基于自然的解决方案:利用自然应对可持续发展挑战的综合途径
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摘要
人类的可持续发展正面临着诸如气候变化、城市化、粮食安全、水资源供应以及灾害风险等诸多挑战。为了应对这些复杂的挑战,既需要依靠技术策略以解决发展中的工程问题,同时还需要通过全面管理社会生态系统,以提高生态系统的服务能力;这些综合的方案被统称为"基于自然的解决方案"。首先对如何定义基于自然的解决方案进行探究,接着从实施途径到效益评估的角度,阐述基于自然的解决方案是如何落地的,并借助荷兰德尔福兰德的沙滩引擎项目,结合ChristopherM.Raymond的七阶段实施指导流程,具体阐释基于自然的解决方案是如何开展实践与评估。最后文章指出,尽管基于自然的解决方案已投入广泛的实践,但其仍处于探索阶段,存在着一定的发展障碍与知识缺口。为了更好地利用自然应对当下的严峻的挑战,亟须确立该术语的定义框架,制定统一的实施与评估流程,以提高基于自然的解决方案的可操作性。
Sustainable development is faced with many challenges,such as climate change, urbanization, food security, water supply,and disaster risk. To deal with these complex challenges, it is necessary to rely on technological strategies to solve engineering problems, as well as to manage the social ecosystem to maintain and increase the ecosystem services provided to humans. These comprehensive schemes are known as nature-based solutions. First of all, the article explores how to define nature-based solutions.Then, with the aid of the sand engine project in Delfland, the Netherlands, we used the methods provided by Christopher M.Raymond, known as the seven-stage evaluation process to explain how the nature-based solution works. Finally, it is pointed out that there are still some development obstacles and knowledge gaps in this area of research. In order to make better use of it to cope with the current severe challenges, it is imperative to establish a defined framework for the term and develop a unified evaluation process to improve the operability of nature based solutions.
Sustainable development is faced with many challenges,such as climate change, urbanization, food security, water supply,and disaster risk. To deal with these complex challenges, it is necessary to rely on technological strategies to solve engineering problems, as well as to manage the social ecosystem to maintain and increase the ecosystem services provided to humans. These comprehensive schemes are known as nature-based solutions. First of all, the article explores how to define nature-based solutions.Then, with the aid of the sand engine project in Delfland, the Netherlands, we used the methods provided by Christopher M.Raymond, known as the seven-stage evaluation process to explain how the nature-based solution works. Finally, it is pointed out that there are still some development obstacles and knowledge gaps in this area of research. In order to make better use of it to cope with the current severe challenges, it is imperative to establish a defined framework for the term and develop a unified evaluation process to improve the operability of nature based solutions.
引文
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[15]Raymond C,Frantzeskaki N,Kabisch N,et al.Aframework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2017(77):15-24.
[16]Aarninkhof S.Building with Nature:Mega nourishments and ecological landscaping of extraction areas[R].Rome,Italy:EMSAGGConference,2009:1.
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[18]郭巍,侯晓蕾.荷兰三角洲地区防洪的弹性策略分析[J].风景园林,2016(1):34-38.
[19]刘大为,王铭晗,宫晓健,等.荷兰人工育滩工程Sand Motor的经验与启示[J].海洋开发与管理,2017,34(6):61-65.
[20]Mulder J,Tonnon P."Sand engine":Background and design of a mega-nourishment pilot in the Netherlands[J].Coastal Engineering Proceedings,2011,32(1):35.
[21]Slobbe E,Lulofs K.Implementing Building with Nature in Complex Governance Situations[J].Terra Et Aqua,2011(124):16-23.
[22]Jo?o P,Guioma N.Nature‐based solutions:The need to increase the knowledgeon their potentialities and limits[J].Degradation&Developmen,2018,29(4):841-846.
(1)1997年Janine Benyus在Biomimicry:Innovation Inspired by Nature一书中对仿生学展开探讨的过程中提到“基于自然的解决方案”这一概念。
[2]Hoffert M,Caldeira K,Benford G,et al.Advanced technology paths to global climate stability:energy for a greenhouse planet[J].Science,2002,298(5595):981-987.
[3]Eggermont H,Balian E,Azevedo J,et al.Naturebased Solutions:New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe[J].GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society,2015,24(4):243-248.
[4]Potschin M,Kretsch C,Haines-Young R,et al.Nature-Based Solutions[EB/OL].(2015-09-08)[2018-06-29].http://www.openness-project.eu/library/reference-book.
[5]Blesh J,Barrett G.Farmers'Attitudes Regarding Agrolandscape Ecology:A Regional Comparison[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,2006,28(3):121-143.
[6]Kayser K,Kunst S.Decentralised Wastewater Treatment-Wastewater Treatment in Rural Areas[M]//Kunst S,Kruse T,Burmester A.Sustainable Water and Soil Management.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2002:137-182.
[7]Singh R,Hong J,Kong H,et al.Biomimetically Engineered Polymeric Surfaces for Micro-scale Tribology[J].Kstle International Journal,2006(7):14-17.
[8]MacKinnon K,Claudia S,Valerie K.Biodiversity,climate change,and adaptation:nature-based solutions from the World Bank portfolio[R].Washington D.C.:World Bank,2008:5.
[9]Maes J,Jacobs S.Nature‐Based Solutions for Europe's Sustainable Development[J].Conservation Letters,2017,10(1):121-124.
[10]Andrade N,Dudley N,Fischborn M,et al.Naturebased Solutions:From Theory to Practice[M]//Cohen-Shacham E,Walters G,Maginnins S,et al.Nature-based Solutions to address global societal chal enges.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN,2016:1-33.
[11]European Commission.Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions&re-naturing cities[R].Brussels:European Commission,2015:4.
[12]Hauck J,G?rg C,Varjopuro R,et al.Benefits and limitations of the ecosystem services concept in environmental policy and decision making:Some stakeholder perspectives[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2013,25(12):13-21.
[13]Larson E,Perrings C.The value of water-related amenities in an arid city:The case of the Phoenix metropolitan area[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,109(1):45-55.
[14]Nessh?ver C,Assmuth T,Irvine K,et al.The science,policy and practice of nature-based solutions:An interdisciplinary perspective[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016(579):1215-1227.
[15]Raymond C,Frantzeskaki N,Kabisch N,et al.Aframework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2017(77):15-24.
[16]Aarninkhof S.Building with Nature:Mega nourishments and ecological landscaping of extraction areas[R].Rome,Italy:EMSAGGConference,2009:1.
[17]Slobbe E,Vriend H,Aarninkhof S,et al.Building with Nature:in search of resilient storm surge protection strategies[J].Natural Hazards,2013,65(1):947-966.
[18]郭巍,侯晓蕾.荷兰三角洲地区防洪的弹性策略分析[J].风景园林,2016(1):34-38.
[19]刘大为,王铭晗,宫晓健,等.荷兰人工育滩工程Sand Motor的经验与启示[J].海洋开发与管理,2017,34(6):61-65.
[20]Mulder J,Tonnon P."Sand engine":Background and design of a mega-nourishment pilot in the Netherlands[J].Coastal Engineering Proceedings,2011,32(1):35.
[21]Slobbe E,Lulofs K.Implementing Building with Nature in Complex Governance Situations[J].Terra Et Aqua,2011(124):16-23.
[22]Jo?o P,Guioma N.Nature‐based solutions:The need to increase the knowledgeon their potentialities and limits[J].Degradation&Developmen,2018,29(4):841-846.
(1)1997年Janine Benyus在Biomimicry:Innovation Inspired by Nature一书中对仿生学展开探讨的过程中提到“基于自然的解决方案”这一概念。