Determining relative block structure rating for rock erodibility evaluation in the case of non-orthogonal joint sets
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摘要
The most commonly used method for assessing the hydraulic erodibility of rock is Annandale's method.This method is based on a correlation between the erosive force of flowing water and the capacity of rock resistance. This capacity is evaluated using Kirsten's index, which was initially developed to evaluate the excavatability of earth materials. For rocky material, this index is determined according to certain geomechanical factors related to intact rock and rock mass, such as compressive strength of intact rock, rock block size, discontinuity shear strength and relative block structure. To quantify the relative block structure, Kirsten(1982) developed a mathematical expression that accounts for the shape and orientation of the blocks relative to the direction of flow. Kirsten's initial concept for assessing the relative block structure considers that the geological formation is mainly fractured by two joint sets forming an orthogonally fractured system. An adjusted concept is proposed to determine the relative block structure when the fractured system is non-orthogonal where the angle between the planes of the two joint sets is greater or less than 90°. An analysis of the proposed relative block structure rating shows that considering a non-orthogonally fractured system has a significant effect on Kirsten's index and, as a consequence, on the assessment of the hydraulic erodibility of rock.
The most commonly used method for assessing the hydraulic erodibility of rock is Annandale's method.This method is based on a correlation between the erosive force of flowing water and the capacity of rock resistance. This capacity is evaluated using Kirsten's index, which was initially developed to evaluate the excavatability of earth materials. For rocky material, this index is determined according to certain geomechanical factors related to intact rock and rock mass, such as compressive strength of intact rock, rock block size, discontinuity shear strength and relative block structure. To quantify the relative block structure, Kirsten(1982) developed a mathematical expression that accounts for the shape and orientation of the blocks relative to the direction of flow. Kirsten's initial concept for assessing the relative block structure considers that the geological formation is mainly fractured by two joint sets forming an orthogonally fractured system. An adjusted concept is proposed to determine the relative block structure when the fractured system is non-orthogonal where the angle between the planes of the two joint sets is greater or less than 90°. An analysis of the proposed relative block structure rating shows that considering a non-orthogonally fractured system has a significant effect on Kirsten's index and, as a consequence, on the assessment of the hydraulic erodibility of rock.
The most commonly used method for assessing the hydraulic erodibility of rock is Annandale's method.This method is based on a correlation between the erosive force of flowing water and the capacity of rock resistance. This capacity is evaluated using Kirsten's index, which was initially developed to evaluate the excavatability of earth materials. For rocky material, this index is determined according to certain geomechanical factors related to intact rock and rock mass, such as compressive strength of intact rock, rock block size, discontinuity shear strength and relative block structure. To quantify the relative block structure, Kirsten(1982) developed a mathematical expression that accounts for the shape and orientation of the blocks relative to the direction of flow. Kirsten's initial concept for assessing the relative block structure considers that the geological formation is mainly fractured by two joint sets forming an orthogonally fractured system. An adjusted concept is proposed to determine the relative block structure when the fractured system is non-orthogonal where the angle between the planes of the two joint sets is greater or less than 90°. An analysis of the proposed relative block structure rating shows that considering a non-orthogonally fractured system has a significant effect on Kirsten's index and, as a consequence, on the assessment of the hydraulic erodibility of rock.
引文
Annandale GW, Kirsten HAD. On the erodibility of rock and other earth materials.In:Cotroneo GV, Rumer RR, editors. Hydraulic engineering, proceedings of hydraulic engineering'94. New York:American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE); 1994. p. 68-72.
Annandale GW. Erodibility. Journal of Hydraulic Research 1995;33(4):471-94.
Annandale GW. Scour technology, mechanics and engineering in practice. New York:McGraw-Hill; 2006.
ASTM STP-984. Rock classification systems for engineering purposes. Philadephia,USA:American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM); 1988.
Basarir H, Karpuz C. A rippability classification system for marls in lignite mines.Engineering Geology 2004;74(3-4):303-18.
Bieniawski ZT. Engineering rock mass classifications:a complete manual for engineers and geologists in mining, civil, and petroleum engineering. New York:Wiley; 1989.
Bollaert E, Munodawafa MC, Mazvidza DZ. Kariba Dam plunge pool scour:quasi-3D numerical predictions. In:Proceeding of the 6th international conference on scour and erosion. Paris; 2012. p. 627-34.
Castillo LG, Carrillo JM. Scour, velocities and pressures evaluations produced by spillway and outlets of dam. Water 2016;8(3):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8030068.
Clark PB. Rock mass and rippability evaluation for a proposed open pit mine at Globe-Progress, near Reefton. MSc Thesis. Christchurch, New Zealand:University of Canterbury; 1996.
Doog N. Die hidrouliese erodeerbaarheid van rotmassas in onbelynde oorlope met spesiale verwysing na die rol van naatvulmateriaal. MSc Thesis. Pretoria, South Africa:University of Pretoria; 1993[in Afrikaans].
Gokceoglu C, Zorlu K. A fuzzy model to predict the uniaxial compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity of a problematic rock. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2004;17(1):61-72.
Hadjigeorgiou J, Poulin R. Assessment of ease of excavation of surface mines. Journal of Terramechanics 1998;35(3):137-53.
Hahn WF, Drain MA. Investigation of the erosion potential of Kingsley dam emergency spillway. In:Proceeding of the joint annual meeting and conference of AIPG, AGWT, and the Florida section of AIPG. Orlando, USA; 2010. p. 1-10.
Huang MW, Liao JJ, Pan YW, Cheng MH. Modifications of the erodibility index method for the evaluation of the soft bedrock erosion. Proceedings of the 47th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, vol. 3. American Rock Mechanics Association(ARMA); 2013. p. 2105-11.
Jones NL, Davis RJ, Sabbah W. A comparison of three-dimensional interpolation techniques for plume characterization. Ground Water 2003;41(4):411-9.
Keaton JR. Estimating erodible rock durability and geotechnical parameters for scour analysis. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 2013; 19(4):319-43.
Kirsten HAD, Moore JS, Kirsten LH, Temple DM. Erodibility criterion for auxiliary spillways of dams. International Journal of Sediment Research 2000; 15(1):93-107.
Kirsten HAD. A classification system for excavation in natural materials. Civil Engineer in South Africa 1982;24(7):293-308.
Kirsten HAD. Case histories of groundmass characterization for excavatability. In:Kirkaldie L, editor. Rock classification systems for engineering purposes. Philadelphia, USA:ASTM; 1988. p. 102-20.
Laugier F, Leturcq T, Blancer B. Stabilite des barrages en crue:Methodes d'estimation du risque d'erodabilite aval des fondations soumises a deversement pardessus la crete. In:Proceeding de la Fondation des barrages. Chambery,France; 2015. p. 125-36[in French].
Lowe J, Chao PC, Luecker AR. Tarbela service spillway plunge pool development.Water Power Dam Construction 1979;31:85-90.
MacGregor F, Fell R, Mostyn GR, Hocking G, McNally G. The estimation of rock rippability. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology1994;27(2):123-44.
Moore JS, Kirsten HAD. Discussion-critique of the rock material classification procedure. In:Kirkaldie L, editor. Rock classification systems for engineering purposes. Philadelphia, USA:ASTM; 1988. p. 55-88.
Moore JS, Temple DM, Kirsten HAD. Headcut advance threshold in earth spillways.Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 1994;31:277-80.
Moren L, Sjoberg J. Rock erosion in spillway channels-a case study of the Ligga spillway. In:Proceedings of the 11th congress of the international society for rock mechanics(ISRM), the 2nd half century of rock mechanics. Lisbon,Portugal:ISRM; 2007. p. 87-90.
Pells SE, Pells PJN, Peirson WL, Douglas K, Fell R. Erosion of unlined spillways in rock-does a “scour threshold” exist?. In:Contemporary challenges for dams:conference proceedings:2015/ANCOLD. Brisbane, Australia:Australian National Committee on Large Dams(ANCOLD); 2015.
Pells SE. Erosion of rock in spillways. PhD Thesis. Sydney, Australia:University of New South Wales; 2016.
Pitsiou S. The effect of discontinuities of the erodibility of rock in unlined spillways of dams. MSc Thesis. Pretoria, South Africa:University of Pretoria; 1990.
Rock AJ. A semi-empirical assessment of plunge pool scour:two-dimensional application of Annandale's erodibility method on four dams in BritishColombia, Canada. MSc Thesis. Vancouver, Canada:University of British Columbia; 2015.
United States Department of Agriculture(USDA). Part 628 Dams:chapter 52-Field procedures guide for the headcut erodibility index. USDA; 1997.
Van Schalkwyk A, Jordaan J, Dooge N. Erosion of rock in unlined spillways. In:Transactions of the international congress on large dams. Paris:International Commission on Large Dams; 1994. p. 555-71.
Wise S. Assessing the quality for hydrological applications of digital elevation models derived from contours. Hydrological Processes 2000; 14(11-12):1909-29.
Wyllie CW, Mah CW. Rock slope engineering:civil and mining. 4th ed. London/New York:Taylor&Francis Group; 2004.
Zimmerman D, Pavlik C, Ruggles A, Armstrong MP. An experimental comparison of ordinary and universal Kriging and inverse distance weighting. Mathematical Geology 1999;31(4):375-90.
Annandale GW. Erodibility. Journal of Hydraulic Research 1995;33(4):471-94.
Annandale GW. Scour technology, mechanics and engineering in practice. New York:McGraw-Hill; 2006.
ASTM STP-984. Rock classification systems for engineering purposes. Philadephia,USA:American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM); 1988.
Basarir H, Karpuz C. A rippability classification system for marls in lignite mines.Engineering Geology 2004;74(3-4):303-18.
Bieniawski ZT. Engineering rock mass classifications:a complete manual for engineers and geologists in mining, civil, and petroleum engineering. New York:Wiley; 1989.
Bollaert E, Munodawafa MC, Mazvidza DZ. Kariba Dam plunge pool scour:quasi-3D numerical predictions. In:Proceeding of the 6th international conference on scour and erosion. Paris; 2012. p. 627-34.
Castillo LG, Carrillo JM. Scour, velocities and pressures evaluations produced by spillway and outlets of dam. Water 2016;8(3):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8030068.
Clark PB. Rock mass and rippability evaluation for a proposed open pit mine at Globe-Progress, near Reefton. MSc Thesis. Christchurch, New Zealand:University of Canterbury; 1996.
Doog N. Die hidrouliese erodeerbaarheid van rotmassas in onbelynde oorlope met spesiale verwysing na die rol van naatvulmateriaal. MSc Thesis. Pretoria, South Africa:University of Pretoria; 1993[in Afrikaans].
Gokceoglu C, Zorlu K. A fuzzy model to predict the uniaxial compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity of a problematic rock. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2004;17(1):61-72.
Hadjigeorgiou J, Poulin R. Assessment of ease of excavation of surface mines. Journal of Terramechanics 1998;35(3):137-53.
Hahn WF, Drain MA. Investigation of the erosion potential of Kingsley dam emergency spillway. In:Proceeding of the joint annual meeting and conference of AIPG, AGWT, and the Florida section of AIPG. Orlando, USA; 2010. p. 1-10.
Huang MW, Liao JJ, Pan YW, Cheng MH. Modifications of the erodibility index method for the evaluation of the soft bedrock erosion. Proceedings of the 47th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, vol. 3. American Rock Mechanics Association(ARMA); 2013. p. 2105-11.
Jones NL, Davis RJ, Sabbah W. A comparison of three-dimensional interpolation techniques for plume characterization. Ground Water 2003;41(4):411-9.
Keaton JR. Estimating erodible rock durability and geotechnical parameters for scour analysis. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 2013; 19(4):319-43.
Kirsten HAD, Moore JS, Kirsten LH, Temple DM. Erodibility criterion for auxiliary spillways of dams. International Journal of Sediment Research 2000; 15(1):93-107.
Kirsten HAD. A classification system for excavation in natural materials. Civil Engineer in South Africa 1982;24(7):293-308.
Kirsten HAD. Case histories of groundmass characterization for excavatability. In:Kirkaldie L, editor. Rock classification systems for engineering purposes. Philadelphia, USA:ASTM; 1988. p. 102-20.
Laugier F, Leturcq T, Blancer B. Stabilite des barrages en crue:Methodes d'estimation du risque d'erodabilite aval des fondations soumises a deversement pardessus la crete. In:Proceeding de la Fondation des barrages. Chambery,France; 2015. p. 125-36[in French].
Lowe J, Chao PC, Luecker AR. Tarbela service spillway plunge pool development.Water Power Dam Construction 1979;31:85-90.
MacGregor F, Fell R, Mostyn GR, Hocking G, McNally G. The estimation of rock rippability. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology1994;27(2):123-44.
Moore JS, Kirsten HAD. Discussion-critique of the rock material classification procedure. In:Kirkaldie L, editor. Rock classification systems for engineering purposes. Philadelphia, USA:ASTM; 1988. p. 55-88.
Moore JS, Temple DM, Kirsten HAD. Headcut advance threshold in earth spillways.Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 1994;31:277-80.
Moren L, Sjoberg J. Rock erosion in spillway channels-a case study of the Ligga spillway. In:Proceedings of the 11th congress of the international society for rock mechanics(ISRM), the 2nd half century of rock mechanics. Lisbon,Portugal:ISRM; 2007. p. 87-90.
Pells SE, Pells PJN, Peirson WL, Douglas K, Fell R. Erosion of unlined spillways in rock-does a “scour threshold” exist?. In:Contemporary challenges for dams:conference proceedings:2015/ANCOLD. Brisbane, Australia:Australian National Committee on Large Dams(ANCOLD); 2015.
Pells SE. Erosion of rock in spillways. PhD Thesis. Sydney, Australia:University of New South Wales; 2016.
Pitsiou S. The effect of discontinuities of the erodibility of rock in unlined spillways of dams. MSc Thesis. Pretoria, South Africa:University of Pretoria; 1990.
Rock AJ. A semi-empirical assessment of plunge pool scour:two-dimensional application of Annandale's erodibility method on four dams in BritishColombia, Canada. MSc Thesis. Vancouver, Canada:University of British Columbia; 2015.
United States Department of Agriculture(USDA). Part 628 Dams:chapter 52-Field procedures guide for the headcut erodibility index. USDA; 1997.
Van Schalkwyk A, Jordaan J, Dooge N. Erosion of rock in unlined spillways. In:Transactions of the international congress on large dams. Paris:International Commission on Large Dams; 1994. p. 555-71.
Wise S. Assessing the quality for hydrological applications of digital elevation models derived from contours. Hydrological Processes 2000; 14(11-12):1909-29.
Wyllie CW, Mah CW. Rock slope engineering:civil and mining. 4th ed. London/New York:Taylor&Francis Group; 2004.
Zimmerman D, Pavlik C, Ruggles A, Armstrong MP. An experimental comparison of ordinary and universal Kriging and inverse distance weighting. Mathematical Geology 1999;31(4):375-90.