Potential groundwater recharge zones within New Zealand
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摘要
Water resources in New Zealand are not evenly distributed across the country which makes it difficult to adequately allocate the use of water resources in every basin. Groundwater is a fundamental water resource in New Zealand for agricultural, industrial and domestic use. Detailed knowledge regarding groundwater recharge potential is a pre-requisite for sustainable groundwater management, including the assessment of its vulnerability to contamination by pollutants. In this study, a comprehensive GIS approach was used to map the potential groundwater recharge zones across New Zealand. National data sets of lithology, slope, aspect, land use, soil drainage and drainage density were converted to raster data sets with a spatial resolution of 500 m x 500 m and superimposed to derive groundwater potential zones. The resultant maps demonstrate that the potential is low in urban and mountainous areas, such as the Southern Alps, whereas the highest potential can be found in regions with large lakes and in the lower elevation plains areas, where Quaternary sediments prevail. The resulting maps can be used to identify areas of high nutrient leaching in zones where high groundwater recharge potential exists.
Water resources in New Zealand are not evenly distributed across the country which makes it difficult to adequately allocate the use of water resources in every basin. Groundwater is a fundamental water resource in New Zealand for agricultural, industrial and domestic use. Detailed knowledge regarding groundwater recharge potential is a pre-requisite for sustainable groundwater management, including the assessment of its vulnerability to contamination by pollutants. In this study, a comprehensive GIS approach was used to map the potential groundwater recharge zones across New Zealand. National data sets of lithology, slope, aspect, land use, soil drainage and drainage density were converted to raster data sets with a spatial resolution of 500 m x 500 m and superimposed to derive groundwater potential zones. The resultant maps demonstrate that the potential is low in urban and mountainous areas, such as the Southern Alps, whereas the highest potential can be found in regions with large lakes and in the lower elevation plains areas, where Quaternary sediments prevail. The resulting maps can be used to identify areas of high nutrient leaching in zones where high groundwater recharge potential exists.
Water resources in New Zealand are not evenly distributed across the country which makes it difficult to adequately allocate the use of water resources in every basin. Groundwater is a fundamental water resource in New Zealand for agricultural, industrial and domestic use. Detailed knowledge regarding groundwater recharge potential is a pre-requisite for sustainable groundwater management, including the assessment of its vulnerability to contamination by pollutants. In this study, a comprehensive GIS approach was used to map the potential groundwater recharge zones across New Zealand. National data sets of lithology, slope, aspect, land use, soil drainage and drainage density were converted to raster data sets with a spatial resolution of 500 m x 500 m and superimposed to derive groundwater potential zones. The resultant maps demonstrate that the potential is low in urban and mountainous areas, such as the Southern Alps, whereas the highest potential can be found in regions with large lakes and in the lower elevation plains areas, where Quaternary sediments prevail. The resulting maps can be used to identify areas of high nutrient leaching in zones where high groundwater recharge potential exists.
引文
Abdalla. F., 2012. Mapping of groundwater prospective zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques:a case study from the Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 70, 8-17.
Chenini, I., Mammou, A.B., El May, M., 2010. Groundwater recharge zone mapping using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis:a case study in Central Tunisia(Maknassy Basin). Water Resources Management 24(5), 921-939.
Freeze, R.A., Cherry, J.A., 1979. Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jerssy, p. 604.
GNS, 2004. Geological Map of New Zealand. 1:2000,000. GNS scince, Wellington.New Zealand.
Hammouri, N., El-Naqa, A., Barakat, M., 2012. An integrated approach to groundwater exploration using remote sensing and geographic information system.Journal of Water Resource and Protection 4, 717-724. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2012.49081.
Hewitt. A.E., 1993. Methods and rationale of the New Zealand soil classification,Landcare Research Science Series 71.
Jaiswal, R., Mukherjee, S., Krishnamurthy, J., Saxena, R.. 2003. Role of remote sensing and GIS techniques for generation of groundwater prospect zones towards rural development-an approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24(5), 993-1008.
Kaliraj, S., Chandrasekar, N., Magesh, N., 2014. Identification of potential groundwater recharge zones in Vaigai upper basin, Tamil Nadu, using GIS-based analytical hierarchical process(AHP)technique. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7(4), 1385-1401.
Krishnamurthy, J., Venkatesa Kumar, N., Jayaraman, V., Manivel, M., 1996. An approach to demarcate ground water potential zones through remote sensing and a geographical information system. International Journal of Remote Sensing17(10), 1867-1884.
Landcare Research, 2016. Soilsmapviewer. https://soils-maps.landcareresearch.co.nz/?layername=fsl_nzsc&idcolumn=nzsc_group&idvalue=GU&mapfile=fsl&srs=EPSG:2193&mode=normal.
Magesh, N., Chandrasekar, N., Soundranayagam, J.P., 2012. Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing, GIS and MIF techniques. Geoscience Frontiers 3(2), 189-196.
Moreau, M., Bekele, M., 2015. Groundwater Component of the Water Physical Stock Account(WPSA). GNS Science Consultancy Report 2014/290, p. 35.
Nathan, R., McMahon, T., 1990. Evaluation of automated techniques for base flow and recession analyses. Water Resources Research 26(7), 1465-1473.
Newsome, P.F.J., Wilde, R.H., Willoughby, E.J., 2000. Land Resource Information System Spatial Data Layers. Landcare Research Technical Report No, p. 84.
Patil. S.G., Mohite, N.M., 2014. Identification of groundwater recharge potential zones for a watershed using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences 4(3), 485.
Prasad, R., Mondal, N., Banerjee, P., Nandakumar, M., Singh, V., 2008. Deciphering potential groundwater zone in hard rock through the application of CIS.Environmental Geology 55(3), 467-475.
Saraf, A., et al., 2004. GIS based surface hydrological modelling in identification of groundwater recharge zones. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25(24),5759-5770.
Senanayake, I., Dissanayake, D., Mayadunna, B., Weerasekera, W., 2016. An approach to delineate groundwater recharge potential sites in Ambalantota, Sri Lanka using GIS techniques. Geoscience Frontiers 7(1), 115-124.
Sener, E., Davraz, A., Ozcelik, M., 2005. An integration of GIS and remote sensing in groundwater investigations:a case study in Burdur, Turkey. Hydrogeology Journal 13(5-6), 826-834.
Shaban, A., Khawlie, M., Abdallah, C., 2006. Use of remote sensing and GIS to determine recharge potential zones:the case of Occidental Lebanon. Hydrogeology Journal 14(4), 433-443.
Shankar, U., Pearson, C.P., Nikora, V.I., Ibbitt, R.P., 2002. Heterogeneity in catchment properties:a case study of Grey and Buller catchments, New Zealand. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6(2). 167-184. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-167-2002.
Snelder, T.H., Biggs, B.J.F., 2002. Multiscale River Environment classification for water resources managements 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38(5), 1225-1239.
Solomon, S., Quiel, F., 2006. Groundwater study using remote sensing and geographic information systems(GIS)in the central highlands of Eritrea. Hydrogeology Journal 14(5), 729-741.
Tait. A., Henderson, R., Turner, R., Zheng, X., 2006. Thin plate smoothing spline interpolation of daily rainfall for New Zealand using a climatological rainfall surface. International Journal of Climatology 26(14), 2097-2115.
Thapa, R., Gupta, S.. Guin, S., Kaur. H.. 2017. Assessment of groundwater potential zones using multi-influencing factor(MIF)and GIS:a case study from Birbhum district. West Bengal. Applied Water Science 7(7), 4117-4131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0571-z.
Thompson. S.. GrüOner, I., Gapare. N.. 2003. New Zealand land cover database version2-illustrated guide to target classes. In:Environment, M.f.t.(Ed.), p. 126.
Thorpe, H.R., Scott, D.M., 1999. An evaluation of four soil moisture models for estimating natural ground water recharge. Journal of Hydrology(New Zealand)38(2), 179-209.
Toebes, C., Palmer, B., 1969. Hydrological Regions of New Zealand. Water and Soil Division, Ministry of Works for the National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation.
Tschritter, C., Westerhoff, R.S., Rawlinson, Z.J., White, P.A., 2017. Aquifer Classification and Mapping at the National Scale-Phase 1:Identification of Hydrogeological Units. GNS Science report, p. 51.
White. P.A., Hong, Y.S., Murray, D.L, Scott. D.M., Thorpe, H.R.. 2003. Evaluation of regional models of rainfall recharge to groundwater by comparison with lysimeter measurements. Canterbury, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology(New Zealand)42(1), 39-64.
Yeh, H.-F., Lee, C.-H., Hsu, K.-C., Chang, P.-H., 2009. GIS for the assessment of the groundwater recharge potential zone. Environmental Geology 58(1), 185-195.
Yeh, H.-F., Cheng, Y.-S., Lin, H.-I., Lee, C.-H., 2016. Mapping groundwater recharge potential zone using a GIS approach in Hualian river, Taiwan. Sustainable Environment Research 26(1), 33-43.
Chenini, I., Mammou, A.B., El May, M., 2010. Groundwater recharge zone mapping using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis:a case study in Central Tunisia(Maknassy Basin). Water Resources Management 24(5), 921-939.
Freeze, R.A., Cherry, J.A., 1979. Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jerssy, p. 604.
GNS, 2004. Geological Map of New Zealand. 1:2000,000. GNS scince, Wellington.New Zealand.
Hammouri, N., El-Naqa, A., Barakat, M., 2012. An integrated approach to groundwater exploration using remote sensing and geographic information system.Journal of Water Resource and Protection 4, 717-724. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2012.49081.
Hewitt. A.E., 1993. Methods and rationale of the New Zealand soil classification,Landcare Research Science Series 71.
Jaiswal, R., Mukherjee, S., Krishnamurthy, J., Saxena, R.. 2003. Role of remote sensing and GIS techniques for generation of groundwater prospect zones towards rural development-an approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24(5), 993-1008.
Kaliraj, S., Chandrasekar, N., Magesh, N., 2014. Identification of potential groundwater recharge zones in Vaigai upper basin, Tamil Nadu, using GIS-based analytical hierarchical process(AHP)technique. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7(4), 1385-1401.
Krishnamurthy, J., Venkatesa Kumar, N., Jayaraman, V., Manivel, M., 1996. An approach to demarcate ground water potential zones through remote sensing and a geographical information system. International Journal of Remote Sensing17(10), 1867-1884.
Landcare Research, 2016. Soilsmapviewer. https://soils-maps.landcareresearch.co.nz/?layername=fsl_nzsc&idcolumn=nzsc_group&idvalue=GU&mapfile=fsl&srs=EPSG:2193&mode=normal.
Magesh, N., Chandrasekar, N., Soundranayagam, J.P., 2012. Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing, GIS and MIF techniques. Geoscience Frontiers 3(2), 189-196.
Moreau, M., Bekele, M., 2015. Groundwater Component of the Water Physical Stock Account(WPSA). GNS Science Consultancy Report 2014/290, p. 35.
Nathan, R., McMahon, T., 1990. Evaluation of automated techniques for base flow and recession analyses. Water Resources Research 26(7), 1465-1473.
Newsome, P.F.J., Wilde, R.H., Willoughby, E.J., 2000. Land Resource Information System Spatial Data Layers. Landcare Research Technical Report No, p. 84.
Patil. S.G., Mohite, N.M., 2014. Identification of groundwater recharge potential zones for a watershed using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences 4(3), 485.
Prasad, R., Mondal, N., Banerjee, P., Nandakumar, M., Singh, V., 2008. Deciphering potential groundwater zone in hard rock through the application of CIS.Environmental Geology 55(3), 467-475.
Saraf, A., et al., 2004. GIS based surface hydrological modelling in identification of groundwater recharge zones. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25(24),5759-5770.
Senanayake, I., Dissanayake, D., Mayadunna, B., Weerasekera, W., 2016. An approach to delineate groundwater recharge potential sites in Ambalantota, Sri Lanka using GIS techniques. Geoscience Frontiers 7(1), 115-124.
Sener, E., Davraz, A., Ozcelik, M., 2005. An integration of GIS and remote sensing in groundwater investigations:a case study in Burdur, Turkey. Hydrogeology Journal 13(5-6), 826-834.
Shaban, A., Khawlie, M., Abdallah, C., 2006. Use of remote sensing and GIS to determine recharge potential zones:the case of Occidental Lebanon. Hydrogeology Journal 14(4), 433-443.
Shankar, U., Pearson, C.P., Nikora, V.I., Ibbitt, R.P., 2002. Heterogeneity in catchment properties:a case study of Grey and Buller catchments, New Zealand. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6(2). 167-184. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-167-2002.
Snelder, T.H., Biggs, B.J.F., 2002. Multiscale River Environment classification for water resources managements 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38(5), 1225-1239.
Solomon, S., Quiel, F., 2006. Groundwater study using remote sensing and geographic information systems(GIS)in the central highlands of Eritrea. Hydrogeology Journal 14(5), 729-741.
Tait. A., Henderson, R., Turner, R., Zheng, X., 2006. Thin plate smoothing spline interpolation of daily rainfall for New Zealand using a climatological rainfall surface. International Journal of Climatology 26(14), 2097-2115.
Thapa, R., Gupta, S.. Guin, S., Kaur. H.. 2017. Assessment of groundwater potential zones using multi-influencing factor(MIF)and GIS:a case study from Birbhum district. West Bengal. Applied Water Science 7(7), 4117-4131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0571-z.
Thompson. S.. GrüOner, I., Gapare. N.. 2003. New Zealand land cover database version2-illustrated guide to target classes. In:Environment, M.f.t.(Ed.), p. 126.
Thorpe, H.R., Scott, D.M., 1999. An evaluation of four soil moisture models for estimating natural ground water recharge. Journal of Hydrology(New Zealand)38(2), 179-209.
Toebes, C., Palmer, B., 1969. Hydrological Regions of New Zealand. Water and Soil Division, Ministry of Works for the National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation.
Tschritter, C., Westerhoff, R.S., Rawlinson, Z.J., White, P.A., 2017. Aquifer Classification and Mapping at the National Scale-Phase 1:Identification of Hydrogeological Units. GNS Science report, p. 51.
White. P.A., Hong, Y.S., Murray, D.L, Scott. D.M., Thorpe, H.R.. 2003. Evaluation of regional models of rainfall recharge to groundwater by comparison with lysimeter measurements. Canterbury, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology(New Zealand)42(1), 39-64.
Yeh, H.-F., Lee, C.-H., Hsu, K.-C., Chang, P.-H., 2009. GIS for the assessment of the groundwater recharge potential zone. Environmental Geology 58(1), 185-195.
Yeh, H.-F., Cheng, Y.-S., Lin, H.-I., Lee, C.-H., 2016. Mapping groundwater recharge potential zone using a GIS approach in Hualian river, Taiwan. Sustainable Environment Research 26(1), 33-43.