清代晚期中国城市用地规模重建与城市体系特征
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摘要
定量重建近百年来中国城市用地规模数据集是历史LUCC的重要内容,基于新挖掘的晚清和民国时期利用现代测绘技术完成的军事地形图资料,格网化重建和测度了中国传统农区17个省区1910s城市用地规模和城市体系特征。研究结果表明,研究范围内县级以上城市用地规模总和为1812. 149km~2,平均值为1.215km~2,变异系数为2. 338。城市用地规模最大的直隶为236. 054km~2,最小的广西为43. 003km~2。全部1022个格网中共计745个有城市用地,其中最大值为65. 236km~2、最小值为0. 068km~2。城市规模分布呈现北部高、南部低,东部高、西部低的特点,无城市分布的格网主要集中在川西和云南西部。总体的城市体系分形维数q=0. 729,R~2=0. 882,具有较好的分形结构特征。热点分析显示,共有6个城市聚集区超过了90%置信度水平,其中三个一级聚集区为京津地区、直隶南部和鲁豫交界区、苏浙皖地区;三个二级集聚区为关中平原、成都平原和珠江三角洲地区。聚类分析结果显示,全部省区的城市体系可以分为三类:广西、山东、湖北、福建、湖南、江西、云南、安徽、浙江、山西为第一类,河南、四川、陕西、广东、贵州为第二类,直隶和江苏为第三类。
Quantitative reconstruction of urban land-use datasets in recent 100 years is an important part of the historical LUCC. Based on the newly discovered military topographic maps completed during the late Qing and the Republic of China,by using modern survey and mapping techniques,grid reconstruction and measurement of1910 s urban land use and urban system characteristics in 17 provinces of China 's traditional agricultural regions were conducted. The results of the study indicate that the total urban land in the study area was 1812. 149 km~2,with an average value of 1. 215 km~2 and a coefficient of variation of 2. 338. The largest urban land was 236. 054 km~2 for Zhili,and the smallest was 43. 003 km~2 for Guangxi. Among all 1022 grids,745 were urban lands,of which the maximum was 65. 236 km~2 and the minimum was 0. 068 km~2. The distribution of cities showed the characteristics of high in the north,low in the south,high in the east and low in the west. The grids without cities were mainly concentrated in western Sichuan and western Yunnan. The overall urban system fractal dimension q = 0. 729,R~2= 0.882,had a good fractal structure characteristics. The hotspot analysis showed that 6 urban agglomerations exceeded the 90% of confidence test. Among them,three primary agglomeration areas were the Beijing-Tianjin area,the southern area of Zhili and the Shandong-Henan area,and the Jiangsu,Zhejiang,and Anhui areas. The three secondary agglomeration areas were the Guanzhong Plain,the Chengdu Plain,and the Pearl River Delta. The cluster analysis results shoed that the urban systems of all provinces and regions could be divided into three categories:Guangxi,Shandong,Hubei,Fujian,Hunan,Jiangxi,Yunnan,Anhui,Zhejiang,and Shanxi belonged the first category,Henan,Sichuan,Shaanxi,Guangdong,and Guizhou belonged the second category,Zhili and Jiangsu were the third category.
Quantitative reconstruction of urban land-use datasets in recent 100 years is an important part of the historical LUCC. Based on the newly discovered military topographic maps completed during the late Qing and the Republic of China,by using modern survey and mapping techniques,grid reconstruction and measurement of1910 s urban land use and urban system characteristics in 17 provinces of China 's traditional agricultural regions were conducted. The results of the study indicate that the total urban land in the study area was 1812. 149 km~2,with an average value of 1. 215 km~2 and a coefficient of variation of 2. 338. The largest urban land was 236. 054 km~2 for Zhili,and the smallest was 43. 003 km~2 for Guangxi. Among all 1022 grids,745 were urban lands,of which the maximum was 65. 236 km~2 and the minimum was 0. 068 km~2. The distribution of cities showed the characteristics of high in the north,low in the south,high in the east and low in the west. The grids without cities were mainly concentrated in western Sichuan and western Yunnan. The overall urban system fractal dimension q = 0. 729,R~2= 0.882,had a good fractal structure characteristics. The hotspot analysis showed that 6 urban agglomerations exceeded the 90% of confidence test. Among them,three primary agglomeration areas were the Beijing-Tianjin area,the southern area of Zhili and the Shandong-Henan area,and the Jiangsu,Zhejiang,and Anhui areas. The three secondary agglomeration areas were the Guanzhong Plain,the Chengdu Plain,and the Pearl River Delta. The cluster analysis results shoed that the urban systems of all provinces and regions could be divided into three categories:Guangxi,Shandong,Hubei,Fujian,Hunan,Jiangxi,Yunnan,Anhui,Zhejiang,and Shanxi belonged the first category,Henan,Sichuan,Shaanxi,Guangdong,and Guizhou belonged the second category,Zhili and Jiangsu were the third category.
引文
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[21]江伟涛.基于地形图资料与GIS的民国江南城市人口估算[J].中国经济史研究,2015(4):39-56.
[22]许金生.盗测中国-近代日本在华秘密测量史概述[J].抗日战争研究,2012(1):45-52.
[23]潘威,满志敏.大河三角洲历史河网密度格网化重建方法-以上海市青浦区1918-1978年为研究范围[J].中国历史地理论丛,2010(2):5-14.
[24]陈黎,王远珩.建国前军用地形图整理概况[J].湖北档案,1999(4):31-32.
[25]林珊珊,郑景云,何凡能.中国传统农区历史耕地数据网格化方法[J].地理学报,2008,63(1):83-92.
[26]何凡能,李士成,张学珍,等.中国传统农区过去300年耕地重建结果的对比分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(6):1190-1200.
[27]张昊雁,张玉坤,解丹.基于分形理论的清代长城外侧城镇格局研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(3):61-67.
[28]陈彦光,刘继生.城市规模分布的分形和分维[J].人文地理,1999,14(2):48-53.
[29]傅建春,李钢,赵华.基于分形理论的徐州市城镇体系规模结构及空间分布研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(10):25-30.
[30]许学强,周一星,宁越敏.城市地理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009:1-282.
[2]万智巍,蒋梅鑫."李约瑟难题"的地理学解释[J].农业考古,2016(1):46-51.
[3]巴雅尔,敖登高娃,马安青,等.历史时期内蒙古LUCC时空过程及其驱动机制[J].人文地理,2005,20(5):122-127.
[4]Houghton R A,Hackler J L,Daniels R C. Continental Scale Estimates of the Biotic Carbon Flux from Land Cover Change:1850-1980[R]. Tennessee:Oak Ridge National Laboratory,1995:1-63.
[5]Turner B L. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action:Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990:1-324.
[6]Goldewijk K,Beusen A,Drecht G,et al. The HYDE 3. 1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years[J]. Global Ecology and Biogeography,2011,20(1):73-86.
[7]葛全胜,戴君虎,何凡能,等.过去300年中国部分省区耕地资源数量变化及驱动因素分析[J].自然科学进展,2003,13(8):825-832.
[8]Zhang X L,Xiong Z,Zhang X Z,et al. Simulation of the climatic effects of land use/land cover changes in Eastern China using multi-model ensembles[J]. Global&Planetary Change,2017,154:1-9.
[9]李士成,张镱锂,何凡能.过去百年青海和西藏耕地空间格局重建及其时空变化[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(2):197-206.
[10]叶瑜,方修琦,戴玉娟,等.东北3省民国时期耕地数据的同化与垦殖率重建[J].自然科学进展,2006,16(11):1419-1427.
[11]魏希文,缪丽娟,江源,等.基于分层分区法的中国历史耕地数据的网格化重建[J].地理学报,2016,71(7):1144-1156.
[12]He F N,Li S C,Zhang X Z. A spatially explicit reconstruction of forest cover in China over 1700-2000[J]. Global&Planetary Change,2015,131(131):73-81.
[13]李士成,何凡能,张学珍.中国历史时期森林空间格局网格化重建方法研究-以东北地区为例[J].地理学报,2014,69(3):312-322.
[14]叶瑜,方修琦,张学珍,等.过去300年东北地区林地和草地覆盖变化[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(5):137-144.
[15]潘倩,金晓斌,周寅康.清代中期江苏省土地利用格局网格化重建[J].地理学报,2016,70(9):1449-1462.
[16]Liu M,Tian H. China's land cover and land use change from 1700 to 2005:Estimations from high-resolution satellite data and historical archives[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2010,24(3). 1-18.
[17]韩昭庆,冉有华,刘俊秀,等. 1930s-2000年广西地区石漠化分布的变迁[J].地理学报,2016,71(3):390-399.
[18]林忆南,金晓斌,杨绪红,等.清代中期建设用地数据恢复与空间网格化重建:方法与实证[J].地理研究,2015,34(12):2329-2342.
[19]万智巍,贾玉连,蒋梅鑫,等.民国时期江西省城市用地与城市化水平[J].地理学报,2018,73(3):550-561.
[20]何凡能,葛全胜,郑景云.中国清代城镇用地面积估算及其比较[J].地理学报,2002,57(6):709-716.
[21]江伟涛.基于地形图资料与GIS的民国江南城市人口估算[J].中国经济史研究,2015(4):39-56.
[22]许金生.盗测中国-近代日本在华秘密测量史概述[J].抗日战争研究,2012(1):45-52.
[23]潘威,满志敏.大河三角洲历史河网密度格网化重建方法-以上海市青浦区1918-1978年为研究范围[J].中国历史地理论丛,2010(2):5-14.
[24]陈黎,王远珩.建国前军用地形图整理概况[J].湖北档案,1999(4):31-32.
[25]林珊珊,郑景云,何凡能.中国传统农区历史耕地数据网格化方法[J].地理学报,2008,63(1):83-92.
[26]何凡能,李士成,张学珍,等.中国传统农区过去300年耕地重建结果的对比分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(6):1190-1200.
[27]张昊雁,张玉坤,解丹.基于分形理论的清代长城外侧城镇格局研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(3):61-67.
[28]陈彦光,刘继生.城市规模分布的分形和分维[J].人文地理,1999,14(2):48-53.
[29]傅建春,李钢,赵华.基于分形理论的徐州市城镇体系规模结构及空间分布研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(10):25-30.
[30]许学强,周一星,宁越敏.城市地理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009:1-282.