Variation of soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass in poplar plantations of different genotypes and stem spacings
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摘要
To improve the productivity of poplar plantations, a field experiment of split-plot design with four tree spacings and three poplar clones was established, and four soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass were monitored in the trial.Soil enzyme activities, in most cases,were significantly higher in topsoil(0–10 cm) than in lower horizons(10–20 cm).Soil cellulase, catalase and protease activities during the growing season were higher than during the non-growing season, while invertase activity followed the opposite trend.Soil invertase, cellulase and catalase activities varied by poplar clone but soil protease activity did not.Cellulase and protease activities in the plantation at 5×5 m spacing were significantly higher than in the other spacings.The highest catalase activity was recorded at 6×6 m spacing.At the same planting density, invertase activity was greater in square spacings than in rectangular spacings.Soil microbial biomass was also significantly affected by seedling spacing and poplar clone.The mean soil MBC was significantly lower in topsoil than in the lower horizon, while MBN showed the opposite pattern.Significantly positive correlations were observed among soil cellulase, protease and catalase activities(p<0.01), whereas soil invertase activity was negatively and significantly correlated with cellulase, protease and catalase activities(p<0.01).Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were not correlated except for a significantly negative correlation between soil MBC and catalase activities.Variations in soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass in different poplar plantations suggest that genotype and planting spacing should be considered when modeling soil nutrient dynamics and managing for long-term site productivity.
To improve the productivity of poplar plantations, a field experiment of split-plot design with four tree spacings and three poplar clones was established, and four soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass were monitored in the trial.Soil enzyme activities, in most cases,were significantly higher in topsoil(0–10 cm) than in lower horizons(10–20 cm).Soil cellulase, catalase and protease activities during the growing season were higher than during the non-growing season, while invertase activity followed the opposite trend.Soil invertase, cellulase and catalase activities varied by poplar clone but soil protease activity did not.Cellulase and protease activities in the plantation at 5×5 m spacing were significantly higher than in the other spacings.The highest catalase activity was recorded at 6×6 m spacing.At the same planting density, invertase activity was greater in square spacings than in rectangular spacings.Soil microbial biomass was also significantly affected by seedling spacing and poplar clone.The mean soil MBC was significantly lower in topsoil than in the lower horizon, while MBN showed the opposite pattern.Significantly positive correlations were observed among soil cellulase, protease and catalase activities(p<0.01), whereas soil invertase activity was negatively and significantly correlated with cellulase, protease and catalase activities(p<0.01).Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were not correlated except for a significantly negative correlation between soil MBC and catalase activities.Variations in soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass in different poplar plantations suggest that genotype and planting spacing should be considered when modeling soil nutrient dynamics and managing for long-term site productivity.
To improve the productivity of poplar plantations, a field experiment of split-plot design with four tree spacings and three poplar clones was established, and four soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass were monitored in the trial.Soil enzyme activities, in most cases,were significantly higher in topsoil(0–10 cm) than in lower horizons(10–20 cm).Soil cellulase, catalase and protease activities during the growing season were higher than during the non-growing season, while invertase activity followed the opposite trend.Soil invertase, cellulase and catalase activities varied by poplar clone but soil protease activity did not.Cellulase and protease activities in the plantation at 5×5 m spacing were significantly higher than in the other spacings.The highest catalase activity was recorded at 6×6 m spacing.At the same planting density, invertase activity was greater in square spacings than in rectangular spacings.Soil microbial biomass was also significantly affected by seedling spacing and poplar clone.The mean soil MBC was significantly lower in topsoil than in the lower horizon, while MBN showed the opposite pattern.Significantly positive correlations were observed among soil cellulase, protease and catalase activities(p<0.01), whereas soil invertase activity was negatively and significantly correlated with cellulase, protease and catalase activities(p<0.01).Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were not correlated except for a significantly negative correlation between soil MBC and catalase activities.Variations in soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass in different poplar plantations suggest that genotype and planting spacing should be considered when modeling soil nutrient dynamics and managing for long-term site productivity.
引文
Allison SD,Vitousek PM(2005)Responses of extracellular enzymes to simple and complex nutrient inputs.Soil Biol Biochem37(5):937-944
Augusto L,Ranger J,Binkley D,Rothe A(2002)Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility.Ann For Sci 59(3):233-253
Bobul’skáL,Fazeka?ováD,Angelovi?ováL(2015)Vertical profiles of soil properties and microbial activities in peatbog soils in Slovakia.Environ Process 2(2):411-418
B?hme L,Langer U,B?hme F(2005)Microbial biomass,enzyme activities and microbial community structure in two European long-term field experiments.Agr Ecosyst Environ 109:141-152
Bolat (2014)The effect of thinning on microbial biomass C,N and basal respiration in black pine forest soils in Mudurnu,Turkey.Eur J For Res 133(1):131-139
Burger JA,Kelting DL(1999)Using soil quality indicators to assess forest stand management.For Ecol Manag 122(1):155-166
Caldwell BA(2005)Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity:a review.Pedobiologia 49(6):637-644
Chodak M,Niklińska M(2010)Effect of texture and tree species on microbial properties of mine soils.Appl Soil Ecol 46(2):268-275
Cochran VL,Elliott LF,Lewis CE(1989)Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in subarctic agricultural and forest soils.Biol Fertil Soils 7(4):283-288
Criquet S,Farnet A,Tagger S,Le Petit J(2000)Annual variations of phenoloxidase activities in an evergreen oak litter:influence of certain biotic and abiotic factors.Soil Biol Biochem32(11):1505-1513
Devi NB,Yadava PS(2006)Seasonal dynamics in soil microbial biomass C,N and P in a mixed-oak forest ecosystem of Manipur,Northeast India.Appl Soil Ecol 31(3):220-227
Fang S,Xie B,Zhang H(2007)Nitrogen dynamics and mineralization in degraded agricultural soil mulched with fresh grass.Plant Soil 300(1-2):269-280
Fang S,Xie B,Liu J(2008)Soil nutrient availability,poplar growth and biomass production on degraded agricultural soil under fresh grass mulch.For Ecol Manag 255(5):1802-1809
Fang S,Liu J,Liu D,Xie B(2010)Enzymatic activity and nutrient availability in the rhizosphere of poplar plantations treated with fresh grass mulch.Soil Sci Plant Nutr 56(3):483-491
Fang S,Liu D,Tian Y,Deng S,Shang X(2013)Tree species composition influences enzyme activities and microbial biomass in the rhizosphere:a rhizobox approach.PLo S ONE 8(4):e61461
Frankeberger WT Jr,Johanson JB(1983)Method of measuring invertase activity in soils.Plant Soil 74(3):301-311
Freppaz M,Said-Pullicino D,Filippa G,Curtaz F,Celi L,Zanini E(2014)Winter-spring transition induces changes in nutrients and microbial biomass in mid-alpine forest soils.Soil Biol Biochem78:54-57
Gavrilenko EG,Susyan EA,Anan’eva ND,Makarov OA(2011)Spatial variability in the carbon of microbial biomass and microbial respiration in soils of the south of Moscow oblast.Eurasian Soil Sci 44(10):1125-1138
Hinojosa MB,Carreira JA,García-Ruíz R,Dick RP(2004)Soil moisture pre-treatment effects on enzyme activities as indicators of heavy metal-contaminated and reclaimed soils.Soil Biol Biochem 36(10):1559-1568
Jenkinson DS,Ladd JN(1981)Microbial biomass in soil:measurement and turnover.In:Paul EA,Ladd JN(eds)Soil biochemistry,vol 5.Marcel Dekker Inc,New York,Basel,pp 415-471
Joergensen RG,Brookes PC(1990)Ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen measurements of microbial biomass in 0.5 m K2SO4soil extracts.Soil Biol Biochem 22(8):1023-1027
Joergensen RG,Anderson TH,Wolters V(1995)Carbon and nitrogen relationships in the microbial biomass of soils in beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)forests.Biol Fertil Soils 19(2-3):141-147
Koyama A,Wallenstein MD,Simpson RT,Moore JC(2013)Carbondegrading enzyme activities stimulated by increased nutrient availability in arctic tundra soils.PLo S ONE 8(10):e77212
Li G,Liu Y,Gan J,Guo B,Xu Y(2008)Seasonal response of soil enzyme activity to thinning intensity of aerial seeded Pinus tabulaeformis stands.Front For Chin 3(3):286-292
Liu D,Fang S,Tian Y,Dun X(2012)Variation in rhizosphere soil microbial index of tree species on seasonal flooding land:an in situ rhizobox approach.Appl Soil Ecol 59:1-11
Liu D,Fang S,Tian Y,Dun X(2014)Seasonal and clonal variations of microbial biomass and processes in the rhizosphere of poplar plantations.Appl Soil Ecol 78(6):65-72
LüY,Wang C,Wang F,Zhao G,Pu G,Ma X,Tian X(2013)Effects of nitrogen addition on litter decomposition,soil microbial biomass,and enzyme activities between leguminous and nonleguminous forests.Ecol Res 28(5):793-800
Puissant J,Cécillon L,Mills RTE et al(2015)Seasonal influence of climate manipulation on microbial community structure and function in mountain soils.Soil Biol Biochem 80:296-305
Raiesi F,Riahi M(2014)The influence of grazing exclosure on soil Cstocks and dynamics,and ecological indicators in upland arid and semi-arid rangelands.Ecol Indic 41:145-154
Roberge MR(1978)Methodology of enzymes determination and extraction.In:Burns RG(ed)Soil enzymes.Academic Press,New York,pp 341-373
Schmidt IK,Jonasson S,Michelsen A(1999)Mineralization and microbial immobilization of N and P in arctic soils in relation to season,temperature and nutrient amendment.Appl Soil Ecol11(2):147-160
Senga Y,Hiroki M,Nakamura Y,Watarai Y,Watanabe Y,Nohara S(2011)Vertical profiles of DIN,DOC,and microbial activities in the wetland soil of Kushiro Mire,northeastern Japan.Limnology12(1):17-23
Sinsabaugh RL(2010)Phenol oxidase,peroxidase and organic matter dynamics of soil.Soil Biol Biochem 42(3):391-404
Sinsabaugh RL,Gallo ME,Lauber C,Waldrop MP,Zak DR(2005)Extracellular enzyme activities and soil organic matter dynamics for northern hardwood forests receiving simulated nitrogen deposition.Biogeochemistry 75(2):201-215
Smith JL,Paul EA(1990)The significance of soil microbial biomass estimations.In:Bollag JM,Stotzky G(eds)Soil biochemistry,vol 6.Marcel Dekker,New York,pp 357-396
Tabatabai MA(1994)Soil enzymes.In:Weaver RW,Angle JS,Bottomley PS,Smith S,Tabatabai MA,Wollum A(eds)Methods of soil analysis:Part 2.Microbiological and biochemical properties of soils.Soil Science Society of America,Madison,pp 775-833
Tang YZ,Wei CF,Yan TM,Yang LZ,Ci E(2007)Biological indicator of soil quality:a review.Soils 39(2):157-163
Tian Y,Cao F,Wang G(2013)Soil microbiological properties and enzyme activity in Ginkgo-tea agroforestry compared with monoculture.Agrofor Syst 87(5):1201-1210
Tripathi S,Chakraborty A,Chakrabarti K,Bandyopadhyay BK(2007)Enzyme activities and microbial biomass in coastal soils of India.Soil Biol Biochem 39(11):2840-2848
Venkatesan S,Senthurpandian VK(2006)Comparison of enzyme activity with depth under tea plantations and forested sites in south India.Geoderma 137(1):212-216
Wallenstein MD,Mc Mahon SK,Schimel JP(2009)Seasonal variation in enzyme activities and temperature sensitivities in Arctic tundra soils.Glob Change Biol 15(7):1631-1639
Wang Q,Xiao F,He T,Wang S(2013a)Responses of labile soil organic carbon and enzyme activity in mineral soils to forest conversion in the subtropics.Ann For Sci 70(6):579-587
Wang C,LüY,Wang L,Liu X,Tian X(2013b)Insights into seasonal variation of litter decomposition and related soil degradative enzyme activities in subtropical forest in China.J For Res24(4):683-689
Wang Y,Fang S,Chang SX,Tian Y(2014)Non-additive effects of litter-mixing on soil carbon dioxide efflux from poplar-based agroforestry systems in the warm temperate region of China.Agrofor Syst 88(2):193-203
Wardle DA(1998)Controls of temporal variability of the soil microbial biomass:a global-scale synthesis.Soil Biol Biochem30(13):1627-1637
Yan M,Xu T,Song P,Dai J(2012)Effects of different cropping patterns of soybean and maize seedlings on soil enzyme activities and MBC and MBN.J Northeast Agric Univ(Engl Ed)19(4):42-47
Yan Y,Fang S,Tian Y,Deng S,Tang L,Chuong DN(2015)Influence of tree spacing on soil nitrogen mineralization and availability in hybrid poplar plantations.Forests 6(3):636-649
Yang R,Tang J,Chen X,Hu S(2007)Effects of coexisting plant species on soil microbes and soil enzymes in metal lead contaminated soils.Appl Soil Ecol 37(3):240-246
Zhang C,Liu G,Xue S,Song Z(2011)Rhizosphere soil microbial activity under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau,China.Geoderma 161(3-4):115-125
Augusto L,Ranger J,Binkley D,Rothe A(2002)Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility.Ann For Sci 59(3):233-253
Bobul’skáL,Fazeka?ováD,Angelovi?ováL(2015)Vertical profiles of soil properties and microbial activities in peatbog soils in Slovakia.Environ Process 2(2):411-418
B?hme L,Langer U,B?hme F(2005)Microbial biomass,enzyme activities and microbial community structure in two European long-term field experiments.Agr Ecosyst Environ 109:141-152
Bolat (2014)The effect of thinning on microbial biomass C,N and basal respiration in black pine forest soils in Mudurnu,Turkey.Eur J For Res 133(1):131-139
Burger JA,Kelting DL(1999)Using soil quality indicators to assess forest stand management.For Ecol Manag 122(1):155-166
Caldwell BA(2005)Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity:a review.Pedobiologia 49(6):637-644
Chodak M,Niklińska M(2010)Effect of texture and tree species on microbial properties of mine soils.Appl Soil Ecol 46(2):268-275
Cochran VL,Elliott LF,Lewis CE(1989)Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in subarctic agricultural and forest soils.Biol Fertil Soils 7(4):283-288
Criquet S,Farnet A,Tagger S,Le Petit J(2000)Annual variations of phenoloxidase activities in an evergreen oak litter:influence of certain biotic and abiotic factors.Soil Biol Biochem32(11):1505-1513
Devi NB,Yadava PS(2006)Seasonal dynamics in soil microbial biomass C,N and P in a mixed-oak forest ecosystem of Manipur,Northeast India.Appl Soil Ecol 31(3):220-227
Fang S,Xie B,Zhang H(2007)Nitrogen dynamics and mineralization in degraded agricultural soil mulched with fresh grass.Plant Soil 300(1-2):269-280
Fang S,Xie B,Liu J(2008)Soil nutrient availability,poplar growth and biomass production on degraded agricultural soil under fresh grass mulch.For Ecol Manag 255(5):1802-1809
Fang S,Liu J,Liu D,Xie B(2010)Enzymatic activity and nutrient availability in the rhizosphere of poplar plantations treated with fresh grass mulch.Soil Sci Plant Nutr 56(3):483-491
Fang S,Liu D,Tian Y,Deng S,Shang X(2013)Tree species composition influences enzyme activities and microbial biomass in the rhizosphere:a rhizobox approach.PLo S ONE 8(4):e61461
Frankeberger WT Jr,Johanson JB(1983)Method of measuring invertase activity in soils.Plant Soil 74(3):301-311
Freppaz M,Said-Pullicino D,Filippa G,Curtaz F,Celi L,Zanini E(2014)Winter-spring transition induces changes in nutrients and microbial biomass in mid-alpine forest soils.Soil Biol Biochem78:54-57
Gavrilenko EG,Susyan EA,Anan’eva ND,Makarov OA(2011)Spatial variability in the carbon of microbial biomass and microbial respiration in soils of the south of Moscow oblast.Eurasian Soil Sci 44(10):1125-1138
Hinojosa MB,Carreira JA,García-Ruíz R,Dick RP(2004)Soil moisture pre-treatment effects on enzyme activities as indicators of heavy metal-contaminated and reclaimed soils.Soil Biol Biochem 36(10):1559-1568
Jenkinson DS,Ladd JN(1981)Microbial biomass in soil:measurement and turnover.In:Paul EA,Ladd JN(eds)Soil biochemistry,vol 5.Marcel Dekker Inc,New York,Basel,pp 415-471
Joergensen RG,Brookes PC(1990)Ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen measurements of microbial biomass in 0.5 m K2SO4soil extracts.Soil Biol Biochem 22(8):1023-1027
Joergensen RG,Anderson TH,Wolters V(1995)Carbon and nitrogen relationships in the microbial biomass of soils in beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)forests.Biol Fertil Soils 19(2-3):141-147
Koyama A,Wallenstein MD,Simpson RT,Moore JC(2013)Carbondegrading enzyme activities stimulated by increased nutrient availability in arctic tundra soils.PLo S ONE 8(10):e77212
Li G,Liu Y,Gan J,Guo B,Xu Y(2008)Seasonal response of soil enzyme activity to thinning intensity of aerial seeded Pinus tabulaeformis stands.Front For Chin 3(3):286-292
Liu D,Fang S,Tian Y,Dun X(2012)Variation in rhizosphere soil microbial index of tree species on seasonal flooding land:an in situ rhizobox approach.Appl Soil Ecol 59:1-11
Liu D,Fang S,Tian Y,Dun X(2014)Seasonal and clonal variations of microbial biomass and processes in the rhizosphere of poplar plantations.Appl Soil Ecol 78(6):65-72
LüY,Wang C,Wang F,Zhao G,Pu G,Ma X,Tian X(2013)Effects of nitrogen addition on litter decomposition,soil microbial biomass,and enzyme activities between leguminous and nonleguminous forests.Ecol Res 28(5):793-800
Puissant J,Cécillon L,Mills RTE et al(2015)Seasonal influence of climate manipulation on microbial community structure and function in mountain soils.Soil Biol Biochem 80:296-305
Raiesi F,Riahi M(2014)The influence of grazing exclosure on soil Cstocks and dynamics,and ecological indicators in upland arid and semi-arid rangelands.Ecol Indic 41:145-154
Roberge MR(1978)Methodology of enzymes determination and extraction.In:Burns RG(ed)Soil enzymes.Academic Press,New York,pp 341-373
Schmidt IK,Jonasson S,Michelsen A(1999)Mineralization and microbial immobilization of N and P in arctic soils in relation to season,temperature and nutrient amendment.Appl Soil Ecol11(2):147-160
Senga Y,Hiroki M,Nakamura Y,Watarai Y,Watanabe Y,Nohara S(2011)Vertical profiles of DIN,DOC,and microbial activities in the wetland soil of Kushiro Mire,northeastern Japan.Limnology12(1):17-23
Sinsabaugh RL(2010)Phenol oxidase,peroxidase and organic matter dynamics of soil.Soil Biol Biochem 42(3):391-404
Sinsabaugh RL,Gallo ME,Lauber C,Waldrop MP,Zak DR(2005)Extracellular enzyme activities and soil organic matter dynamics for northern hardwood forests receiving simulated nitrogen deposition.Biogeochemistry 75(2):201-215
Smith JL,Paul EA(1990)The significance of soil microbial biomass estimations.In:Bollag JM,Stotzky G(eds)Soil biochemistry,vol 6.Marcel Dekker,New York,pp 357-396
Tabatabai MA(1994)Soil enzymes.In:Weaver RW,Angle JS,Bottomley PS,Smith S,Tabatabai MA,Wollum A(eds)Methods of soil analysis:Part 2.Microbiological and biochemical properties of soils.Soil Science Society of America,Madison,pp 775-833
Tang YZ,Wei CF,Yan TM,Yang LZ,Ci E(2007)Biological indicator of soil quality:a review.Soils 39(2):157-163
Tian Y,Cao F,Wang G(2013)Soil microbiological properties and enzyme activity in Ginkgo-tea agroforestry compared with monoculture.Agrofor Syst 87(5):1201-1210
Tripathi S,Chakraborty A,Chakrabarti K,Bandyopadhyay BK(2007)Enzyme activities and microbial biomass in coastal soils of India.Soil Biol Biochem 39(11):2840-2848
Venkatesan S,Senthurpandian VK(2006)Comparison of enzyme activity with depth under tea plantations and forested sites in south India.Geoderma 137(1):212-216
Wallenstein MD,Mc Mahon SK,Schimel JP(2009)Seasonal variation in enzyme activities and temperature sensitivities in Arctic tundra soils.Glob Change Biol 15(7):1631-1639
Wang Q,Xiao F,He T,Wang S(2013a)Responses of labile soil organic carbon and enzyme activity in mineral soils to forest conversion in the subtropics.Ann For Sci 70(6):579-587
Wang C,LüY,Wang L,Liu X,Tian X(2013b)Insights into seasonal variation of litter decomposition and related soil degradative enzyme activities in subtropical forest in China.J For Res24(4):683-689
Wang Y,Fang S,Chang SX,Tian Y(2014)Non-additive effects of litter-mixing on soil carbon dioxide efflux from poplar-based agroforestry systems in the warm temperate region of China.Agrofor Syst 88(2):193-203
Wardle DA(1998)Controls of temporal variability of the soil microbial biomass:a global-scale synthesis.Soil Biol Biochem30(13):1627-1637
Yan M,Xu T,Song P,Dai J(2012)Effects of different cropping patterns of soybean and maize seedlings on soil enzyme activities and MBC and MBN.J Northeast Agric Univ(Engl Ed)19(4):42-47
Yan Y,Fang S,Tian Y,Deng S,Tang L,Chuong DN(2015)Influence of tree spacing on soil nitrogen mineralization and availability in hybrid poplar plantations.Forests 6(3):636-649
Yang R,Tang J,Chen X,Hu S(2007)Effects of coexisting plant species on soil microbes and soil enzymes in metal lead contaminated soils.Appl Soil Ecol 37(3):240-246
Zhang C,Liu G,Xue S,Song Z(2011)Rhizosphere soil microbial activity under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau,China.Geoderma 161(3-4):115-125