Measurement and Scaling of Mercury on Soil and Air in a Historical Artisanal Gold Mining Area in Northeastern China
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摘要
The Jiapigou gold mine area, located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River, was the first and largest artisanal gold mine once in China, and it used to be prominent in two marking years(1870 and 1974). Jiapigou area had a gold mining history of more than 190 years, which was first opened in 1820. Gold extraction with algamation was applied as the dominant method of excavation from 1940 to 2008, and a total of more than 100 t of gold were extracted from the mine using this method and it was estimated that 100–200 t Hg were released, thus causing severe mercury environmental pollution in the mining area. In the experimental campaigns of this study, in situ air and soil Hg concentrations and air-soil Hg fluxes were measured from April 2009 to December 2011. The results showed that in the study area the total gaseous mercury(TGM) concentration exhibited remarkable spatial and temporal distribution patterns, i.e. the TGM gradually decreased following the increase in distance to gold mining sites in space, and the values in spring, summer and autumn were elevated by 1–2 orders of magnitude in comparison with those in winter. Furthermore, at other sampling sites the total soil mercury(TSM) concentration in spring was higher than that in autumn, except for the contrary laws demonstrated at the Erdaogou mining site. However, in spring and winter the Hg flux between air and soil was under the control of different environmental factors, and the characteristics were clear and distinct. In spring the Hg flux between air and soil was directly under the control of solar irradiation, and the releasing process was predominant with a remarkable positive correlation to solar irradiation. Nevertheless, in winter the Hg fluxes were indirectly under the control of solar irradiation, which caused thermal inversion due to the thick snow cover. The depositing process was predominant and the correlations between Hg flux and air temperature was remarkably negative, and there was a positive correlation between Hg flux and solar irradiation.
The Jiapigou gold mine area, located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River, was the first and largest artisanal gold mine once in China, and it used to be prominent in two marking years(1870 and 1974). Jiapigou area had a gold mining history of more than 190 years, which was first opened in 1820. Gold extraction with algamation was applied as the dominant method of excavation from 1940 to 2008, and a total of more than 100 t of gold were extracted from the mine using this method and it was estimated that 100–200 t Hg were released, thus causing severe mercury environmental pollution in the mining area. In the experimental campaigns of this study, in situ air and soil Hg concentrations and air-soil Hg fluxes were measured from April 2009 to December 2011. The results showed that in the study area the total gaseous mercury(TGM) concentration exhibited remarkable spatial and temporal distribution patterns, i.e. the TGM gradually decreased following the increase in distance to gold mining sites in space, and the values in spring, summer and autumn were elevated by 1–2 orders of magnitude in comparison with those in winter. Furthermore, at other sampling sites the total soil mercury(TSM) concentration in spring was higher than that in autumn, except for the contrary laws demonstrated at the Erdaogou mining site. However, in spring and winter the Hg flux between air and soil was under the control of different environmental factors, and the characteristics were clear and distinct. In spring the Hg flux between air and soil was directly under the control of solar irradiation, and the releasing process was predominant with a remarkable positive correlation to solar irradiation. Nevertheless, in winter the Hg fluxes were indirectly under the control of solar irradiation, which caused thermal inversion due to the thick snow cover. The depositing process was predominant and the correlations between Hg flux and air temperature was remarkably negative, and there was a positive correlation between Hg flux and solar irradiation.
The Jiapigou gold mine area, located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River, was the first and largest artisanal gold mine once in China, and it used to be prominent in two marking years(1870 and 1974). Jiapigou area had a gold mining history of more than 190 years, which was first opened in 1820. Gold extraction with algamation was applied as the dominant method of excavation from 1940 to 2008, and a total of more than 100 t of gold were extracted from the mine using this method and it was estimated that 100–200 t Hg were released, thus causing severe mercury environmental pollution in the mining area. In the experimental campaigns of this study, in situ air and soil Hg concentrations and air-soil Hg fluxes were measured from April 2009 to December 2011. The results showed that in the study area the total gaseous mercury(TGM) concentration exhibited remarkable spatial and temporal distribution patterns, i.e. the TGM gradually decreased following the increase in distance to gold mining sites in space, and the values in spring, summer and autumn were elevated by 1–2 orders of magnitude in comparison with those in winter. Furthermore, at other sampling sites the total soil mercury(TSM) concentration in spring was higher than that in autumn, except for the contrary laws demonstrated at the Erdaogou mining site. However, in spring and winter the Hg flux between air and soil was under the control of different environmental factors, and the characteristics were clear and distinct. In spring the Hg flux between air and soil was directly under the control of solar irradiation, and the releasing process was predominant with a remarkable positive correlation to solar irradiation. Nevertheless, in winter the Hg fluxes were indirectly under the control of solar irradiation, which caused thermal inversion due to the thick snow cover. The depositing process was predominant and the correlations between Hg flux and air temperature was remarkably negative, and there was a positive correlation between Hg flux and solar irradiation.
引文
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Eckley C S,Blanchard P,McLennan D et al.,2015.Soil-air mercury flux near a large industrial emission source before and after closure(Flin Flon,Manitoba,Canada).Environmental Science&Technology,49(16):9750-9757.doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01995
Eckley C S,Tate M T,Lin C J et al.,2016.Surface-air mercury fluxes across Western North America:a synthesis of spatial trends and controlling variables.Science of the Total Environment,568:651-665.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.121
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Feng X B,Yan H Y,Wang S F et al.,2004.Seasonal variation of gaseous mercury exchange rate between air and water surface over Baihua reservoir,Guizhou,China.Atmospheric Environment,38(28):4721-4732.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.023
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Feng X B,Dai Q Q,Qiu G L et al.,2006.Gold mining related mercury contamination in Tongguan,Shaanxi Province,PRChina.Applied Geochemistry,21(11):1955-1968.doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.08.014
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Fu X W,Zhu W,Zhang H et al.,2016.Depletion of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury by plant uptake at Mt.Changbai,Northeast China.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,16(20):12861-12873.doi:10.5194/acp-16-12861-2016
Gabriel M C,Williamson D,2008.Some insight into the influence of urban ground surface properties on the air-surface exchange of total gaseous mercury.Applied Geochemistry,23(4):794-806.doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.028
García-Sánchez A,Contreras F,Adams M et al.,2006.Atmospheric mercury emissions from polluted gold mining areas(Venezuela).Environmental Geochemistry and Health,28(6):529-540.doi:10.1007/s10653-006-9049-x
Gillis A A,Miller D R,2000.Some local environmental effects on mercury emission and absorption at a soil surface.The Science of the Total Environment,260(1-3):191-200.doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00563-5
Guédron S,Grangeon S,Jouravel G et al.,2013.Atmospheric mercury incorporation in soils of an area impacted by a chlor-alkali plant(Grenoble,France):contribution of canopy uptake.Science of the Total Environment,445-446:356-364.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.084
Gunson A J,Veiga M M,2004.Mercury and artisanal mining in China.Environmental Practice,6(2):109-120.doi:10.1017/S1466046604000225
Gustin M S,Lindberg S E,Austin K et al.,2000.Assessing the contribution of natural sources to regional atmospheric mercury budgets.The Science of the Total Environment,259(1-3):61-71.doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00556-8
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Gustin M S,2003.Are mercury emissions from geologic sources significant?A status report.The Science of the Total Environment,304(1-3):153-167.doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00565-X
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Han Y,Huh Y,Hur S D et al.,2017.Net deposition of mercury to the Antarctic Plateau enhanced by sea salt.Science of the Total Environment,583:81-87.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.008
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Kerndorff H,Schnitzer M,1980.Sorption of metals on humic acid.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,44(11):1701-1708.doi:10.1016/0016-7037(80)90221-5
Kocman D,Horvat M,2011.Non-point source mercury emission from the Idrija Hg mine region:GIS mercury emission model.Journal of Environmental Management,92(8):2038-2046.doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.034
Lamborg C H,Fitzgerald W F,O’Donnell J,2002.Anon-steady-state compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,66(7):1105-1118.doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00841-9
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Li P,Feng X B,Qiu G L et al.,2009.Mercury pollution in Asia:a review of the contaminated sites.Journal of Hazardous Materials,168(2-3):591-601.doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.031
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Eckley C S,Gustin M,Marsik F et al.,2011a.Measurement of surface mercury fluxes at active industrial gold mines in Nevada(USA).Science of the Total Environment,409(3):514-522.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.024
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Eckley C S,Blanchard P,McLennan D et al.,2015.Soil-air mercury flux near a large industrial emission source before and after closure(Flin Flon,Manitoba,Canada).Environmental Science&Technology,49(16):9750-9757.doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01995
Eckley C S,Tate M T,Lin C J et al.,2016.Surface-air mercury fluxes across Western North America:a synthesis of spatial trends and controlling variables.Science of the Total Environment,568:651-665.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.121
Engle M A,Gustin M S,2002.Scaling of atmospheric mercury emissions from three naturally enriched areas:flowery Peak,Nevada;Peavine Peak,Nevada;and Long Valley Caldera,California.Science of the Total Environment,290(1-3):91-104.doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01068-3
Feng X B,Tang S L,Shang L H et al.,2003.Total gaseous mercury in the atmosphere of Guiyang,PR China.Science of the Total Environment,304(1-3):61-72.doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00557-0
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Feng X B,Wang S F,Qiu G L et al.,2005.Total gaseous mercury emissions from soil in Guiyang,Guizhou,China.Journal of Geophysical Research,110(D14):D14306.doi:10.1029/2004JD005643
Feng X B,Dai Q Q,Qiu G L et al.,2006.Gold mining related mercury contamination in Tongguan,Shaanxi Province,PRChina.Applied Geochemistry,21(11):1955-1968.doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.08.014
Fu X W,Feng X B,Zhu W Z et al.,2008.Total particulate and reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air on the eastern slope of the Mt.Gongga area,China.Applied Geochemistry,23(3):408-418.doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.018
Fu X W,Zhu W,Zhang H et al.,2016.Depletion of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury by plant uptake at Mt.Changbai,Northeast China.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,16(20):12861-12873.doi:10.5194/acp-16-12861-2016
Gabriel M C,Williamson D,2008.Some insight into the influence of urban ground surface properties on the air-surface exchange of total gaseous mercury.Applied Geochemistry,23(4):794-806.doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.028
García-Sánchez A,Contreras F,Adams M et al.,2006.Atmospheric mercury emissions from polluted gold mining areas(Venezuela).Environmental Geochemistry and Health,28(6):529-540.doi:10.1007/s10653-006-9049-x
Gillis A A,Miller D R,2000.Some local environmental effects on mercury emission and absorption at a soil surface.The Science of the Total Environment,260(1-3):191-200.doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00563-5
Guédron S,Grangeon S,Jouravel G et al.,2013.Atmospheric mercury incorporation in soils of an area impacted by a chlor-alkali plant(Grenoble,France):contribution of canopy uptake.Science of the Total Environment,445-446:356-364.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.084
Gunson A J,Veiga M M,2004.Mercury and artisanal mining in China.Environmental Practice,6(2):109-120.doi:10.1017/S1466046604000225
Gustin M S,Lindberg S E,Austin K et al.,2000.Assessing the contribution of natural sources to regional atmospheric mercury budgets.The Science of the Total Environment,259(1-3):61-71.doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00556-8
Gustin M S,Biester H,Kim C S,2002.Investigation of the light-enhanced emission of mercury from naturally enriched substrates.Atmospheric Environment,36(20):3241-3254.doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00329-1
Gustin M S,2003.Are mercury emissions from geologic sources significant?A status report.The Science of the Total Environment,304(1-3):153-167.doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00565-X
Gustin S M,Coolbaugh M,Engle M et al.,2003.Atmospheric mercury emissions from mine wastes and surrounding geologically enriched terrains.Environmental Geology,43(3):339-351.doi:10.1007/s00254-002-0630-z
Han Y,Huh Y,Hur S D et al.,2017.Net deposition of mercury to the Antarctic Plateau enhanced by sea salt.Science of the Total Environment,583:81-87.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.008
Huljev D J,1986.Interaction of some metals between marine-origin humic acids and aqueous solutions.Environmental Research,40(2):470-478.doi:10.1016/S0013-9351(86)80122-0
Kerndorff H,Schnitzer M,1980.Sorption of metals on humic acid.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,44(11):1701-1708.doi:10.1016/0016-7037(80)90221-5
Kocman D,Horvat M,2011.Non-point source mercury emission from the Idrija Hg mine region:GIS mercury emission model.Journal of Environmental Management,92(8):2038-2046.doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.034
Lamborg C H,Fitzgerald W F,O’Donnell J,2002.Anon-steady-state compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,66(7):1105-1118.doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00841-9
Leiva G M A,Morales S,2013.Environmental assessment of mercury pollution in urban tailings from gold mining.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,90:167-173.doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.026
Li P,Feng X B,Qiu G L et al.,2009.Mercury pollution in Asia:a review of the contaminated sites.Journal of Hazardous Materials,168(2-3):591-601.doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.031
Lin C J,Gustin M S,Singhasuk P et al.,2010.Empirical models for estimating mercury flux from soils.Environmental Science&Technology,44(22):8522-8528.doi:10.1021/es1021735
Lin Y H,Guo M X,Gan W M,1997.Mercury pollution from small gold mines in China.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,97(3-4):233-239.doi:10.1023/A:1018384822608
Lindberg S E,Hanson P J,Meyers T P et al.,1998.Air/surface exchange of mercury vapor over forests-the need for a reassessment of continental biogenic emissions.Atmospheric Environment,32(5):895-908.doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00173-8
Lindberg S E,Zhang H,2000.Air/water exchange of mercury in the everglades II:measuring and modeling evasion of mercury from surface waters in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project.Science of the Total Environment,259(1-3):135-143.doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00586-6
Lindqvist O,Johansson K,Bringmark L et al.,1991.Mercury in the Swedish environment-Recent research on causes,consequences and corrective methods.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,55(1-2):xi-261.doi:10.1007/BF00542429
Miller M B,Gustin M S,Eckley C S,2011.Measurement and scaling of air-surface mercury exchange from substrates in the vicinity of two Nevada gold mines.Science of the Total Environment,409(19):3879-3886.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.040
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