of urbanization is of great importance for regional urban planning. In this study, comparison of flooding responses to urbanization processes in terms of flood peak and runoff volume in the upper, middle,and lower Xiang River Basin(XRB), China, was carried out using the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System(HEC-HMS) model. From 2005 to 2015, urbanization level and intensity were higher in the lower XRB compared to the upper and middle XRB, and the overall expansion rate of urban areas was 112.8%.Modeling results by the HEC-HMS model indicate elevated flood peak discharges and volumes due to fast urbanization in the XRB from the 1980 s to 2015. This rapid increase is particularly the case in the lower XRB. The study also revealed different hydrological responses of flood regimes—urbanization tends to have larger impacts on peak flood flow rather than on flood volume in the lowerXRB, which further corroborated urbanization-induced intensifying flood processes in terms of peak flood flow.Urbanization has increasing impacts on flood volume from the upper to the lower XRB, which can be attributed to accumulated runoff down the river system. This study provides a reference for basin-wide land use and urban planning as well as flood hazard mitigation.
Booming urbanization due to a fast-growing population results in more impervious areas, less infiltration,and hence greater flood peak and runoff. Clear understanding of flood responses in regions with different levels and expansions of urbanization is of great importance for regional urban planning. In this study, comparison of flooding responses to urbanization processes in terms of flood peak and runoff volume in the upper, middle,and lower Xiang River Basin(XRB), China, was carried out using the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System(HEC-HMS) model. From 2005 to 2015, urbanization level and intensity were higher in the lower XRB compared to the upper and middle XRB, and the overall expansion rate of urban areas was 112.8%.Modeling results by the HEC-HMS model indicate elevated flood peak discharges and volumes due to fast urbanization in the XRB from the 1980 s to 2015. This rapid increase is particularly the case in the lower XRB. The study also revealed different hydrological responses of flood regimes—urbanization tends to have larger impacts on peak flood flow rather than on flood volume in the lowerXRB, which further corroborated urbanization-induced intensifying flood processes in terms of peak flood flow.Urbanization has increasing impacts on flood volume from the upper to the lower XRB, which can be attributed to accumulated runoff down the river system. This study provides a reference for basin-wide land use and urban planning as well as flood hazard mitigation.
引文
Abdellatif,M.,W.Atherton,R.Alkhaddar,and Y.Osman.2015.Flood risk assessment for urban water system in a changing climate using artificial neural network.Natural Hazards 79(2):1059-1077.
Aerts,J.C.,W.W.Botzen,K.Emanuel,N.Lin,H.de Moel,and E.O.Michel-Kerjan.2014.Evaluating flood resilience strategies for coastal megacities.Science 344(6183):473-475.
Akter,A.,and S.Ahmed.2015.Potentiality of rainwater harvesting for an urban community in Bangladesh.Journal of Hydrology528:84-93.
Brakensiek,D.L.,and W.J.Rawls.1983.Green-Ampt infiltration model parameters for hydrologic classification of soils.In Proceedings of the specialty conference on advances in irrigation and drainage:Surviving external pressures,20-22July 1983,Jackson,Wyoming,USA,558.
Cronshey,R.,1986.Urban hydrology for small watersheds.Technical release 55(TR-55).Washington,DC:U.S.Department of Agriculture,Soil Conservation Service,Engineering Division.https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1044171.pdf.Accessed 26 Oct 2018.
Du,J.2010.Integrated flood risk assessment and risk governance in Hunan province.Ph.D thesis.Beijing:Beijing Normal University(in Chinese).
Du,J.,L.Qian,H.Rui,T.Zuo,D.Zheng,Y.Xu,and C.-Y.Xu.2012.Assessing the effects of urbanization on annual runoff and flood events using an integrated hydrological modeling system for Qinhuai River basin,China.Journal of Hydrology 464-465:127-139.
Du,S.,P.Shi,A.Van Rompaey,and J.Wen.2015.Quantifying the impact of impervious surface location on flood peak discharge in urban areas.Natural Hazards 76(3):1457-1471.
Elliott,A.H.,and S.A.Trowsdale.2007.A review of models for low impact urban stormwater drainage.Environmental Modelling&Software 22(3):394-405.
Feldman,A.D.2000.Hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS:Technical reference manual.Davis,CA:U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,Hydrologic Engineering Center.
Halwatura,D.,and M.M.M.Najim.2013.Application of the HECHMSmodel for runoff simulation in a tropical catchment.Environmental Modelling&Software 46:155-162.
Huang,S.,S.Cheng,J.Wen,and J.Lee.2008.Identifying peakimperviousnessrecurrence relationships on a growing-impervious watershed,Taiwan.Journal of hydrology 362(3-4):320-336.
Karlsson,I.B.,T.O.Sonnenborg,J.C.Refsgaard,D.Trolle,C.D.B鴕gesen,J.E.Olesen,E.Jeppesen,and K.H.Jensen.2016.Combined effects of climate models,hydrological model structures and land use scenarios on hydrological impacts of climate change.Journal of Hydrology 535:301-317.
Kim,H.S.,and S.Lee.2014.Assessment of the adequacy of the regional relationships between catchment attributes and catchment response dynamics,calibrated by a multi-objective approach.Hydrological Processes 28(13):4023-4041.
Lei,C.,Y.Xu,Q.Zhang,Y.Wang,and G.Li.2016.Impacts of landuse change on flood process and frequency of various return periods:A case study of Jiaokou Reservoir watershed in Fenghua Rive.Acta Ecologica Sinica 36(16):5017-5026.
Li,J.F.,Y.D.Chen,L.Zhang,Q.Zhang,and F.H.S.Chiew.2016.Future changes in floods and water availability across China:Linkage with changing climate and uncertainties.Journal of Hydrometeorology 17(4):1295-1314.
Liu,Y.,X.Zeng,L.Xu,D.Tian,G.Zeng,X.Hu,and Y.Tang.2011.Impacts of land-use change on ecosystem service value in Changsha,China.Journal of Central South University of Technology 18(2):420-428(in Chinese).
Luo,Q.,Y.Li,K.Wang,and J.Wu.2013.Application of the SWATmodel to the Xiangjiang river watershed in subtropical central China.Water Science&Technology 67(9):2110-2116.
Miller,J.D.,H.Kim,T.R.Kjeldsen,J.Packman,S.Grebby,and R.Dearden.2014.Assessing the impact of urbanization on storm runoff in a peri-urban catchment using historical change in impervious cover.Journal of Hydrology 515:59-70.
Muis,S.,B.Gu¨neralp,B.Jongman,J.C.J.H.Aerts,and P.J.Ward.2015.Flood risk and adaptation strategies under climate change and urban expansion:A probabilistic analysis using global data.Science of Total Environment 538:445-457.
Nash,J.E.,and J.V.Sutcliffe.1970.River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles.Journal of hydrology 10(3):282-290.
Pathirana,A.,H.B.Denekew,W.Veerbeek,C.Zevenbergen,and A.T.Banda.2014.Impact of urban growth-driven landuse change on microclimate and extreme precipitation-A sensitivity study.Atmospheric Research 138:59-72.
Ren,G.,Y.Zhou,Z.Chu,J.Zhou,A.Zhang,J.Guo,and X.Liu.2008.Urbanization effects on observed surface air temperature trends in north China.Journal of Climate 21(6):1333-1348.
Sanyal,J.,A.L.Densmore,and P.Carbonneau.2014.Analysing the effect of land-use/cover changes at sub-catchment levels on downstream flood peaks:A semi-distributed modelling approach with sparse data.Catena 118:28-40.
Sheng,J.,and J.P.Wilson.2009.Watershed urbanization and changing flood behavior across the Los Angeles metropolitan region.Natural Hazards 48(1):41-57.
Shuster,W.D.,J.Bonta,H.Thurston,E.Warnemuende,and D.R.Smith.2005.Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology:A review.Urban Water Journal 2(4):263-275.
Suriya,S.,and B.V.Mudgal.2012.Impact of urbanization on flooding:The Thirusoolam sub watershed-A case study.Journal of Hydrology 412-413:210-219.
Tripathi,R.,S.K.Sengupta,A.Patra,H.Chang,and I.W.Jung.2014.Climate change,urban development,and community perception of an extreme flood:A case study of Vernonia,Oregon,USA.Applied Geography 46:137-146.
Tu,J.2009.Combined impact of climate and land use changes on streamflow and water quality in eastern Massachusetts,USA.Journal of Hydrology 379(3-4):268-283.
United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division.2011.World population prospects:The2010 revision.Volume I:Comprehensive tables,ST/ESA/SER.A/313.http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publica tions/pdf/trends/WPP2010/WPP2010_Volume-I_Comprehen sive-Tables.pdf.Accessed 7 Nov 2018.
USDA(United States Department of Agriculture).2004.Estimation of direct runoff from storm rainfall.Washington,DC:United States Department of Agriculture.
Verma,A.K.,M.K.Jha,and R.K.Mahana.2010.Evaluation of HECHMSand WEPP for simulating watershed runoff using remote sensing and geographical information system.Paddy Water Environment 8(2):131-144.
Wang,L.,Z.Guo,X.Xiao,T.Chen,X.Liao,J.Song,and B.Wu.2008.Heavy metal pollution of soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River,Hunan Province.Journal of Geographical Sciences 18(3):353-362.
Warburton,M.L.,R.E.Schulze,and G.P.W.Jewitt.2012.Hydrological impacts of land use change in three diverse South African catchments.Journal of Hydrology 414-415:118-135.
Wu,C.,A.T.Murray.2003.Estimating impervious surface distribution by spectral mixture analysis.Remote Sensing of Environment84(4):493-505.
Yan,R.,J.Huang,Y.Wang,J.Gao,and L.Qi.2016.Modeling the combined impact of future climate and land use changes on streamflow of Xinjiang Basin,China.Hydrology Research 47(2):356-372.
Yin,J.,D.Yu,Z.Yin,M.Liu,and Q.He.2016.Evaluating the impact and risk of pluvial flash flood on intra-urban road network:A case study in the city center of Shanghai,China.Journal of Hydrology 537:138-145.
Yuan,Y.2003.The study of land use change and its ecological response mechanism in Shenzhen.Ph.D thesis.Beijing:Beijing Normal University(in Chinese).
Zhang,S.,Y.Guo,and Z.Wang.2015.Correlation between flood frequency and geomorphologic complexity of rivers network-Acase study of Hangzhou China.Journal of Hydrology 527:113-118.
Zhong,S.,Y.Qian,C.Zhao,R.Leung,and X.-Q.Yang.2015.A case study of urbanization impact on summer precipitation in the Greater Beijing Metropolitan Area:Urban heat island versus aerosol effects.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres120(20):10903-10914.
Zhou,F.,Y.Xu,Y.Chen,C.-Y.Xu,Y.Gao,and J.Du.2013.Hydrological response to urbanization at different spatiotemporal scales simulated by coupling of CLUE-S and the SWAT model in the Yangtze River Delta region.Journal of Hydrology 485:113-125.
Zhou,Q.,G.Leng,and M.Huang.2018.Impacts of future climate change on urban flood volumes in Hohhot in northern China:Benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptations.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22(1):305-316.
Zope,P.E.,T.I.Eldho,and V.Jothiprakash.2016.Impacts of land use-land cover change and urbanization on flooding:A case study of Oshiwara River Basin in Mumbai,India.Catena 145:142-154.
1 http://data.cma.cn.
2 http://www.resdc.cn.
3 http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn.
4 http://www.gscloud.cn.
5 http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/downloads.aspx.
6 The unit of flood volume is mm, which is the result of dividing the volume(m3)by the area of the basin.
Aerts,J.C.,W.W.Botzen,K.Emanuel,N.Lin,H.de Moel,and E.O.Michel-Kerjan.2014.Evaluating flood resilience strategies for coastal megacities.Science 344(6183):473-475.
Akter,A.,and S.Ahmed.2015.Potentiality of rainwater harvesting for an urban community in Bangladesh.Journal of Hydrology528:84-93.
Brakensiek,D.L.,and W.J.Rawls.1983.Green-Ampt infiltration model parameters for hydrologic classification of soils.In Proceedings of the specialty conference on advances in irrigation and drainage:Surviving external pressures,20-22July 1983,Jackson,Wyoming,USA,558.
Cronshey,R.,1986.Urban hydrology for small watersheds.Technical release 55(TR-55).Washington,DC:U.S.Department of Agriculture,Soil Conservation Service,Engineering Division.https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1044171.pdf.Accessed 26 Oct 2018.
Du,J.2010.Integrated flood risk assessment and risk governance in Hunan province.Ph.D thesis.Beijing:Beijing Normal University(in Chinese).
Du,J.,L.Qian,H.Rui,T.Zuo,D.Zheng,Y.Xu,and C.-Y.Xu.2012.Assessing the effects of urbanization on annual runoff and flood events using an integrated hydrological modeling system for Qinhuai River basin,China.Journal of Hydrology 464-465:127-139.
Du,S.,P.Shi,A.Van Rompaey,and J.Wen.2015.Quantifying the impact of impervious surface location on flood peak discharge in urban areas.Natural Hazards 76(3):1457-1471.
Elliott,A.H.,and S.A.Trowsdale.2007.A review of models for low impact urban stormwater drainage.Environmental Modelling&Software 22(3):394-405.
Feldman,A.D.2000.Hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS:Technical reference manual.Davis,CA:U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,Hydrologic Engineering Center.
Halwatura,D.,and M.M.M.Najim.2013.Application of the HECHMSmodel for runoff simulation in a tropical catchment.Environmental Modelling&Software 46:155-162.
Huang,S.,S.Cheng,J.Wen,and J.Lee.2008.Identifying peakimperviousnessrecurrence relationships on a growing-impervious watershed,Taiwan.Journal of hydrology 362(3-4):320-336.
Karlsson,I.B.,T.O.Sonnenborg,J.C.Refsgaard,D.Trolle,C.D.B鴕gesen,J.E.Olesen,E.Jeppesen,and K.H.Jensen.2016.Combined effects of climate models,hydrological model structures and land use scenarios on hydrological impacts of climate change.Journal of Hydrology 535:301-317.
Kim,H.S.,and S.Lee.2014.Assessment of the adequacy of the regional relationships between catchment attributes and catchment response dynamics,calibrated by a multi-objective approach.Hydrological Processes 28(13):4023-4041.
Lei,C.,Y.Xu,Q.Zhang,Y.Wang,and G.Li.2016.Impacts of landuse change on flood process and frequency of various return periods:A case study of Jiaokou Reservoir watershed in Fenghua Rive.Acta Ecologica Sinica 36(16):5017-5026.
Li,J.F.,Y.D.Chen,L.Zhang,Q.Zhang,and F.H.S.Chiew.2016.Future changes in floods and water availability across China:Linkage with changing climate and uncertainties.Journal of Hydrometeorology 17(4):1295-1314.
Liu,Y.,X.Zeng,L.Xu,D.Tian,G.Zeng,X.Hu,and Y.Tang.2011.Impacts of land-use change on ecosystem service value in Changsha,China.Journal of Central South University of Technology 18(2):420-428(in Chinese).
Luo,Q.,Y.Li,K.Wang,and J.Wu.2013.Application of the SWATmodel to the Xiangjiang river watershed in subtropical central China.Water Science&Technology 67(9):2110-2116.
Miller,J.D.,H.Kim,T.R.Kjeldsen,J.Packman,S.Grebby,and R.Dearden.2014.Assessing the impact of urbanization on storm runoff in a peri-urban catchment using historical change in impervious cover.Journal of Hydrology 515:59-70.
Muis,S.,B.Gu¨neralp,B.Jongman,J.C.J.H.Aerts,and P.J.Ward.2015.Flood risk and adaptation strategies under climate change and urban expansion:A probabilistic analysis using global data.Science of Total Environment 538:445-457.
Nash,J.E.,and J.V.Sutcliffe.1970.River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles.Journal of hydrology 10(3):282-290.
Pathirana,A.,H.B.Denekew,W.Veerbeek,C.Zevenbergen,and A.T.Banda.2014.Impact of urban growth-driven landuse change on microclimate and extreme precipitation-A sensitivity study.Atmospheric Research 138:59-72.
Ren,G.,Y.Zhou,Z.Chu,J.Zhou,A.Zhang,J.Guo,and X.Liu.2008.Urbanization effects on observed surface air temperature trends in north China.Journal of Climate 21(6):1333-1348.
Sanyal,J.,A.L.Densmore,and P.Carbonneau.2014.Analysing the effect of land-use/cover changes at sub-catchment levels on downstream flood peaks:A semi-distributed modelling approach with sparse data.Catena 118:28-40.
Sheng,J.,and J.P.Wilson.2009.Watershed urbanization and changing flood behavior across the Los Angeles metropolitan region.Natural Hazards 48(1):41-57.
Shuster,W.D.,J.Bonta,H.Thurston,E.Warnemuende,and D.R.Smith.2005.Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology:A review.Urban Water Journal 2(4):263-275.
Suriya,S.,and B.V.Mudgal.2012.Impact of urbanization on flooding:The Thirusoolam sub watershed-A case study.Journal of Hydrology 412-413:210-219.
Tripathi,R.,S.K.Sengupta,A.Patra,H.Chang,and I.W.Jung.2014.Climate change,urban development,and community perception of an extreme flood:A case study of Vernonia,Oregon,USA.Applied Geography 46:137-146.
Tu,J.2009.Combined impact of climate and land use changes on streamflow and water quality in eastern Massachusetts,USA.Journal of Hydrology 379(3-4):268-283.
United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division.2011.World population prospects:The2010 revision.Volume I:Comprehensive tables,ST/ESA/SER.A/313.http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publica tions/pdf/trends/WPP2010/WPP2010_Volume-I_Comprehen sive-Tables.pdf.Accessed 7 Nov 2018.
USDA(United States Department of Agriculture).2004.Estimation of direct runoff from storm rainfall.Washington,DC:United States Department of Agriculture.
Verma,A.K.,M.K.Jha,and R.K.Mahana.2010.Evaluation of HECHMSand WEPP for simulating watershed runoff using remote sensing and geographical information system.Paddy Water Environment 8(2):131-144.
Wang,L.,Z.Guo,X.Xiao,T.Chen,X.Liao,J.Song,and B.Wu.2008.Heavy metal pollution of soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River,Hunan Province.Journal of Geographical Sciences 18(3):353-362.
Warburton,M.L.,R.E.Schulze,and G.P.W.Jewitt.2012.Hydrological impacts of land use change in three diverse South African catchments.Journal of Hydrology 414-415:118-135.
Wu,C.,A.T.Murray.2003.Estimating impervious surface distribution by spectral mixture analysis.Remote Sensing of Environment84(4):493-505.
Yan,R.,J.Huang,Y.Wang,J.Gao,and L.Qi.2016.Modeling the combined impact of future climate and land use changes on streamflow of Xinjiang Basin,China.Hydrology Research 47(2):356-372.
Yin,J.,D.Yu,Z.Yin,M.Liu,and Q.He.2016.Evaluating the impact and risk of pluvial flash flood on intra-urban road network:A case study in the city center of Shanghai,China.Journal of Hydrology 537:138-145.
Yuan,Y.2003.The study of land use change and its ecological response mechanism in Shenzhen.Ph.D thesis.Beijing:Beijing Normal University(in Chinese).
Zhang,S.,Y.Guo,and Z.Wang.2015.Correlation between flood frequency and geomorphologic complexity of rivers network-Acase study of Hangzhou China.Journal of Hydrology 527:113-118.
Zhong,S.,Y.Qian,C.Zhao,R.Leung,and X.-Q.Yang.2015.A case study of urbanization impact on summer precipitation in the Greater Beijing Metropolitan Area:Urban heat island versus aerosol effects.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres120(20):10903-10914.
Zhou,F.,Y.Xu,Y.Chen,C.-Y.Xu,Y.Gao,and J.Du.2013.Hydrological response to urbanization at different spatiotemporal scales simulated by coupling of CLUE-S and the SWAT model in the Yangtze River Delta region.Journal of Hydrology 485:113-125.
Zhou,Q.,G.Leng,and M.Huang.2018.Impacts of future climate change on urban flood volumes in Hohhot in northern China:Benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptations.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22(1):305-316.
Zope,P.E.,T.I.Eldho,and V.Jothiprakash.2016.Impacts of land use-land cover change and urbanization on flooding:A case study of Oshiwara River Basin in Mumbai,India.Catena 145:142-154.
1 http://data.cma.cn.
2 http://www.resdc.cn.
3 http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn.
4 http://www.gscloud.cn.
5 http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/downloads.aspx.
6 The unit of flood volume is mm, which is the result of dividing the volume(m3)by the area of the basin.