Modelling the spatial distribution of snake species in northwestern Tunisia using maximum entropy(Maxent) and Geographic Information System(GIS)
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摘要
We used GIS and maximum entropy to predict the potential distribution of six snake species belong to three families in Kroumiria(Northwestern Tunisia): Natricidae(Natrix maura and Natrix astreptophora), Colubridae(Hemorrhois hippocrepis, Coronella girondica and Macroprotodon mauritanicus), and Lamprophiidae(Malpolon insignitus). The suitable habitat for each species was modelled using the maximum entropy algorithm, combining presence field data(collected during 16 years:2000–2015) with a set of seven environmental variables(mean annual precipitation, elevation, slope gradient,aspect, distance to watercourses, land surface temperature and normalized Differential Vegetation Index. The relative importance of these environmental variables was evaluated by jackknife tests and the predictive power of our models was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic. The main explicative variables of the species distribution were distance from streams and elevation, with contributions ranging from 60 to 77 and from 10 to 25%,respectively. Our study provided the first habitat suitability models for snakes in Kroumiria and this information can be used by conservation biologists and land managers concerned with preserving snakes in Kroumiria.
We used GIS and maximum entropy to predict the potential distribution of six snake species belong to three families in Kroumiria(Northwestern Tunisia): Natricidae(Natrix maura and Natrix astreptophora), Colubridae(Hemorrhois hippocrepis, Coronella girondica and Macroprotodon mauritanicus), and Lamprophiidae(Malpolon insignitus). The suitable habitat for each species was modelled using the maximum entropy algorithm, combining presence field data(collected during 16 years:2000–2015) with a set of seven environmental variables(mean annual precipitation, elevation, slope gradient,aspect, distance to watercourses, land surface temperature and normalized Differential Vegetation Index. The relative importance of these environmental variables was evaluated by jackknife tests and the predictive power of our models was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic. The main explicative variables of the species distribution were distance from streams and elevation, with contributions ranging from 60 to 77 and from 10 to 25%,respectively. Our study provided the first habitat suitability models for snakes in Kroumiria and this information can be used by conservation biologists and land managers concerned with preserving snakes in Kroumiria.
We used GIS and maximum entropy to predict the potential distribution of six snake species belong to three families in Kroumiria(Northwestern Tunisia): Natricidae(Natrix maura and Natrix astreptophora), Colubridae(Hemorrhois hippocrepis, Coronella girondica and Macroprotodon mauritanicus), and Lamprophiidae(Malpolon insignitus). The suitable habitat for each species was modelled using the maximum entropy algorithm, combining presence field data(collected during 16 years:2000–2015) with a set of seven environmental variables(mean annual precipitation, elevation, slope gradient,aspect, distance to watercourses, land surface temperature and normalized Differential Vegetation Index. The relative importance of these environmental variables was evaluated by jackknife tests and the predictive power of our models was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic. The main explicative variables of the species distribution were distance from streams and elevation, with contributions ranging from 60 to 77 and from 10 to 25%,respectively. Our study provided the first habitat suitability models for snakes in Kroumiria and this information can be used by conservation biologists and land managers concerned with preserving snakes in Kroumiria.
引文
Anadon JD,Gimenez A,Mart?nez M,Palazon JA,Esteve MA(2007)Assessing changes in habitat quality due to land use changes in the spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca using hierarchica predictive habitat models.Divers Distrib 13:324-331
Anadon JD,Gimenez A,GraciaE,Perez I,Ferrandez M,Fahd S,EMouden H,Kalboussi M,Jdeidi T,Larbes S,Rouag R,Sliman T,Znari M,Fritz U(2012)Distribution of Testudo graeca in the western Mediterranean according to climatic factors.Amphib Reptil 33:285-296
Bombi P,Luiselli L,Capula M,Salvi D(2009)Predicting elusiveness:potential distribution model of the southern smooth snake,Coronella girondica,in Italy.Acta Herpetol 4:7-13
Bons J,Geniez P(1996)Amphibiens et Reptiles du Maroc(Sahara Occidental compris).Atlas biogeographique.Associacion Herpetologica Espan?ola,Barcelona
Boyd D,Foody GM(2011)An overview of recent remote sensing and GIS based research in ecological informatics.Ecol Inform6:25-36
Brito JC,Feriche M,Herrera T,Kaliontzopoulou A,Mart?nez-Freir?a F,Nesbitt D,Omolo D,Ontiveros D,Quin?oz L,Pleguezuelos JM,Santos X,Sillero N(2008)En los l?mites de su distribucion:anfibios y reptiles palearticos en el noroeste de Tunez.Bol Asoc Herpetol Esp 19:75-82
Brito JC,Fahd S,Geniez P,Martinez-Freir?a F,Pleguezuelos JM,Trape JF(2011)Biogeography and conservation of viperids from North-West Africa:an application of ecological niche-based models and GIS.J Arid Environ 75:1029-1037
Brotons L,Thuiller W,Araujo MB,Hirzel AH(2004)Presenceabsence versus presence-only modelling methods for predicting bird habitat suitability.Ecography 27:437-448
Brown JL(2014)SDMtoolbox:a python-based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic,biogeographic and species distribution model analyses.Methods Ecol Evol 5:694-700
Busby JR(1991)BIOCLIM-a bioclimatic analysis and prediction system.In:Margules CR,Austin MP(eds)Nature conservation:cost effective biological surveys and data analysis.CISIRO,Canberra,pp 64-68
Carpenter G,Gillison AN,Winter J(1993)DOMAIN:a flexible modelling procedure for mapping potential distributions of plants and animals.Biodivers Conserv 2:667-680
Chpakowsky N,Chneour A(1953)Les serpents de Tunisie.Bull Soc Sci Nat Tunis 6:125-146
de Souza Mun?oz ME,De Giovanni R,de Siqueira MF,Sutton T,Brewer P,Pereira RS,Canhos DAL,Canhos VP(2011)open Modeller:a generic approach to species’potential distribution modelling.Geo Informatica 15:111-135
Domergue CA(1959)Liste des ophidiens de Tunisie,de l’Algerie et du Maroc.Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 36:157-161
Elith J,Graham C,Anderson R,Dudik M,Ferrier S,Guisan A,Hijmans R,Huettmann F,Leathwick J,Lehmann A,Li J,Lohmann L,Loiselle B,Manion G,Moritz C,Nakamura M,Nakazawa Y,Overton J,Peterson A,Phillips S,Richardson K,Scachetti-Pereira R,Schapire R,Soberon J,Williams S,Wisz M,Zimmermann N(2006)Novel methods improve prediction of species’distributions from occurrence data.Ecography29:129-151
Garcia-Rosello E,Guisande C,Gonzalez-Dacosta J,Heine J,PelayoVillamil P,Manjarras-Hernandez A,Vaamonde A,GranadoLorencio C(2013)Modest R:a software tool for managing and analyzing species distribution map databases.Ecography36:1202-1207
Gibson L,Barrett B,Burbidge A(2007)Dealing with uncertain absences in habitat modelling:a case study of a rare grounddwelling parrot.Divers Distrib 13:704-713
Graham CH,Elith J,Hijmans RJ,Guisan A,Townsend Peterson A,Loiselle BA,Anderson RP,Dudk M,Ferrier S,Huettmann F,Leathwick J,Lehmann A,Li J,Lohmann L,Loiselle B,Manion G,Moritz C,Nakamura M,Nakazawa Y,Overton J,Phillips S,Richardson K,Pereira RS,Schapire R,Soberon J,Williams S,Wisz M,Zimmermann N(2008)The influence of spatial errors in species occurrence data used in distribution models.J Appl Ecol 45:239-247
Guisan A,Hofer U(2003)Predicting reptile distributions at the mesoscale:relation to climate and topography.J Biogeogr30:1233-1243
Guisan A,Zimmermann NE(2000)Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology.Ecol Model 135:147-186
Harris DJ,Carretero MA,Brito JC,Kaliontzopoulou A,Pinho CPerera A,Vasconcelos R,Barata M,Barbosa D,Carvalho SFonseca MM,Perez-Lanuza G,Rato C(2008)Data on the distribution of the terrestrial herpetofauna of Morocco:records from 2001-2006.Herpetol Bull 103:19-28
Hemsing L?(2010)GIS modelling of potential natural vegetation(PNV):a methodological case study from south-central Norway Master thesis,Norwegian University of Life Sciences.https:/brage.bibsys.no.Accessed 02.09.16
Hirzel AH,Hausser J,Chessel D,Perrin N(2002)Ecological-niche factor analysis:how to compute habitat-suitability maps withou absence data?Ecology 83:2027-2036
Joger U(2003)Reptiles and amphibians of southern Tunisia.Kaupia12:71-88
Kaliontzopoulou A,Brito JC,Carretero MA,Larbes S,Harris DJ(2008)Modelling the partially unknown distribution of wal lizards(Podarcis)in North Africa:ecological affinities,potentia areas of occurrence,and methodological constraints.Can J Zoo86:992-1001
Kramer-Schadt S,Niedballa J,Pilgrim JD,Schroder B,Lindenborn JReinfelder V,Stillfried M,Heckmann I,Scharf AK,Augeri DMCheyne SM,Hearn AJ,Ross J,Macdonald DW,Mathai J,Eaton J,Marshall AJ,Semiadi G,Rustam R,Bernard H,Alfred RSamejima H,Duckworth JW,Breitenmoser-Wuersten C,Belan JL,Hofer H,Wilting A(2013)The importance of correcting for sampling bias in Max Ent species distribution models.Divers Distrib 19:1366-1379
Leathwick JR,Elith J,Hastie T(2006)Comparative performance of generalized additive models and multivariate adaptive regression splines for statistical modelling of species distributions.Eco Model 199:188-196
Lehmann A,Overton JM,Leathwick JR(2003)GRASP:generalized regression analysis and spatial prediction.Ecol Mode160:165-183
Lobo JM,Jimenez-Valverde A,Real R(2008)AUC:a misleading measure of the performance of predictive distribution models Global Ecol Biogeogr 17:145-151
Mechergui T,Pardos M,Boussaidi N,Hasnaoui B,Jacobs DF(2013)Development of cork oak(Quercus suber L.)seedlings in response to tree shelters and mulching in northwestern Tunisia J For Res 24:193-204
Muthoni FK(2010)Modelling the spatial distribution of snake species under changing climate scenario in Spain.Master thesis Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation
Nouira S,Blanc CP,Ktari MH(1995)Biodiversitede l’herpetofaune tunisienne.I.Les ophidiens.Bull Soc Sci Nat Tunis 24:76-94
Pastorelli C,Laghi P,Melloni L(2007)Distribuzione di Coronella girondica(Daudin,1803)in Romagna(Reptilia:Squamata Colubridae).Acta Herpetologica 2:121-217
Pearson RG(2010)Species’distribution modelling for conservation educators and practitioners.Lessons in conservation.American Museum of Natural History,pp 54-89.http://ncep.amnh.org Accessed 05.09.16
Pearson RG,Dawson TP,Berry PM,Harrison PA(2002)SPECIES:a spatial evaluation of climate impact on the envelope of species Ecol Model 154:289-300
Phillips SB,Aneja VP,Kang D,Arya SP(2006)Modelling and analysis of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition in North Carolina.Int J Glob Environ 6:231-252
Pokrant F,Kindler C,Ivanov M,Cheylan M,Geniez P,Bohme WFritz U(2016)Integrative taxonomy provides evidence for the species status of the Ibero-Maghrebian grass snake Natrix astreptophora.Biol J Lin Soc 118:873-888
Posner SD(1988)Biological diversity and tropical forests in Tunisia.Washington
Rouag R,Benyacoub S(2006)Inventaire et ecologie des reptiles du Parc national d’El Kala(Algerie).Bull Soc Herpetol Fr117:25-40
Santos X,Brito JC,Caro J,Abril AJ,Lorenzo M,Sillero N,Pleguezuelos JM(2009)Habitat suitability,threats and conservation of isolated populations of the smooth snake(Coronella austriaca)in the southern Iberian Peninsula.Biol Cons142:344-352
Schleich HH,Kastle W,Kabisch K(1996)Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa.Koeltz Sci.ed.,Koenigstein
Segura C,Feriche M,Pleguezuelos JM,Santos X(2007)Specialist and generalist species in habitat use:implications for conservation assessment in snakes.J Nat Hist 41:2765-2774
Senay GB,Friedrichs M,Singh RK,Velpuri NM(2016)Evaluating Landsat 8 evapotranspiration for water use mapping in the Colorado River Basin.Remote Sens Environ.doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.043
Sillero N,Tarroso P(2010)Free GIS for herpetologists:free data sources on Internet and comparison analysis of proprietary and free/open source software.Acta Herpetol 5:63-85
Silva-Rocha I,Salvi D,Sillero N,Mateo JA,Carretero MA(2015)Snakes on the Balearic Islands:an invasion tale with implications for native biodiversity conservation.PLo S ONE10:e0121026.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121026
Soberon J,Peterson TA(2005)Interpretation of Models of Fundamental Ecological Niches and Species’Distributional Areas.Biodivers Inform 2:1-10
Sow AS,Martinez-Freiria F,Dieng H,Fahd S,Brito JC(2014)Biogeographical analysis of the Atlantic Sahara reptiles:environmental correlates of species distribution and vulnerability toclimate change.J Arid Environ 109:65-73
Stockwell D,Peters D(1999)The GARP modelling system:problems and solutions to automated spatial prediction.Int J Geogr Inf Sci13:143-158
Suarez-Seoane S,Garcia de la Morena EL,Morales Prieto MB,Osborne PE,de Juana E(2008)Maximum entropy niche-based modelling of seasonal changes in little bustard(Tetrax tetrax)distribution.Ecol Model 219:17-29
Syfert MM,Smith MJ,Coomes DA(2013)The effects of sampling bias and model complexity on the predictive performance of Max Ent species distribution models.PLo S ONE 8:e55158
Thuiller W(2003)BIOMOD-optimizing predictions of species distributions and projecting potential future shifts under global change.Glob Change Biol 9:1353-1362
Thuiller W,Munkemuller T(2010)Habitat suitability modelling.In:M?ller AP,Fiedler W,Berthold P(eds)Effects of climate change on birds.Oxford University Press,New York,pp 77-85
Thuiller W,Lafourcade B,Engler R,Araujo MB(2009)BIOMOD-a platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions.Ecography 32:369-373
USGS(2015)Landsat 8(L8)data users handbook.Earth Resources Observation and Science(EROS)Center 8,97
Veloz SD(2009)Spatially autocorrelated sampling falsely inflates measures of accuracy for presence-only niche models.J Biogeogr36:2290-2299
Wen L,Saintilan N,Yang XH,Hunter S,Mawer D(2015)MODISNDVI based metrics improve habitat suitability modelling in fragmented patchy floodplains.Remote Sens Appl Soc Environ1:85-97
Wisz MS,Hijmans RJ,Li J,Peterson AT,Graham CH,Guisan A,Elith J,Dud?k M,Ferrier S,Huettmann F,Leathwick JR,Lehmann A,Lohmann L,Loiselle BA,Manion G,Moritz C,Nakamura M,Nakazawa Y,Overton JM,Phillips SJ,Richardson KS,Scachetti-Pereira R,Schapire RE,Soberon J,Williams SEZimmermann NE(2008)Effects of sample size on the performance of species distribution models.Divers Distrib 14:763-773
Yackulic CB,Chandler R,Zipkin EF,Royle JA,Nichols JDCampbell Grant EH,Veran S(2013)Presence-only modelling using MAXENT:when can we trust the inferences?Methods Ecol Evol 4:236-243
Zaniewski E,Lehmann A,Overton JM,Mc C J(2002)Predicting species spatial distributions using presence-only data:a case study of native New Zealand ferns.Ecol Model 157:261-280
Anadon JD,Gimenez A,GraciaE,Perez I,Ferrandez M,Fahd S,EMouden H,Kalboussi M,Jdeidi T,Larbes S,Rouag R,Sliman T,Znari M,Fritz U(2012)Distribution of Testudo graeca in the western Mediterranean according to climatic factors.Amphib Reptil 33:285-296
Bombi P,Luiselli L,Capula M,Salvi D(2009)Predicting elusiveness:potential distribution model of the southern smooth snake,Coronella girondica,in Italy.Acta Herpetol 4:7-13
Bons J,Geniez P(1996)Amphibiens et Reptiles du Maroc(Sahara Occidental compris).Atlas biogeographique.Associacion Herpetologica Espan?ola,Barcelona
Boyd D,Foody GM(2011)An overview of recent remote sensing and GIS based research in ecological informatics.Ecol Inform6:25-36
Brito JC,Feriche M,Herrera T,Kaliontzopoulou A,Mart?nez-Freir?a F,Nesbitt D,Omolo D,Ontiveros D,Quin?oz L,Pleguezuelos JM,Santos X,Sillero N(2008)En los l?mites de su distribucion:anfibios y reptiles palearticos en el noroeste de Tunez.Bol Asoc Herpetol Esp 19:75-82
Brito JC,Fahd S,Geniez P,Martinez-Freir?a F,Pleguezuelos JM,Trape JF(2011)Biogeography and conservation of viperids from North-West Africa:an application of ecological niche-based models and GIS.J Arid Environ 75:1029-1037
Brotons L,Thuiller W,Araujo MB,Hirzel AH(2004)Presenceabsence versus presence-only modelling methods for predicting bird habitat suitability.Ecography 27:437-448
Brown JL(2014)SDMtoolbox:a python-based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic,biogeographic and species distribution model analyses.Methods Ecol Evol 5:694-700
Busby JR(1991)BIOCLIM-a bioclimatic analysis and prediction system.In:Margules CR,Austin MP(eds)Nature conservation:cost effective biological surveys and data analysis.CISIRO,Canberra,pp 64-68
Carpenter G,Gillison AN,Winter J(1993)DOMAIN:a flexible modelling procedure for mapping potential distributions of plants and animals.Biodivers Conserv 2:667-680
Chpakowsky N,Chneour A(1953)Les serpents de Tunisie.Bull Soc Sci Nat Tunis 6:125-146
de Souza Mun?oz ME,De Giovanni R,de Siqueira MF,Sutton T,Brewer P,Pereira RS,Canhos DAL,Canhos VP(2011)open Modeller:a generic approach to species’potential distribution modelling.Geo Informatica 15:111-135
Domergue CA(1959)Liste des ophidiens de Tunisie,de l’Algerie et du Maroc.Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 36:157-161
Elith J,Graham C,Anderson R,Dudik M,Ferrier S,Guisan A,Hijmans R,Huettmann F,Leathwick J,Lehmann A,Li J,Lohmann L,Loiselle B,Manion G,Moritz C,Nakamura M,Nakazawa Y,Overton J,Peterson A,Phillips S,Richardson K,Scachetti-Pereira R,Schapire R,Soberon J,Williams S,Wisz M,Zimmermann N(2006)Novel methods improve prediction of species’distributions from occurrence data.Ecography29:129-151
Garcia-Rosello E,Guisande C,Gonzalez-Dacosta J,Heine J,PelayoVillamil P,Manjarras-Hernandez A,Vaamonde A,GranadoLorencio C(2013)Modest R:a software tool for managing and analyzing species distribution map databases.Ecography36:1202-1207
Gibson L,Barrett B,Burbidge A(2007)Dealing with uncertain absences in habitat modelling:a case study of a rare grounddwelling parrot.Divers Distrib 13:704-713
Graham CH,Elith J,Hijmans RJ,Guisan A,Townsend Peterson A,Loiselle BA,Anderson RP,Dudk M,Ferrier S,Huettmann F,Leathwick J,Lehmann A,Li J,Lohmann L,Loiselle B,Manion G,Moritz C,Nakamura M,Nakazawa Y,Overton J,Phillips S,Richardson K,Pereira RS,Schapire R,Soberon J,Williams S,Wisz M,Zimmermann N(2008)The influence of spatial errors in species occurrence data used in distribution models.J Appl Ecol 45:239-247
Guisan A,Hofer U(2003)Predicting reptile distributions at the mesoscale:relation to climate and topography.J Biogeogr30:1233-1243
Guisan A,Zimmermann NE(2000)Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology.Ecol Model 135:147-186
Harris DJ,Carretero MA,Brito JC,Kaliontzopoulou A,Pinho CPerera A,Vasconcelos R,Barata M,Barbosa D,Carvalho SFonseca MM,Perez-Lanuza G,Rato C(2008)Data on the distribution of the terrestrial herpetofauna of Morocco:records from 2001-2006.Herpetol Bull 103:19-28
Hemsing L?(2010)GIS modelling of potential natural vegetation(PNV):a methodological case study from south-central Norway Master thesis,Norwegian University of Life Sciences.https:/brage.bibsys.no.Accessed 02.09.16
Hirzel AH,Hausser J,Chessel D,Perrin N(2002)Ecological-niche factor analysis:how to compute habitat-suitability maps withou absence data?Ecology 83:2027-2036
Joger U(2003)Reptiles and amphibians of southern Tunisia.Kaupia12:71-88
Kaliontzopoulou A,Brito JC,Carretero MA,Larbes S,Harris DJ(2008)Modelling the partially unknown distribution of wal lizards(Podarcis)in North Africa:ecological affinities,potentia areas of occurrence,and methodological constraints.Can J Zoo86:992-1001
Kramer-Schadt S,Niedballa J,Pilgrim JD,Schroder B,Lindenborn JReinfelder V,Stillfried M,Heckmann I,Scharf AK,Augeri DMCheyne SM,Hearn AJ,Ross J,Macdonald DW,Mathai J,Eaton J,Marshall AJ,Semiadi G,Rustam R,Bernard H,Alfred RSamejima H,Duckworth JW,Breitenmoser-Wuersten C,Belan JL,Hofer H,Wilting A(2013)The importance of correcting for sampling bias in Max Ent species distribution models.Divers Distrib 19:1366-1379
Leathwick JR,Elith J,Hastie T(2006)Comparative performance of generalized additive models and multivariate adaptive regression splines for statistical modelling of species distributions.Eco Model 199:188-196
Lehmann A,Overton JM,Leathwick JR(2003)GRASP:generalized regression analysis and spatial prediction.Ecol Mode160:165-183
Lobo JM,Jimenez-Valverde A,Real R(2008)AUC:a misleading measure of the performance of predictive distribution models Global Ecol Biogeogr 17:145-151
Mechergui T,Pardos M,Boussaidi N,Hasnaoui B,Jacobs DF(2013)Development of cork oak(Quercus suber L.)seedlings in response to tree shelters and mulching in northwestern Tunisia J For Res 24:193-204
Muthoni FK(2010)Modelling the spatial distribution of snake species under changing climate scenario in Spain.Master thesis Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation
Nouira S,Blanc CP,Ktari MH(1995)Biodiversitede l’herpetofaune tunisienne.I.Les ophidiens.Bull Soc Sci Nat Tunis 24:76-94
Pastorelli C,Laghi P,Melloni L(2007)Distribuzione di Coronella girondica(Daudin,1803)in Romagna(Reptilia:Squamata Colubridae).Acta Herpetologica 2:121-217
Pearson RG(2010)Species’distribution modelling for conservation educators and practitioners.Lessons in conservation.American Museum of Natural History,pp 54-89.http://ncep.amnh.org Accessed 05.09.16
Pearson RG,Dawson TP,Berry PM,Harrison PA(2002)SPECIES:a spatial evaluation of climate impact on the envelope of species Ecol Model 154:289-300
Phillips SB,Aneja VP,Kang D,Arya SP(2006)Modelling and analysis of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition in North Carolina.Int J Glob Environ 6:231-252
Pokrant F,Kindler C,Ivanov M,Cheylan M,Geniez P,Bohme WFritz U(2016)Integrative taxonomy provides evidence for the species status of the Ibero-Maghrebian grass snake Natrix astreptophora.Biol J Lin Soc 118:873-888
Posner SD(1988)Biological diversity and tropical forests in Tunisia.Washington
Rouag R,Benyacoub S(2006)Inventaire et ecologie des reptiles du Parc national d’El Kala(Algerie).Bull Soc Herpetol Fr117:25-40
Santos X,Brito JC,Caro J,Abril AJ,Lorenzo M,Sillero N,Pleguezuelos JM(2009)Habitat suitability,threats and conservation of isolated populations of the smooth snake(Coronella austriaca)in the southern Iberian Peninsula.Biol Cons142:344-352
Schleich HH,Kastle W,Kabisch K(1996)Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa.Koeltz Sci.ed.,Koenigstein
Segura C,Feriche M,Pleguezuelos JM,Santos X(2007)Specialist and generalist species in habitat use:implications for conservation assessment in snakes.J Nat Hist 41:2765-2774
Senay GB,Friedrichs M,Singh RK,Velpuri NM(2016)Evaluating Landsat 8 evapotranspiration for water use mapping in the Colorado River Basin.Remote Sens Environ.doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.043
Sillero N,Tarroso P(2010)Free GIS for herpetologists:free data sources on Internet and comparison analysis of proprietary and free/open source software.Acta Herpetol 5:63-85
Silva-Rocha I,Salvi D,Sillero N,Mateo JA,Carretero MA(2015)Snakes on the Balearic Islands:an invasion tale with implications for native biodiversity conservation.PLo S ONE10:e0121026.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121026
Soberon J,Peterson TA(2005)Interpretation of Models of Fundamental Ecological Niches and Species’Distributional Areas.Biodivers Inform 2:1-10
Sow AS,Martinez-Freiria F,Dieng H,Fahd S,Brito JC(2014)Biogeographical analysis of the Atlantic Sahara reptiles:environmental correlates of species distribution and vulnerability toclimate change.J Arid Environ 109:65-73
Stockwell D,Peters D(1999)The GARP modelling system:problems and solutions to automated spatial prediction.Int J Geogr Inf Sci13:143-158
Suarez-Seoane S,Garcia de la Morena EL,Morales Prieto MB,Osborne PE,de Juana E(2008)Maximum entropy niche-based modelling of seasonal changes in little bustard(Tetrax tetrax)distribution.Ecol Model 219:17-29
Syfert MM,Smith MJ,Coomes DA(2013)The effects of sampling bias and model complexity on the predictive performance of Max Ent species distribution models.PLo S ONE 8:e55158
Thuiller W(2003)BIOMOD-optimizing predictions of species distributions and projecting potential future shifts under global change.Glob Change Biol 9:1353-1362
Thuiller W,Munkemuller T(2010)Habitat suitability modelling.In:M?ller AP,Fiedler W,Berthold P(eds)Effects of climate change on birds.Oxford University Press,New York,pp 77-85
Thuiller W,Lafourcade B,Engler R,Araujo MB(2009)BIOMOD-a platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions.Ecography 32:369-373
USGS(2015)Landsat 8(L8)data users handbook.Earth Resources Observation and Science(EROS)Center 8,97
Veloz SD(2009)Spatially autocorrelated sampling falsely inflates measures of accuracy for presence-only niche models.J Biogeogr36:2290-2299
Wen L,Saintilan N,Yang XH,Hunter S,Mawer D(2015)MODISNDVI based metrics improve habitat suitability modelling in fragmented patchy floodplains.Remote Sens Appl Soc Environ1:85-97
Wisz MS,Hijmans RJ,Li J,Peterson AT,Graham CH,Guisan A,Elith J,Dud?k M,Ferrier S,Huettmann F,Leathwick JR,Lehmann A,Lohmann L,Loiselle BA,Manion G,Moritz C,Nakamura M,Nakazawa Y,Overton JM,Phillips SJ,Richardson KS,Scachetti-Pereira R,Schapire RE,Soberon J,Williams SEZimmermann NE(2008)Effects of sample size on the performance of species distribution models.Divers Distrib 14:763-773
Yackulic CB,Chandler R,Zipkin EF,Royle JA,Nichols JDCampbell Grant EH,Veran S(2013)Presence-only modelling using MAXENT:when can we trust the inferences?Methods Ecol Evol 4:236-243
Zaniewski E,Lehmann A,Overton JM,Mc C J(2002)Predicting species spatial distributions using presence-only data:a case study of native New Zealand ferns.Ecol Model 157:261-280