Influence of mulching and tree shelters on 4-year survival and growth of zeen oak (Quercus canariensis) seedlings
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摘要
We assessed the effect of mulching and tree shelters on the establishment and early growth of zeen oak(Quercus canariensis Willd.) during the first 4 years after planting in Northwestern Tunisia. Five mulch types(Italian Stone Pine(Pinus pinea L.), Lentisk(Pistacia lentiscus L.),and a combination of Italian Stone Pine and Lentisk(organic mulches), gravel(inorganic mulch) and control), and three tree shelter types(non-vented and vented tree shelters, and control) were tested. An increase in the number of internodes occurred under the gravel mulch, while a reduction in survival was found for the lentisk mulch. Tree shelters had no effect on survival, but increased mean height growth and reduced mean diameter growth during the 4 years(excepting a non-significant effect for vented tree shelter at year four). Comparison of the annual shoots and growth units(GU) between sheltered and unsheltered plants according to year of formation revealed two growth phases. In first phase, shoots were totally or partially inside the shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were greater for sheltered plants. The second phase was characterized by shoots emerging from shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were similar for all plants, with or without tree shelters. Results suggest that the use of tree shelters, particularly vented shelters, could contribute to the improvement of the artificial regeneration of zeen oak.The use of mulching alone or in combination with tree shelters did not improve zeen oak performance in the field.
We assessed the effect of mulching and tree shelters on the establishment and early growth of zeen oak(Quercus canariensis Willd.) during the first 4 years after planting in Northwestern Tunisia. Five mulch types(Italian Stone Pine(Pinus pinea L.), Lentisk(Pistacia lentiscus L.),and a combination of Italian Stone Pine and Lentisk(organic mulches), gravel(inorganic mulch) and control), and three tree shelter types(non-vented and vented tree shelters, and control) were tested. An increase in the number of internodes occurred under the gravel mulch, while a reduction in survival was found for the lentisk mulch. Tree shelters had no effect on survival, but increased mean height growth and reduced mean diameter growth during the 4 years(excepting a non-significant effect for vented tree shelter at year four). Comparison of the annual shoots and growth units(GU) between sheltered and unsheltered plants according to year of formation revealed two growth phases. In first phase, shoots were totally or partially inside the shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were greater for sheltered plants. The second phase was characterized by shoots emerging from shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were similar for all plants, with or without tree shelters. Results suggest that the use of tree shelters, particularly vented shelters, could contribute to the improvement of the artificial regeneration of zeen oak.The use of mulching alone or in combination with tree shelters did not improve zeen oak performance in the field.
We assessed the effect of mulching and tree shelters on the establishment and early growth of zeen oak(Quercus canariensis Willd.) during the first 4 years after planting in Northwestern Tunisia. Five mulch types(Italian Stone Pine(Pinus pinea L.), Lentisk(Pistacia lentiscus L.),and a combination of Italian Stone Pine and Lentisk(organic mulches), gravel(inorganic mulch) and control), and three tree shelter types(non-vented and vented tree shelters, and control) were tested. An increase in the number of internodes occurred under the gravel mulch, while a reduction in survival was found for the lentisk mulch. Tree shelters had no effect on survival, but increased mean height growth and reduced mean diameter growth during the 4 years(excepting a non-significant effect for vented tree shelter at year four). Comparison of the annual shoots and growth units(GU) between sheltered and unsheltered plants according to year of formation revealed two growth phases. In first phase, shoots were totally or partially inside the shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were greater for sheltered plants. The second phase was characterized by shoots emerging from shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were similar for all plants, with or without tree shelters. Results suggest that the use of tree shelters, particularly vented shelters, could contribute to the improvement of the artificial regeneration of zeen oak.The use of mulching alone or in combination with tree shelters did not improve zeen oak performance in the field.
引文
Albouchi A,Abbassi M(2000)Effet du paillage plastique noir sur la survie et la croissance de six especes forestieres plantees en brise-vent en region semi-aride.Annales de l’Institut National de Recherches en Genie Rural,Eaux et Forets 4:40-61
Applegate GB,Bragg AL(1989)Improved growth rates of red cedar(Toona australis(F.Muell.)Harms)seedlings in growtubes in North Queensland.Aust For 52:293-297
Athy ER,Keiffer CH,Stevens MH(2006)Effects of mulch on seedlings and soil on a closed landfill.Restor Ecol 14:233-241
Balandier P,Guitton JL,Rapey H(1995)Amelioration des tubes abris protegeant les jeunes arbres contre les animaux.Ingenieries EAT4:41-48
Bergez JE,Dupraz C(2000)Effect of ventilation on growth of Prunus avium seedlings grown in tree shelters.Agric For Meteorol104:199-214
Borland J(1990)Mulch:examining the facts and fallacies behind the uses and benefits of mulch.Am Nurseryman 172(4):132-143
Burger DW,Suiha P,Harris R(1992)Tree shelter use in producing container-gorwn trees.HortScience 27(1):30-32
Burger DW,Forister GW,Kiehl PA(1996)Height,caliper growth,and biomass response of ten shade tree species to tree shelters.J Arboric 22(4):161-166
Burger DW,Forister GW,Gross R(1997)Short and long-term effects of tree shelters on the root and stem growth of ornamental trees.J Arboric 23(2):49-56
Chaar H,Mechergui T,Khouaja A,Abid H(2008)Effects of tree shelters and polyethylene mulch sheets on survival and growth of cork oak(Quercus suber L.)seedlings planted in North-western Tunisia.For Ecol Manag 256:722-731
Costello LR,Peters A,Giusti GA(1996)An evaluation of tree shelter effects on plant survival and growth in a Mediterranean climate.J Arboric 22(1):1-9
Davies RJ(1988a)Sheet mulching as an aid to broadleaved tree establishment.I.The effectiveness of various synthetic sheets compared.Forestry 61(2):89-105
Davies RJ(1988b)Sheet mulching as an aid to broadleaved tree establishment.II.Comparison of various sizes of black polyethylene mulch and herbicide treated spot.Forestry61(2):107-123
Dupraz C(1997a)Les Protections de plants aeffet de serre.Premiere partie:ce qu’en pensent les arbres.Revue Forestiere Francaise XLIX 5:417-432
Dupraz C(1997b)Les protections de plants aeffet de serre.Deuxieme partie:amelioration de leur efficacitepar aeration optimisee et luminositeaccrue.Revue Forestiere Francaise XLIX 6:3-14
Dupraz C,Bergez JE(1999)Carbon dioxide limitation of the photosynthesis of Prunus avium L.seedlings inside an unventilated treeshelter.For Ecol Manag 119:89-97
Dupraz C,Guitton JL,Rapey H,Bergez JE,De Montard FX.1993.Broad-leaved tree plantations on pastures:the treeshelter issue.In:Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on windbreaks and agroforestry,Viborg,pp 106-111.http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/112275
Duryea ML,English RJ,Hermansen LA(1999)A comparison of landscape mulches:chemical,allelopathic,and decomposition properties.J Arboric 25:88-97
Fang SZ,Li HY,Xie BD(2008)Decomposition and nutrient release of four potential mulching materials for poplar plantations on upland sites.Agrofor Syst 7:27-35.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9155-0
Gleason ML,Iles JK(1998)Mulch matters:the proper use of organic mulch offers numerous benefits for your woody landscape plants.Am Nurseryman 187:24-31
Green DS,Kruger EL,Stanosz GR(2003)Effects of polyethylene mulch in a short-rotation,poplar plantation vary with weedcontrol strategies,site quality and clone.For Ecol Manag173:251-260
Greenly KM,Rakow DA(1995)The effect of wood mulch type and depth on weed and tree growth and certain soil parameters.J Arboric 21(5):225-232
Guitton JL.1994.Essais de plantations agroforestieres en Corse du sud.Revue Forestiere Francaise,(Numero special),pp 96-101.http://hdl.handle.net/2042/26621
Harmer R(1990)Relation of shoot growth phases in seedling oak to development of the tap root,lateral roots and fine root tips.New Phytol 115:23-27
Hemery GE,Savill PS(2001)The use of tree shelters application of stumping in the establishment of walnut(Juglans regia).Forestry 74(5):479-489
Jacobs DF(2011)Reforestation of a salvage-logged high-elevation clearcut:engelmann spruce seedling response to tree shelters after 11 growing seasons.West J Appl For 26:53-56
Jaffe MJ,Forbes S(1993)Thigmomorphogenesis:the effect of mechanical perturbation on plants.Plant Growth Regul12:313-324.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027213
Kazarjan VO(1969)Le vieillissement des vegetaux superieurs.Editions NAVKA,Moscou,p 194
Kerr G(1995)The use of treeshelters:1992 survey.Forestry Commission Technical Paper 11.Forestry Commission Edinburgh,Edinburgh.https://www.forestry.gov.uk/PDF/FCTP011.pdf/$FILE/FCTP011.pdf
Mariotti B,Maltoni A,Jacobs DF(2015)Tree shelters affect shoot and root system growth and structure in Quercus robur during regeneration establishment.Eur J For Res 134:641-652
Mayhead GJ,Boothman IR(1997)The effect of tree shelter height on the early growth of sessile oak(Quercus petraea(Matt.)Liebl.).Forestry 70(2):151-155
McCreary DD,Tecklin J(1997)Effects of seedling protectors and weed control on Blue Oak Growth and survival.USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-160,pp 243-249.https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr160/psw_gtr160_04b_mccreary2.pdf
McCreary D,Costello LR,Tecklin J,Jones K,Labadie D(2002)The influence of treeshelters and irrigation on shoot and root growth of three California Oak Species.USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-184.https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-184/034_McCreary.pdf
McDonald PM,Helgerson OT(1990)Mulches aid in regenerating California and Oregon forests:past,present and future.USDAForest Service General Technical Report PSW-123,p 19.https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr123/psw_gtr123.pdf
Mechergui T(2016)Regeneration artificielle du chene-liege(Quercus suber L.)et du chene-zeen(Quercus canariensis Willd.):impacts du paillage et des abris-serres sur l’installation,la croissance et le developpement architectural des plants.Tunisie:These de doctorat,Facultedes Sciences de Bizerte,Tunisie,p 154
Mechergui T,Pardos M,Hasnaoui B,Jacobs DF(2013)Development of cork oak(Quercus suber L.)seedlings in response to tree shelters and mulching in northwestern Tunisia.J For Res24(2):193-204.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0345-x
Oelbermann M,Voroney RP,Schlonvoigt AM,Kass DCL(2004)Decomposition of Erythrina poeppigiana leaves in 3-,9-,and18-year-old alleycropping systems in Costa Rica.Agrofor Syst63:27-32
Oliet JA,Jacobs DF(2007)Microclimatic conditions and plant morpho-physiological development within a tree shelter environment during establishment of Quercus ilex seedlings.Agric For Meteorol 144:58-72
Opara-Nadi OA,Lal R(1987)Influence of method of mulch application on growth and yield of tropical root crops in southeastern Nigeria.Soil Tillage Res 9:217-230
Peman J,Peguero-Pina JJ,Valladares F,Gil-Pelegr?n E(2010)Evaluation of unventilated tree shelters in the context of Mediterranean climate:insights from a study on Quercus faginea seedlings assessed with a 3D architectural plant model.Ecol Eng 36:517-526
Ponder F Jr(2003)Ten-year results of tree shelters on survival and growth of planted hardwoods.North J Appl For 20(3):104-108
Potter MJ(1988)Treeshelters improve survival and increase early growth rates.J Forest 86:39-41
Potter MJ(1991)Tree shelters.Forestry commission handbook 7.HMSO Publications,London,p 89
Rakocevic M(1997)Photomorphogenetic responses in plant species of upland grasslands in Serbia.Rev Res Work Fac Agric Belgrade 42:111-125
Santos DL,Rakocevic M,Takaki M,Ribaski J(2006)Morphological and physiological responses of Cedrela Fissilis Vellozo(Meliaceae)seedlings to light.Braz Arch Biol Technol 49(1):171-182
Seigue A(1985)La foret circummediterraneenne et ses problemes.Edition:maisonneuve et Larose.Paris V,ACCT Paris XV,p 302
Sharpe WE,Swistock BR,Mecum KA,Demchik MC(1999)Greenhouse and field growth of northern red oak seedlings inside different types of tree shelters.J Arboric 25(5):249-257
Skroch WA,Powell MA,Bilderback TE,Henry PH(1992)Mulches:durability,aesthetic value,weed control,and temperature.J Environ Hortic 10(1):43-45
Sloan JL,Jacobs DF(2016)Ontogeny influences developmental physiology of post-transplant Quercus rubra seedlings more than genotype.Ann For Sci 73(4):987-993.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0584-z
Stinson JM,Brinen GH,McConnell DB,Black RJ(1990)Evaluation of landscape mulches.In Proc Fl St Hortic Soc 103:372-377
Sun D,Dickinson G,Bragg A(1994)The establishment of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on a tropical saline site in north Queensland,Australia.Agr Ecosyst Environ 48:1-8
Thimijan RW,Heins RD(1985)Photometric,radiometric,and quantum light units of measure:a review of procedures for interconversion.HortScience 18:818-822
Timbal J(2002)Croissance comparee du Chene rouge et du Chene des marais sur un sol agricole de Chalosse(Landes).Revue Forestiere Francaise LIV 1:86-92
Tuley G(1985)The growth of young oak trees in shelters.Forestry58:181-195
Van Lerberghe Ph(2004a)Les paillis biodegradables ont-ils un avenir en plantations ligneuses?Foret-entreprise 157:20-21
Van Lerberghe Ph(2004b)Le paillage des plantations ligneuses,une alternative au desherbage chimique.Foret-entreprise 157:22-26
Van Lerberghe Ph,Balleux P(2005)La protection totale des arbres contre les degats d’animaux.I.Les Manchons Grillages en Plastique.Foret-Entreprise 161:28-36
West DH,Chappelka AH,Tilt KM,Ponder HG,Williams JD(1999)Effect of tree shelters on survival,growth,and wood quality of11 tree species commonly planted in the southern United States.J Arboric 25:69-75
Applegate GB,Bragg AL(1989)Improved growth rates of red cedar(Toona australis(F.Muell.)Harms)seedlings in growtubes in North Queensland.Aust For 52:293-297
Athy ER,Keiffer CH,Stevens MH(2006)Effects of mulch on seedlings and soil on a closed landfill.Restor Ecol 14:233-241
Balandier P,Guitton JL,Rapey H(1995)Amelioration des tubes abris protegeant les jeunes arbres contre les animaux.Ingenieries EAT4:41-48
Bergez JE,Dupraz C(2000)Effect of ventilation on growth of Prunus avium seedlings grown in tree shelters.Agric For Meteorol104:199-214
Borland J(1990)Mulch:examining the facts and fallacies behind the uses and benefits of mulch.Am Nurseryman 172(4):132-143
Burger DW,Suiha P,Harris R(1992)Tree shelter use in producing container-gorwn trees.HortScience 27(1):30-32
Burger DW,Forister GW,Kiehl PA(1996)Height,caliper growth,and biomass response of ten shade tree species to tree shelters.J Arboric 22(4):161-166
Burger DW,Forister GW,Gross R(1997)Short and long-term effects of tree shelters on the root and stem growth of ornamental trees.J Arboric 23(2):49-56
Chaar H,Mechergui T,Khouaja A,Abid H(2008)Effects of tree shelters and polyethylene mulch sheets on survival and growth of cork oak(Quercus suber L.)seedlings planted in North-western Tunisia.For Ecol Manag 256:722-731
Costello LR,Peters A,Giusti GA(1996)An evaluation of tree shelter effects on plant survival and growth in a Mediterranean climate.J Arboric 22(1):1-9
Davies RJ(1988a)Sheet mulching as an aid to broadleaved tree establishment.I.The effectiveness of various synthetic sheets compared.Forestry 61(2):89-105
Davies RJ(1988b)Sheet mulching as an aid to broadleaved tree establishment.II.Comparison of various sizes of black polyethylene mulch and herbicide treated spot.Forestry61(2):107-123
Dupraz C(1997a)Les Protections de plants aeffet de serre.Premiere partie:ce qu’en pensent les arbres.Revue Forestiere Francaise XLIX 5:417-432
Dupraz C(1997b)Les protections de plants aeffet de serre.Deuxieme partie:amelioration de leur efficacitepar aeration optimisee et luminositeaccrue.Revue Forestiere Francaise XLIX 6:3-14
Dupraz C,Bergez JE(1999)Carbon dioxide limitation of the photosynthesis of Prunus avium L.seedlings inside an unventilated treeshelter.For Ecol Manag 119:89-97
Dupraz C,Guitton JL,Rapey H,Bergez JE,De Montard FX.1993.Broad-leaved tree plantations on pastures:the treeshelter issue.In:Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on windbreaks and agroforestry,Viborg,pp 106-111.http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/112275
Duryea ML,English RJ,Hermansen LA(1999)A comparison of landscape mulches:chemical,allelopathic,and decomposition properties.J Arboric 25:88-97
Fang SZ,Li HY,Xie BD(2008)Decomposition and nutrient release of four potential mulching materials for poplar plantations on upland sites.Agrofor Syst 7:27-35.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9155-0
Gleason ML,Iles JK(1998)Mulch matters:the proper use of organic mulch offers numerous benefits for your woody landscape plants.Am Nurseryman 187:24-31
Green DS,Kruger EL,Stanosz GR(2003)Effects of polyethylene mulch in a short-rotation,poplar plantation vary with weedcontrol strategies,site quality and clone.For Ecol Manag173:251-260
Greenly KM,Rakow DA(1995)The effect of wood mulch type and depth on weed and tree growth and certain soil parameters.J Arboric 21(5):225-232
Guitton JL.1994.Essais de plantations agroforestieres en Corse du sud.Revue Forestiere Francaise,(Numero special),pp 96-101.http://hdl.handle.net/2042/26621
Harmer R(1990)Relation of shoot growth phases in seedling oak to development of the tap root,lateral roots and fine root tips.New Phytol 115:23-27
Hemery GE,Savill PS(2001)The use of tree shelters application of stumping in the establishment of walnut(Juglans regia).Forestry 74(5):479-489
Jacobs DF(2011)Reforestation of a salvage-logged high-elevation clearcut:engelmann spruce seedling response to tree shelters after 11 growing seasons.West J Appl For 26:53-56
Jaffe MJ,Forbes S(1993)Thigmomorphogenesis:the effect of mechanical perturbation on plants.Plant Growth Regul12:313-324.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027213
Kazarjan VO(1969)Le vieillissement des vegetaux superieurs.Editions NAVKA,Moscou,p 194
Kerr G(1995)The use of treeshelters:1992 survey.Forestry Commission Technical Paper 11.Forestry Commission Edinburgh,Edinburgh.https://www.forestry.gov.uk/PDF/FCTP011.pdf/$FILE/FCTP011.pdf
Mariotti B,Maltoni A,Jacobs DF(2015)Tree shelters affect shoot and root system growth and structure in Quercus robur during regeneration establishment.Eur J For Res 134:641-652
Mayhead GJ,Boothman IR(1997)The effect of tree shelter height on the early growth of sessile oak(Quercus petraea(Matt.)Liebl.).Forestry 70(2):151-155
McCreary DD,Tecklin J(1997)Effects of seedling protectors and weed control on Blue Oak Growth and survival.USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-160,pp 243-249.https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr160/psw_gtr160_04b_mccreary2.pdf
McCreary D,Costello LR,Tecklin J,Jones K,Labadie D(2002)The influence of treeshelters and irrigation on shoot and root growth of three California Oak Species.USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-184.https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-184/034_McCreary.pdf
McDonald PM,Helgerson OT(1990)Mulches aid in regenerating California and Oregon forests:past,present and future.USDAForest Service General Technical Report PSW-123,p 19.https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr123/psw_gtr123.pdf
Mechergui T(2016)Regeneration artificielle du chene-liege(Quercus suber L.)et du chene-zeen(Quercus canariensis Willd.):impacts du paillage et des abris-serres sur l’installation,la croissance et le developpement architectural des plants.Tunisie:These de doctorat,Facultedes Sciences de Bizerte,Tunisie,p 154
Mechergui T,Pardos M,Hasnaoui B,Jacobs DF(2013)Development of cork oak(Quercus suber L.)seedlings in response to tree shelters and mulching in northwestern Tunisia.J For Res24(2):193-204.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0345-x
Oelbermann M,Voroney RP,Schlonvoigt AM,Kass DCL(2004)Decomposition of Erythrina poeppigiana leaves in 3-,9-,and18-year-old alleycropping systems in Costa Rica.Agrofor Syst63:27-32
Oliet JA,Jacobs DF(2007)Microclimatic conditions and plant morpho-physiological development within a tree shelter environment during establishment of Quercus ilex seedlings.Agric For Meteorol 144:58-72
Opara-Nadi OA,Lal R(1987)Influence of method of mulch application on growth and yield of tropical root crops in southeastern Nigeria.Soil Tillage Res 9:217-230
Peman J,Peguero-Pina JJ,Valladares F,Gil-Pelegr?n E(2010)Evaluation of unventilated tree shelters in the context of Mediterranean climate:insights from a study on Quercus faginea seedlings assessed with a 3D architectural plant model.Ecol Eng 36:517-526
Ponder F Jr(2003)Ten-year results of tree shelters on survival and growth of planted hardwoods.North J Appl For 20(3):104-108
Potter MJ(1988)Treeshelters improve survival and increase early growth rates.J Forest 86:39-41
Potter MJ(1991)Tree shelters.Forestry commission handbook 7.HMSO Publications,London,p 89
Rakocevic M(1997)Photomorphogenetic responses in plant species of upland grasslands in Serbia.Rev Res Work Fac Agric Belgrade 42:111-125
Santos DL,Rakocevic M,Takaki M,Ribaski J(2006)Morphological and physiological responses of Cedrela Fissilis Vellozo(Meliaceae)seedlings to light.Braz Arch Biol Technol 49(1):171-182
Seigue A(1985)La foret circummediterraneenne et ses problemes.Edition:maisonneuve et Larose.Paris V,ACCT Paris XV,p 302
Sharpe WE,Swistock BR,Mecum KA,Demchik MC(1999)Greenhouse and field growth of northern red oak seedlings inside different types of tree shelters.J Arboric 25(5):249-257
Skroch WA,Powell MA,Bilderback TE,Henry PH(1992)Mulches:durability,aesthetic value,weed control,and temperature.J Environ Hortic 10(1):43-45
Sloan JL,Jacobs DF(2016)Ontogeny influences developmental physiology of post-transplant Quercus rubra seedlings more than genotype.Ann For Sci 73(4):987-993.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0584-z
Stinson JM,Brinen GH,McConnell DB,Black RJ(1990)Evaluation of landscape mulches.In Proc Fl St Hortic Soc 103:372-377
Sun D,Dickinson G,Bragg A(1994)The establishment of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on a tropical saline site in north Queensland,Australia.Agr Ecosyst Environ 48:1-8
Thimijan RW,Heins RD(1985)Photometric,radiometric,and quantum light units of measure:a review of procedures for interconversion.HortScience 18:818-822
Timbal J(2002)Croissance comparee du Chene rouge et du Chene des marais sur un sol agricole de Chalosse(Landes).Revue Forestiere Francaise LIV 1:86-92
Tuley G(1985)The growth of young oak trees in shelters.Forestry58:181-195
Van Lerberghe Ph(2004a)Les paillis biodegradables ont-ils un avenir en plantations ligneuses?Foret-entreprise 157:20-21
Van Lerberghe Ph(2004b)Le paillage des plantations ligneuses,une alternative au desherbage chimique.Foret-entreprise 157:22-26
Van Lerberghe Ph,Balleux P(2005)La protection totale des arbres contre les degats d’animaux.I.Les Manchons Grillages en Plastique.Foret-Entreprise 161:28-36
West DH,Chappelka AH,Tilt KM,Ponder HG,Williams JD(1999)Effect of tree shelters on survival,growth,and wood quality of11 tree species commonly planted in the southern United States.J Arboric 25:69-75