微电网经济运行的分布式二次电压–频率恢复控制
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摘要
由于传统下垂控制的特点,微电网中分布式能源的输出电压和频率易受负荷变化的影响.为此,本文提出了分布式二次电压–频率恢复控制算法,在二次控制层实现电压–频率恢复与同步的同时,提高微电网系统运行的经济性,并减少由于运行时间尺度不一致造成的供需不匹配.此外,本文提出的控制算法能实现孤岛模式向并网模式转变的无缝切换,能有效应对通讯故障,在极端情况下系统仍能保持稳定.最后,本文对所提出的算法进行了稳定性证明,并利用仿真和实验验证该算法的有效性和可靠性.
Because of the inherent characteristics of the traditional droop control, the output voltage and frequency of the distributed energy in the AC microgrid are easily affected by the load. To addressed this issue, in this paper, we propose a distributed secondary voltage-frequency recovery control algorithm, which are used to maintain the voltage and the frequency at nominal values and minimize the total generation cost. Using the proposed algorithm, the economy of the system can be greatly improved, and the mismatch between the supply and the demand caused by the inconsistent running time scale is reduced. In addition, the presented algorithm successfully realizes a seamless handover from the islanded mode to the grid-connected mode, effectively deals with the communication failure, and maintain the stability of the system in extreme cases. The stability of the proposed control algorithm is analyzed and proved. Finally, simulations and experiments show the validity and the reliability of the proposed algorithm.
Because of the inherent characteristics of the traditional droop control, the output voltage and frequency of the distributed energy in the AC microgrid are easily affected by the load. To addressed this issue, in this paper, we propose a distributed secondary voltage-frequency recovery control algorithm, which are used to maintain the voltage and the frequency at nominal values and minimize the total generation cost. Using the proposed algorithm, the economy of the system can be greatly improved, and the mismatch between the supply and the demand caused by the inconsistent running time scale is reduced. In addition, the presented algorithm successfully realizes a seamless handover from the islanded mode to the grid-connected mode, effectively deals with the communication failure, and maintain the stability of the system in extreme cases. The stability of the proposed control algorithm is analyzed and proved. Finally, simulations and experiments show the validity and the reliability of the proposed algorithm.
引文
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[14]HONG Yiguang,ZHANG Yanqiong.Distributed optimization:algorithm design and convergence analysis.Control Theory&Applications,2014,31(7):850-857.(洪奕光,张艳琼.分布式优化:算法设计和收敛性分析.控制理论与应用,2014,31(7):850-857.)
[15]CHEN Haoyong,WANG Yongchao,XUAN Peizheng,et al.Robust economic dispatch method of microgrid containing high proportion of wind power.Control Theory&Applications,2017,34(8):1104-1111.(陈皓勇,王勇超,禤培正,等.含高渗透率风电的微网系统鲁棒经济调度方法.控制理论与应用,2017,34(8):1104-1111.)
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[18]ZHANG Zeyu,ZHANG Xiaoshun,YU Tao.Collaborative consensus algorithm for automatic generation control in an islanded smart distribution grid.Control Theory&Applications,2016,5(33):599-607.(张泽宇,张孝顺,余涛.孤岛智能配电网下的快速自动发电控制机组一致性协同控制算法.控制理论与应用,2016,5(33):599-607.)
[19]LI C,VASQUEZ J C,GUERRERO J M.Convergence analysis of distributed control for operation cost minimization of droop controlled DC microgrid based on multiagent.Proceedings of the 31st Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.California:IEEE,2016:3459-3464.
[20]WANG Z,WU W,ZHANG B.Fully distributed power dispatch method for fast frequency recovery and minimal generation cost in autonomous microgrids.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(1):19-31.
[21]CHEN G,LEWIS F L,NING F,et al.Distributed optimal active power control of multiple generation systems.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2015,62(11):7079-7090.
[22]YANG Z,XIANG J,LI Y.Distributed consensus based supplydemand balance algorithm for economic dispatch problem in a smart grid with switching graph.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2017,64(2):1600-1610.
[23]XIE Lingling,SHI Bin,HUA Guoyu,et al.Parallel operation technology of distributed generations based on improved droop control.Power System Technology,2013,37(4):992-998.(谢玲玲,时斌,华国玉,等.基于改进下垂控制的分布式电源并联运行技术.电网技术,2013,37(4):992-998.)
[24]WANG Zhaojian,CHEN Laijun,LIU Feng,et al.Distributed frequency control of multi-microgrid with regulation capacity constraints of controllable loads.Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(15):46-53.(王召健,陈来军,刘锋,等.考虑可控负荷调节能力的多微电网分布式频率控制.电力系统自动化,2016,40(15):46-53.)
[25]YANG Jian,YUAN Wenbin,NIE Yuwen,et al.The design of delay stability in DC microgrids with distributed control.Control Theory&Applications,2017,34(8):1074-1083.(杨建,原文宾,聂雨雯,等.直流微电网分布式控制的时滞稳定化.控制理论与应用,2017,34(8):1074-1083.)
[26]XI Yugeng,LI Xiaoli.Hierarchical structure design for multi-agent consensus.Control Theory&Applications,2015,32(9):1191-1199.(席裕庚,李晓丽.多智能体系统一致性的递阶结构设计.控制理论与应用,2015,32(9):1191-1199.)
[27]LI N,ZHAO C,CHEN L,et al.Connecting automatic generation control and economic dispatch from an optimization view.IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems,2016,3(3):254-264.
[28]DEHKORDI N M,SADATI N,HAMZEH M.Fully distributed cooperative secondary frequency and voltage control of islanded microgrids.IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2017,32(2):675-685.
[2]MOHAMED Y,RADWAN A.Hierarchical control system for robust microgrid operation and seamless mode transfer in active distribution systems.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2011,2(2):352-362.
[3]LIU Jizhen,WANG Wei,HU Yang,et al.Control and optimization of alternate electrical power system with renewable energy sources.Control Theory&Applications,2016,33(12):1555-1561.(刘吉臻,王玮,胡阳,等.新能源电力系统控制与优化.控制理论与应用,2016,33(12):1555-1561.)
[4]SUN Y,ZHONG C,HOU X,et al.Distributed cooperative synchronization strategy for multi-bus microgrids.Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2017,86:18-28.
[5]PALIZBAN O,KAOHANIEMI K.Hierarchical control structure in microgrids with distributed generation:Island and grid-connected mode.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,44:797-813.
[6]PILLONI A,PISANO A,USAI E.Robust finite-time frequency and voltage restoration of inverter-based microgrids via sliding-mode cooperative control.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2018,65(1):907-917.
[7]GUERRERO J M,VASQUEZ J C,MATAS J,et al.Hierarchical control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids:A general approach toward standardization.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2011,58(1):158-172.
[8]VANDOORN T L,VASQUEZ J C,KOONING J D,et al.Microgrids:hierarchical control and an overview of the control and reserve management strategies.IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine,2013,7(4):42-55.
[9]BOUZID A M,GUERRERO J M,CHERITI A,et al.A survey on control of electric power distributed generation systems for microgrid applications.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,44:751-766.
[10]SUN Xiaofeng,HAO Yancong,ZHAO Wei,et al.Research of power sharing and voltage restoration without communication for islanded microgrid.Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,1(31):55-61.(孙孝峰,郝彦丛,赵巍,等.孤岛微电网无通信功率均分和电压恢复研究.电工技术学报,2016,1(31):55-61.)
[11]FENG Jianzhou,WANG Xiaohuan,ZHANG Chunjiang,et al.Active synchronization control of inverter based on frequency recovery control.Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy,2016,35(6):7-12.(冯建周,王晓寰,张纯江,等.基于频率恢复控制的逆变器主动同步策略研究.电工电能新技术,2016,35(6):7-12.)
[12]BIDRAM A,DAVOUDI A,LEWIS F L,et al.Distributed cooperative secondary control of microgrids using feedback linearization.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):3462-3470.
[13]GUO F,WEN C,MAO J,et al.Distributed secondary voltage and frequency restoration control of droop-controlled inverter-based microgrids.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2015,62(7):4355-4364.
[14]HONG Yiguang,ZHANG Yanqiong.Distributed optimization:algorithm design and convergence analysis.Control Theory&Applications,2014,31(7):850-857.(洪奕光,张艳琼.分布式优化:算法设计和收敛性分析.控制理论与应用,2014,31(7):850-857.)
[15]CHEN Haoyong,WANG Yongchao,XUAN Peizheng,et al.Robust economic dispatch method of microgrid containing high proportion of wind power.Control Theory&Applications,2017,34(8):1104-1111.(陈皓勇,王勇超,禤培正,等.含高渗透率风电的微网系统鲁棒经济调度方法.控制理论与应用,2017,34(8):1104-1111.)
[16]HAN H,LI L,WANG L,et al.A novel decentralized economic operation in islanded AC microgrids.Energies,2017,10:804;doi:10.3390/en10060804.
[17]YANG Jiahao.Consensus algorithm based real-time collaborative power dispatch for island multi-microgrid.Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,5(41):8-15.(杨家豪.基于一致性算法的孤岛型微电网群实时协同功率分配.电力系统自动化,2017,5(41):8-15.)
[18]ZHANG Zeyu,ZHANG Xiaoshun,YU Tao.Collaborative consensus algorithm for automatic generation control in an islanded smart distribution grid.Control Theory&Applications,2016,5(33):599-607.(张泽宇,张孝顺,余涛.孤岛智能配电网下的快速自动发电控制机组一致性协同控制算法.控制理论与应用,2016,5(33):599-607.)
[19]LI C,VASQUEZ J C,GUERRERO J M.Convergence analysis of distributed control for operation cost minimization of droop controlled DC microgrid based on multiagent.Proceedings of the 31st Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.California:IEEE,2016:3459-3464.
[20]WANG Z,WU W,ZHANG B.Fully distributed power dispatch method for fast frequency recovery and minimal generation cost in autonomous microgrids.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(1):19-31.
[21]CHEN G,LEWIS F L,NING F,et al.Distributed optimal active power control of multiple generation systems.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2015,62(11):7079-7090.
[22]YANG Z,XIANG J,LI Y.Distributed consensus based supplydemand balance algorithm for economic dispatch problem in a smart grid with switching graph.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2017,64(2):1600-1610.
[23]XIE Lingling,SHI Bin,HUA Guoyu,et al.Parallel operation technology of distributed generations based on improved droop control.Power System Technology,2013,37(4):992-998.(谢玲玲,时斌,华国玉,等.基于改进下垂控制的分布式电源并联运行技术.电网技术,2013,37(4):992-998.)
[24]WANG Zhaojian,CHEN Laijun,LIU Feng,et al.Distributed frequency control of multi-microgrid with regulation capacity constraints of controllable loads.Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(15):46-53.(王召健,陈来军,刘锋,等.考虑可控负荷调节能力的多微电网分布式频率控制.电力系统自动化,2016,40(15):46-53.)
[25]YANG Jian,YUAN Wenbin,NIE Yuwen,et al.The design of delay stability in DC microgrids with distributed control.Control Theory&Applications,2017,34(8):1074-1083.(杨建,原文宾,聂雨雯,等.直流微电网分布式控制的时滞稳定化.控制理论与应用,2017,34(8):1074-1083.)
[26]XI Yugeng,LI Xiaoli.Hierarchical structure design for multi-agent consensus.Control Theory&Applications,2015,32(9):1191-1199.(席裕庚,李晓丽.多智能体系统一致性的递阶结构设计.控制理论与应用,2015,32(9):1191-1199.)
[27]LI N,ZHAO C,CHEN L,et al.Connecting automatic generation control and economic dispatch from an optimization view.IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems,2016,3(3):254-264.
[28]DEHKORDI N M,SADATI N,HAMZEH M.Fully distributed cooperative secondary frequency and voltage control of islanded microgrids.IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2017,32(2):675-685.