Rock mechanics for design of Brisbane tunnels and implications of recent thinking in relation to rock mass strength
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摘要
This paper explores the potential implications of recent thinking in relation to rock mass strength for future tunnelling projects in Brisbane, Australia, particularly as they are constructed within deep horizons where the in situ stress magnitudes is larger. Rock mass failure mechanisms for the current tunnels in Brisbane are generally discontinuity controlled and the potential for stress-induced failure is relatively rare. For the road tunnels which have been constructed in Brisbane over the last 12 years, the strength of the more massive rock masses for continuum analysis has been estimated by the application of the HoekBrown(H-B) failure criterion using the geological strength index(GSI) to determine the H-B parameters mb, s and a. Over the last few years, alternative approaches to estimating rock mass strength for ‘massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses' have been proposed by others, which are built on the work completed by E. Hoek and E.T. Brown in this area over their joint careers. This paper explores one of these alternative approaches to estimating rock mass strength for one of the geological units(the Brisbane Tuff), which is often encountered in tunnelling projects in Brisbane. The potential implications of these strength forecasts for future tunnelling projects are discussed along with the additional work which will need to be undertaken to confirm the applicability of such alternative strength criteria for this rock mass.
This paper explores the potential implications of recent thinking in relation to rock mass strength for future tunnelling projects in Brisbane, Australia, particularly as they are constructed within deep horizons where the in situ stress magnitudes is larger. Rock mass failure mechanisms for the current tunnels in Brisbane are generally discontinuity controlled and the potential for stress-induced failure is relatively rare. For the road tunnels which have been constructed in Brisbane over the last 12 years, the strength of the more massive rock masses for continuum analysis has been estimated by the application of the HoekBrown(H-B) failure criterion using the geological strength index(GSI) to determine the H-B parameters mb, s and a. Over the last few years, alternative approaches to estimating rock mass strength for ‘massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses' have been proposed by others, which are built on the work completed by E. Hoek and E.T. Brown in this area over their joint careers. This paper explores one of these alternative approaches to estimating rock mass strength for one of the geological units(the Brisbane Tuff), which is often encountered in tunnelling projects in Brisbane. The potential implications of these strength forecasts for future tunnelling projects are discussed along with the additional work which will need to be undertaken to confirm the applicability of such alternative strength criteria for this rock mass.
This paper explores the potential implications of recent thinking in relation to rock mass strength for future tunnelling projects in Brisbane, Australia, particularly as they are constructed within deep horizons where the in situ stress magnitudes is larger. Rock mass failure mechanisms for the current tunnels in Brisbane are generally discontinuity controlled and the potential for stress-induced failure is relatively rare. For the road tunnels which have been constructed in Brisbane over the last 12 years, the strength of the more massive rock masses for continuum analysis has been estimated by the application of the HoekBrown(H-B) failure criterion using the geological strength index(GSI) to determine the H-B parameters mb, s and a. Over the last few years, alternative approaches to estimating rock mass strength for ‘massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses' have been proposed by others, which are built on the work completed by E. Hoek and E.T. Brown in this area over their joint careers. This paper explores one of these alternative approaches to estimating rock mass strength for one of the geological units(the Brisbane Tuff), which is often encountered in tunnelling projects in Brisbane. The potential implications of these strength forecasts for future tunnelling projects are discussed along with the additional work which will need to be undertaken to confirm the applicability of such alternative strength criteria for this rock mass.
引文
Barton N,Lien R,Lunde J.Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support.Rock Mechanics 1974;6(4):189e236.
Bewick RP,Kaiser PK,Valley B.Interpretation of triaxial testing data for estimation of the Hoek-Brown strength parameter mi.In:45th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium.American Rock Mechanics Association(ARMA);2011.p.1979e88.
Bewick RP,Kaiser PK,Amann F.Strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2019;11(3):562e75.
Bieniawski ZT.Rock mass classifications in rock engineering.In:Bieniawski ZT,editor.Proceedings of the Symposium on Exploration for Rock Engineering,vol.1.Rotterdam,Netherlands:A.A.Balkema;1976.p.97e106.
Brown ET.Estimating the mechanical properties of rock masses.In:Potvin Y,Carter J,Dyskin A,Jeffrey R,editors.Proceedings of the 1st southern hemisphere international rock mechanics symposium.Perth,Australia:Australian Centre for Geomechanics;2008.p.3e22.
Diederichs MS,Kaiser PK,Eberhardt E.Damage initiation and propagation in hard rock during tunnelling and the influence of near-face stress rotation.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2004;41(5):785e812.
Diederichs MS.The 2003 Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium:mechanistic interpretation and practical application of damage and spalling prediction criteria for deep tunnelling.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2007;44(9):1082e116.
Funkhouser MR,McQueen LB,Boultbee NL,Humphries RW,Carvalho JL,Stabler J.Low cover considerations for the large tunnels on the north south Bypass tunnel project,Brisbane.In:44th US rock mechanics symposium and 5th US-Canada rock mechanics symposium.ARMA;2010a.p.1723e30.
Funkhouser MR,Stabler J,McQueen LB,Boultbee NL.Construction aspects of tunnelling and temporary rock support for the North South Bypass Tunnel.In:Proceedings of ITA-AITES world tunnel conference 2010.Vancouver,Canada;2010.
Golder Associates.Geotechnical interpretative report-driven tunnels,north south Bypass tunnel,Brisbane.Report reference NSBT-0802-GT-RP-055005[05].Golder Associates;2009.
Hammah RE,Yacoub TE,Corkum BC,Curran JH.The shear strength reduction method for the generalized Hoek-Brown criterion.In:The 40th US symposium on rock mechanics(USRMS):rock mechanics for energy,mineral and infrastructure development in the northern regions.ARMA;2005.
Hoek E,Brown ET.Empirical strength criterion for rock masses.Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division ASCE 1980b;106(9):1013e35.
Hoek E,Brown ET.Practical estimates of rock mass strength.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 1997;34(8):1165e86.
Hoek E,Brown ET.The Hoek-Brown failure criterion e a 1988 update.In:Curran JH,editor.Proceedings of the 15th Canadian rock mechanics symposium.Toronto,Canada:Civil Engineering Department,University of Toronto;1988.
Hoek E,Brown ET.Underground excavations in rock.London:The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy;1980a.
Hoek E,Carranza-Torres C,Corkum B.Hoek-Brown criterion e 2002 edition.In:Hannah R,Bawden W,Curran J,Telesnicki M,editors.Mining and tunnelling innovation and opportunity,Proceedings of the 5th North American Rock Mechanics Symposiun and 17th Tunnelling Association of Canada Conference(NARMS-TAC 2002),vol.1.Toronto,Canada:University of Toronto;2002.p.267e73.
Hoek E,Kaiser PK,Bawden WF.Support of underground excavations in hard rock.Rotterdam,Netherlands:A.A.Balkema;1995.p.215.
Hoek E,Martin CD.Fracture initiation and propagation in intact rock e a review.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2014;6(4):278e300.
Kaiser PK,Diederichs MS,Martin CD,Sharp J,Steiner W.Underground works in hard rock tunnelling and mining.In:Proceedings of the international conference on geotechnical and geological engineering.Melbourne,Australia:Technomic Publishing Company;2000.p.841e926.
Lagger H,Purwodihardjo A,Barrett SVL,Booth P,McKenzie N,Taylor E.Pillar support design for the Lutwyche caverns.In:Proceedings of the 16th Australasian tunnelling conference.Australian Tunnelling Society;2017.
Lagger H,Purwodihardjo A,Barrett SVL,McKenzie N,Taylor E.Temporary support design for the largest road caverns ever built in Australia e the Lutwyche Caverns.In:Proceedings of the 15th Australasian tunnelling conference.Melbourne,Canada:The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy;2014.p.399e410.
Martin CD,Kaiser PK,McCreath DR.Hoek-Brown parameters for predicting the depth of brittle failure around tunnels.Canadian Geotechnical Journal1999;36(1):136e51.
Martin CD,McCreath DR,Stochmal M.Estimating support demand loads caused by stress-induced failure around tunnels.In:Proceedings of international symposium.On rock support:applied solutions for underground structures.Lillehammer,Norway;1997.
McQueen LB,Barrett SVL,Purwodihardjo A.Design of low cover road tunnels in jointed rock in an urban environment:example from CLEM7 Tunnel,Brisbane.In:Proceedings of the 11th Australia-New Zealand conference on geomechanics.Melbourne,Canada;2012.
Perras MA,Diederichs MS.A review of the tensile strength of rock:concepts and testing.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 2014;32(2):525e46.
Priest SD,Brown ET.Probabilistic stability analysis of variable rock slopes.Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy A 1983;92:1e12.
Rocscience.UnWedge v4.0.2018.www.rocscience.com.
Bewick RP,Kaiser PK,Valley B.Interpretation of triaxial testing data for estimation of the Hoek-Brown strength parameter mi.In:45th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium.American Rock Mechanics Association(ARMA);2011.p.1979e88.
Bewick RP,Kaiser PK,Amann F.Strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2019;11(3):562e75.
Bieniawski ZT.Rock mass classifications in rock engineering.In:Bieniawski ZT,editor.Proceedings of the Symposium on Exploration for Rock Engineering,vol.1.Rotterdam,Netherlands:A.A.Balkema;1976.p.97e106.
Brown ET.Estimating the mechanical properties of rock masses.In:Potvin Y,Carter J,Dyskin A,Jeffrey R,editors.Proceedings of the 1st southern hemisphere international rock mechanics symposium.Perth,Australia:Australian Centre for Geomechanics;2008.p.3e22.
Diederichs MS,Kaiser PK,Eberhardt E.Damage initiation and propagation in hard rock during tunnelling and the influence of near-face stress rotation.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2004;41(5):785e812.
Diederichs MS.The 2003 Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium:mechanistic interpretation and practical application of damage and spalling prediction criteria for deep tunnelling.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2007;44(9):1082e116.
Funkhouser MR,McQueen LB,Boultbee NL,Humphries RW,Carvalho JL,Stabler J.Low cover considerations for the large tunnels on the north south Bypass tunnel project,Brisbane.In:44th US rock mechanics symposium and 5th US-Canada rock mechanics symposium.ARMA;2010a.p.1723e30.
Funkhouser MR,Stabler J,McQueen LB,Boultbee NL.Construction aspects of tunnelling and temporary rock support for the North South Bypass Tunnel.In:Proceedings of ITA-AITES world tunnel conference 2010.Vancouver,Canada;2010.
Golder Associates.Geotechnical interpretative report-driven tunnels,north south Bypass tunnel,Brisbane.Report reference NSBT-0802-GT-RP-055005[05].Golder Associates;2009.
Hammah RE,Yacoub TE,Corkum BC,Curran JH.The shear strength reduction method for the generalized Hoek-Brown criterion.In:The 40th US symposium on rock mechanics(USRMS):rock mechanics for energy,mineral and infrastructure development in the northern regions.ARMA;2005.
Hoek E,Brown ET.Empirical strength criterion for rock masses.Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division ASCE 1980b;106(9):1013e35.
Hoek E,Brown ET.Practical estimates of rock mass strength.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 1997;34(8):1165e86.
Hoek E,Brown ET.The Hoek-Brown failure criterion e a 1988 update.In:Curran JH,editor.Proceedings of the 15th Canadian rock mechanics symposium.Toronto,Canada:Civil Engineering Department,University of Toronto;1988.
Hoek E,Brown ET.Underground excavations in rock.London:The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy;1980a.
Hoek E,Carranza-Torres C,Corkum B.Hoek-Brown criterion e 2002 edition.In:Hannah R,Bawden W,Curran J,Telesnicki M,editors.Mining and tunnelling innovation and opportunity,Proceedings of the 5th North American Rock Mechanics Symposiun and 17th Tunnelling Association of Canada Conference(NARMS-TAC 2002),vol.1.Toronto,Canada:University of Toronto;2002.p.267e73.
Hoek E,Kaiser PK,Bawden WF.Support of underground excavations in hard rock.Rotterdam,Netherlands:A.A.Balkema;1995.p.215.
Hoek E,Martin CD.Fracture initiation and propagation in intact rock e a review.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2014;6(4):278e300.
Kaiser PK,Diederichs MS,Martin CD,Sharp J,Steiner W.Underground works in hard rock tunnelling and mining.In:Proceedings of the international conference on geotechnical and geological engineering.Melbourne,Australia:Technomic Publishing Company;2000.p.841e926.
Lagger H,Purwodihardjo A,Barrett SVL,Booth P,McKenzie N,Taylor E.Pillar support design for the Lutwyche caverns.In:Proceedings of the 16th Australasian tunnelling conference.Australian Tunnelling Society;2017.
Lagger H,Purwodihardjo A,Barrett SVL,McKenzie N,Taylor E.Temporary support design for the largest road caverns ever built in Australia e the Lutwyche Caverns.In:Proceedings of the 15th Australasian tunnelling conference.Melbourne,Canada:The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy;2014.p.399e410.
Martin CD,Kaiser PK,McCreath DR.Hoek-Brown parameters for predicting the depth of brittle failure around tunnels.Canadian Geotechnical Journal1999;36(1):136e51.
Martin CD,McCreath DR,Stochmal M.Estimating support demand loads caused by stress-induced failure around tunnels.In:Proceedings of international symposium.On rock support:applied solutions for underground structures.Lillehammer,Norway;1997.
McQueen LB,Barrett SVL,Purwodihardjo A.Design of low cover road tunnels in jointed rock in an urban environment:example from CLEM7 Tunnel,Brisbane.In:Proceedings of the 11th Australia-New Zealand conference on geomechanics.Melbourne,Canada;2012.
Perras MA,Diederichs MS.A review of the tensile strength of rock:concepts and testing.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 2014;32(2):525e46.
Priest SD,Brown ET.Probabilistic stability analysis of variable rock slopes.Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy A 1983;92:1e12.
Rocscience.UnWedge v4.0.2018.www.rocscience.com.