苏共二十大与美共的反思活动
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摘要
苏共二十大的召开是苏联历史上具有转折意义的重大事件。苏共二十大提出的新看法,尤其是赫鲁晓夫的秘密报告对斯大林的批判,对美国共产党形成了强烈冲击,既推动了美共对历史错误的深刻反思,也加深了美共党内的意见分歧,激化了美共党内的派别斗争,促使美共的反思活动偏离了改变现状、寻求出路的既定轨道,加速了美国共产主义运动的衰落态势。由此可见,在美共的反思活动中,苏共作为外部因素发挥了重要作用,并对反思活动的结果产生了重要影响。
The Twentieth Congress was a turning point in the history of the Soviet Union. The "secret report"made by Khrushchev led to strong international repercussions and great shocks in the global Communist movement. This article focuses on the reflections made by the U.S. Communist Party in the 1950 s and finds that Khrushchev's secret report had a strong impact on the party. It not only stimulated it to reflect on the historical errors,but also intensified the factional struggles within the party. The reflections made by the Communist Party did not push it to change the current situation or find a solution,but accelerated the decline of the American Communist movement.
The Twentieth Congress was a turning point in the history of the Soviet Union. The "secret report"made by Khrushchev led to strong international repercussions and great shocks in the global Communist movement. This article focuses on the reflections made by the U.S. Communist Party in the 1950 s and finds that Khrushchev's secret report had a strong impact on the party. It not only stimulated it to reflect on the historical errors,but also intensified the factional struggles within the party. The reflections made by the Communist Party did not push it to change the current situation or find a solution,but accelerated the decline of the American Communist movement.
引文
(1)(2)(3)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Conmmunist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt,Brace and Company, 1959, p.272, p.272, p.273.
(1)Daily Worker,March 13,1956.
(2)Sunday's Woker,March 18,1956.
(3)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt,Brace and Company, 1959,pp.274--275.
(4)佩吉·丹尼斯:《尤金·丹尼斯的一生》,劳远回、童一秀译,新华出版社,1988年,第292页。
(1)(3)人民出版社编辑:《批判斯大林问题文集》,人民出版社,1956年,第140-142页,第143页。
(2)(5)(8)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959, p.275, p.282.
(4)(6)(7)James R.Barrett, Willianm Z. Foster and the Tragedy of American Radicalism, Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1999, p.257, p.257, p.258.
(9)肖庆平:《陵谷之变——战后美国共产主义运动历史述评》,中国人民大学1988年国际政治系博士学位论文,第163-164页。
(1)(2)(3)《美国共产党第十六次全国代表大会和加拿大劳工进步党第六次全国代表大会重要文件汇编》,第16页,第5页,第8-9页。
(4)Eugene Dennis, The Commnunists Take a New Look, New York:New Century Publishers,1956,p.20.
(5)佩吉·丹尼斯:《尤金·丹尼斯的一生》,第288页。
(6)(7)David Shannon,The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,1959,pp.282-283,p.306.
(8)James R.Barrett, William Z. Foster and the Tragedy of American Radicalism, Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1999, p.259.
(1)肖庆平:《陵谷之变——战后美国共产主义运动历史述评》,第162页。
(2)(6)(7)《美国共产党第十六次全国代表大会和加拿大劳工进步党第六次全国代表大会重要文件汇编》,世界知识出版社,1958年,第3页,第4页,第20页。
(3)契尔卡索夫:《美国共产党反对现代修正主义的斗争》,梓江译,上海人民出版社,1958年,第2-3页。
(4)James R.Barrett, William Z. Foster and the Tragedy of American Radicalism, Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press, 1999, p.259.
(5)Edward P.Jobanningsmeier, Forging American communism:The Life of Willianm Z. Foster, New Jersey:Princeton University Press, 1994, p.342.
(8)佩吉·丹尼斯:《尤金·丹尼斯的一生》,第290页。
(1)(2)时殷弘:《美国与苏共二十大》,载于《美国历史问题新探》,第206-207页,第207页。
(3)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959,p.317.
(4)Daily Worker,September,23,1956.
(5)佩吉·丹尼斯:《尤金·丹尼斯的一生》,第302页。
(6)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959, pp.334-336.
(1)(5)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1959,p.336,p.360.
(2)(4)Harwey Klehr, Haynes&Anderson,Soviet World of American Communism, New Haven:Yale University Press,1996. p.3, p.351.
(3)James P. Cannon, The History of American Trotskyism, New York:Pathfinder Press, 1972, p.36.
(1)Daily Worker,March 13,1956.
(2)Sunday's Woker,March 18,1956.
(3)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt,Brace and Company, 1959,pp.274--275.
(4)佩吉·丹尼斯:《尤金·丹尼斯的一生》,劳远回、童一秀译,新华出版社,1988年,第292页。
(1)(3)人民出版社编辑:《批判斯大林问题文集》,人民出版社,1956年,第140-142页,第143页。
(2)(5)(8)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959, p.275, p.282.
(4)(6)(7)James R.Barrett, Willianm Z. Foster and the Tragedy of American Radicalism, Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1999, p.257, p.257, p.258.
(9)肖庆平:《陵谷之变——战后美国共产主义运动历史述评》,中国人民大学1988年国际政治系博士学位论文,第163-164页。
(1)(2)(3)《美国共产党第十六次全国代表大会和加拿大劳工进步党第六次全国代表大会重要文件汇编》,第16页,第5页,第8-9页。
(4)Eugene Dennis, The Commnunists Take a New Look, New York:New Century Publishers,1956,p.20.
(5)佩吉·丹尼斯:《尤金·丹尼斯的一生》,第288页。
(6)(7)David Shannon,The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,1959,pp.282-283,p.306.
(8)James R.Barrett, William Z. Foster and the Tragedy of American Radicalism, Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1999, p.259.
(1)肖庆平:《陵谷之变——战后美国共产主义运动历史述评》,第162页。
(2)(6)(7)《美国共产党第十六次全国代表大会和加拿大劳工进步党第六次全国代表大会重要文件汇编》,世界知识出版社,1958年,第3页,第4页,第20页。
(3)契尔卡索夫:《美国共产党反对现代修正主义的斗争》,梓江译,上海人民出版社,1958年,第2-3页。
(4)James R.Barrett, William Z. Foster and the Tragedy of American Radicalism, Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press, 1999, p.259.
(5)Edward P.Jobanningsmeier, Forging American communism:The Life of Willianm Z. Foster, New Jersey:Princeton University Press, 1994, p.342.
(8)佩吉·丹尼斯:《尤金·丹尼斯的一生》,第290页。
(1)(2)时殷弘:《美国与苏共二十大》,载于《美国历史问题新探》,第206-207页,第207页。
(3)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959,p.317.
(4)Daily Worker,September,23,1956.
(5)佩吉·丹尼斯:《尤金·丹尼斯的一生》,第302页。
(6)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959, pp.334-336.
(1)(5)David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism:A History of The Communist Party since 1945, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1959,p.336,p.360.
(2)(4)Harwey Klehr, Haynes&Anderson,Soviet World of American Communism, New Haven:Yale University Press,1996. p.3, p.351.
(3)James P. Cannon, The History of American Trotskyism, New York:Pathfinder Press, 1972, p.36.