Motivation dimensions for running a marathon:A new model emerging from the Motivation of Marathon Scale(MOMS)
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摘要
Purpose:The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale(MOMS) model(Masters et al.,1993).Methods:The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners(age range:20–77 years) with experience in marathon running(range:1–44 runs).A confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) revealed that the original model failed to fit the data.Hence,exploratory factor analysis(EFA) was performed to test the best factorial solution for the current data,and a subsequent CFA was performed on the revised factorial structure.Then,a series of EFAs using maximum likelihood factor extraction method were performed.Results:The best structure solution for model-data fit resulted in 11 factors:psychological coping—emotional-related coping,psychological coping—everyday-life management,life meaning,self-esteem,recognition,affiliation,weight concerns,general health orientation—reduced disease prevalence and longevity,general health orientation—keep fit,competition,and personal goal achievement.Conclusion:This study provides a sound and solid framework for studying motivation for physically demanding tasks such as marathon runs,and needs to be similarly applied and tested in studies incorporating physical tasks which vary in mental demands.
Purpose:The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale(MOMS) model(Masters et al.,1993).Methods:The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners(age range:20–77 years) with experience in marathon running(range:1–44 runs).A confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) revealed that the original model failed to fit the data.Hence,exploratory factor analysis(EFA) was performed to test the best factorial solution for the current data,and a subsequent CFA was performed on the revised factorial structure.Then,a series of EFAs using maximum likelihood factor extraction method were performed.Results:The best structure solution for model-data fit resulted in 11 factors:psychological coping—emotional-related coping,psychological coping—everyday-life management,life meaning,self-esteem,recognition,affiliation,weight concerns,general health orientation—reduced disease prevalence and longevity,general health orientation—keep fit,competition,and personal goal achievement.Conclusion:This study provides a sound and solid framework for studying motivation for physically demanding tasks such as marathon runs,and needs to be similarly applied and tested in studies incorporating physical tasks which vary in mental demands.
Purpose:The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale(MOMS) model(Masters et al.,1993).Methods:The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners(age range:20–77 years) with experience in marathon running(range:1–44 runs).A confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) revealed that the original model failed to fit the data.Hence,exploratory factor analysis(EFA) was performed to test the best factorial solution for the current data,and a subsequent CFA was performed on the revised factorial structure.Then,a series of EFAs using maximum likelihood factor extraction method were performed.Results:The best structure solution for model-data fit resulted in 11 factors:psychological coping—emotional-related coping,psychological coping—everyday-life management,life meaning,self-esteem,recognition,affiliation,weight concerns,general health orientation—reduced disease prevalence and longevity,general health orientation—keep fit,competition,and personal goal achievement.Conclusion:This study provides a sound and solid framework for studying motivation for physically demanding tasks such as marathon runs,and needs to be similarly applied and tested in studies incorporating physical tasks which vary in mental demands.
引文
1.Buman MP,Omli JW,Giacobbi Jr PR,Brewer BW.Experiences and coping responses of“hitting the wall”for recreational marathon runners.JAppl Sport Psychol 2008;20:282-300.
2.Marathon Guide.USA marathoning:2007 overview.Available at:,http://www.marathonguide.com/features/Articles/2007Recap Overview.cfm;2008.[accessed:10.04.2008].
3.USA Track&Field.2004 marathon report.Available at:http://www.usatf.org/news/special Reports/2004Marathon Report.asp;2014.[accessed:15.05.2013].
4.Kruger M,Saayaman M.Who are the comrades of the Comrades Marathon?S Afr J Res Sport PE Rec 2013;35:71-92.
5.Kotze N.Cape Town and the two oceans marathon:the impact of sport tourism.Urban Forum 2006;17:282-93.
6.Blair SN,La Monte MJ,Nichman MZ.The evolution of physical activity recommendations:how much is enough?Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:913S-20S.
7.Downs A,Ashton J.Vigorous physical activity,sports participation,and athletic identity:implications for mental and physical health in college students.J Sport Behav 2011;34:228-49.
8.Deaner RO,Masters KS,Ogles BM,La Caille RA.Marathon performance as a predictor of competitiveness and training in men and women.J Sport Behav 2011;34:325-42.
9.Havenar J,Lochbaum M.Differences in participation motives of first-time marathon finishers and pre-race dropouts.J Sport Behav 2007;30:270-9.
10.Ziegler SG.Perceived benefits of marathon running in males and females.Sex Roles 1991;25:119-27.
11.Masters KS,Ogles BM.An investigation of the different motivations of marathon runners with varying degrees of experience.J Sport Behav1995;18:69-79.
12.Masters KS,Ogles BM,Jolton AJ.The development of an instrument to measure motivation for marathon running:the motivations of marathoners scales(MOMS).Res Q Exerc Sport 1993;64:134-43.
13.Ogles BM,Masters KS.A typology of marathon runners based on cluster analysis of motivations.J Sport Behav 2003;26:69-85.
14.Loughran MJ,Hamilton D,Mc Ginley M.Motivations and perceived benefits of marathoning:an exploratory study.Athl Insight 2013;15:1-15.
15.Deci EL,Ryan RM.Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior.New York,NY:Plenum;1985.
16.Ryan RM,Deci EL.Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation,social development,and well-being.Am Psychol2000;55:68-78.
17.J?esaar H,Hein V,Hagger MS.Peer influence on young athletes’need satisfaction,intrinsic motivation and persistence in sport:a 12-month prospective study.Psychol Sport Exerc 2011;12:500-8.
18.Sylvester BD,Standage M,Ark TK,Sweet SN,Crocker PE,Zumbo BD,et al.Is variety a spice of(an active)life?:perceived variety,exercise behavior,and the mediating role of autonomous motivation.J Sport Exerc Psychol 2014;36:516-27.
19.Dishman RK,Buckworth J.Adherence to physical activity.In:Morgan WP,editor.Physical activity and mental health.Philadelphia,PA:Taylor&Francis;1997.p.63-80.
20.Higdon H.Marathon:the ultimate training program guide.Emmaus,PA:Rodale;2005.
21.Boudreau AL,Giorgi B.The experience of self-discovery and mental change in female novice athletes in connection to marathon running.JPhenomenol Psychol 2010;41:234-67.
22.Jeffery KA,Butryn TM.The motivations of runners in a cause-based marathon-training program.J Sport Behav 2012;35:300-19.
23.Schoenstedt LJ,Reau J.Running a social-media newsroom:a case study of the Cincinnati Flying Pig marathon.Int J Sport Commun 2010;3:377-86.
24.Petridis L,Batrakoulis A.The running movement in Greece:investigating the profile of the modern marathon runners.Helle J Sport Recreat Manage2013;10:43-54.
25.Ruiz-Juan F,Sancho A.Análisis de la motivación en corredores de maratón espa?oles.Rev Latinonot Psicol[serial online]2014;46:1-11.[in Spanish].
26.Funk DC,Toohey K,Bruun T.International sport event participation:prior sport involvement,destination image and travel motives.Eur Sport Manage Q 2007;7:227-48.
27.Marsh H,Bar-Eli M,Zach S,Richards G.Construct validation of Hebrew versions of three physical self-concept measures:an extended multitrait-multimethod analysis.J Sport Exerc Psychol 2006;28:310-43.
28.Zach S,Lidor R.Cross-boundary measurement tools:the case of the coping resources questionnaire.Bitnuah 2002;6:122-48.[in Hebrew].
29.Hagger M,Asci F,Lindwall M,Hein V,Mülazιmog?lu-Ball?,Tarrant M,et al.Cross-cultural validity and measurement invariance of the social physique anxiety scale in five European nations.Scand J Med Sci Sports2007;17:703-19.
30.Leung KC,Marsh HW,Yeung AS,Abduljabbar AS.Validity of social,moral and emotional facets of Self-Description Questionnaire II.J Experim Educ 2015;83:1-23.
31.Muthén LK,Muthén BO.Mplus user’s guide.5th ed.Los Angeles,CA:Muthén&Muthén;1998.
32.Hu LT,Bentler PM.Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis:conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Struct Equat Model1999;6:1-55.
33.Enders CK.Applied missing data analysis.New York,NY:Guilford Press;2010.
2.Marathon Guide.USA marathoning:2007 overview.Available at:,http://www.marathonguide.com/features/Articles/2007Recap Overview.cfm;2008.[accessed:10.04.2008].
3.USA Track&Field.2004 marathon report.Available at:http://www.usatf.org/news/special Reports/2004Marathon Report.asp;2014.[accessed:15.05.2013].
4.Kruger M,Saayaman M.Who are the comrades of the Comrades Marathon?S Afr J Res Sport PE Rec 2013;35:71-92.
5.Kotze N.Cape Town and the two oceans marathon:the impact of sport tourism.Urban Forum 2006;17:282-93.
6.Blair SN,La Monte MJ,Nichman MZ.The evolution of physical activity recommendations:how much is enough?Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:913S-20S.
7.Downs A,Ashton J.Vigorous physical activity,sports participation,and athletic identity:implications for mental and physical health in college students.J Sport Behav 2011;34:228-49.
8.Deaner RO,Masters KS,Ogles BM,La Caille RA.Marathon performance as a predictor of competitiveness and training in men and women.J Sport Behav 2011;34:325-42.
9.Havenar J,Lochbaum M.Differences in participation motives of first-time marathon finishers and pre-race dropouts.J Sport Behav 2007;30:270-9.
10.Ziegler SG.Perceived benefits of marathon running in males and females.Sex Roles 1991;25:119-27.
11.Masters KS,Ogles BM.An investigation of the different motivations of marathon runners with varying degrees of experience.J Sport Behav1995;18:69-79.
12.Masters KS,Ogles BM,Jolton AJ.The development of an instrument to measure motivation for marathon running:the motivations of marathoners scales(MOMS).Res Q Exerc Sport 1993;64:134-43.
13.Ogles BM,Masters KS.A typology of marathon runners based on cluster analysis of motivations.J Sport Behav 2003;26:69-85.
14.Loughran MJ,Hamilton D,Mc Ginley M.Motivations and perceived benefits of marathoning:an exploratory study.Athl Insight 2013;15:1-15.
15.Deci EL,Ryan RM.Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior.New York,NY:Plenum;1985.
16.Ryan RM,Deci EL.Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation,social development,and well-being.Am Psychol2000;55:68-78.
17.J?esaar H,Hein V,Hagger MS.Peer influence on young athletes’need satisfaction,intrinsic motivation and persistence in sport:a 12-month prospective study.Psychol Sport Exerc 2011;12:500-8.
18.Sylvester BD,Standage M,Ark TK,Sweet SN,Crocker PE,Zumbo BD,et al.Is variety a spice of(an active)life?:perceived variety,exercise behavior,and the mediating role of autonomous motivation.J Sport Exerc Psychol 2014;36:516-27.
19.Dishman RK,Buckworth J.Adherence to physical activity.In:Morgan WP,editor.Physical activity and mental health.Philadelphia,PA:Taylor&Francis;1997.p.63-80.
20.Higdon H.Marathon:the ultimate training program guide.Emmaus,PA:Rodale;2005.
21.Boudreau AL,Giorgi B.The experience of self-discovery and mental change in female novice athletes in connection to marathon running.JPhenomenol Psychol 2010;41:234-67.
22.Jeffery KA,Butryn TM.The motivations of runners in a cause-based marathon-training program.J Sport Behav 2012;35:300-19.
23.Schoenstedt LJ,Reau J.Running a social-media newsroom:a case study of the Cincinnati Flying Pig marathon.Int J Sport Commun 2010;3:377-86.
24.Petridis L,Batrakoulis A.The running movement in Greece:investigating the profile of the modern marathon runners.Helle J Sport Recreat Manage2013;10:43-54.
25.Ruiz-Juan F,Sancho A.Análisis de la motivación en corredores de maratón espa?oles.Rev Latinonot Psicol[serial online]2014;46:1-11.[in Spanish].
26.Funk DC,Toohey K,Bruun T.International sport event participation:prior sport involvement,destination image and travel motives.Eur Sport Manage Q 2007;7:227-48.
27.Marsh H,Bar-Eli M,Zach S,Richards G.Construct validation of Hebrew versions of three physical self-concept measures:an extended multitrait-multimethod analysis.J Sport Exerc Psychol 2006;28:310-43.
28.Zach S,Lidor R.Cross-boundary measurement tools:the case of the coping resources questionnaire.Bitnuah 2002;6:122-48.[in Hebrew].
29.Hagger M,Asci F,Lindwall M,Hein V,Mülazιmog?lu-Ball?,Tarrant M,et al.Cross-cultural validity and measurement invariance of the social physique anxiety scale in five European nations.Scand J Med Sci Sports2007;17:703-19.
30.Leung KC,Marsh HW,Yeung AS,Abduljabbar AS.Validity of social,moral and emotional facets of Self-Description Questionnaire II.J Experim Educ 2015;83:1-23.
31.Muthén LK,Muthén BO.Mplus user’s guide.5th ed.Los Angeles,CA:Muthén&Muthén;1998.
32.Hu LT,Bentler PM.Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis:conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Struct Equat Model1999;6:1-55.
33.Enders CK.Applied missing data analysis.New York,NY:Guilford Press;2010.