肉鸡养殖户兽药减量使用行为及其影响因素分析
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摘要
推进兽药减量使用是实现现代农业绿色发展的重要举措。基于辽宁省466个肉鸡养殖户微观调查数据,引入分布函数为Weibull分布的损害控制模型对肉鸡养殖户兽药超量使用水平进行测算,运用OLS回归和Probit模型从政府规制、市场收益保证、产业组织模式和社会化服务等方面对影响肉鸡养殖户兽药减量使用行为的主要因素进行分析。结果表明,调查地区肉鸡养殖户兽药超量使用现象较为普遍,60.52%的肉鸡养殖户超量使用兽药,兽药实际平均使用量超过最优使用量的24.84%。养殖监管、检验检疫、合作组织参与、垂直协作方式、技术培训、信息服务以及养殖规模对肉鸡养殖户兽药减量使用行为有显著正向影响,而肉鸡产量下降预期对肉鸡养殖户兽药减量使用行为有显著负向影响。由此提出加强肉鸡检验检疫和养殖监管、完善肉鸡市场体系、建立并形成肉鸡产品优质优价机制、培育新型农业经营主体、提高肉鸡养殖户组织化程度、加强技术培训和信息服务等建议。
Less veterinary drug use is an important measure to realize the green development of modern agriculture.Based on the micro survey data of 466 broiler farmers in Liaoning Province,and the Damage Control Model relying on the Weibull distribution function,this paper evaluated broiler farmers' excessive application behavior of veterinary drugs and explored the influencing factors by the OLS model and the Probit regression model from the following four perspectives:government regulations,market profits assurance,industrial organization modes,and socialized services.The results showed that the overuse of veterinary drugs was quite common in the surveyed areas,which could be expounded by specific figures below.The proportion of surveyed broiler farmers using veterinary drugs excessively accounted for 60.52% of the whole,and the overuse level was 24.84%higher than the optimal level.Model regression results showed that these factors,including breeding supervision,inspection and quarantine,cooperation participation,vertical integration,technical training,information services,and breeding scale,had significant positive influences on decreasing the application of veterinary drugs;while the concern about possible decline of production had significant negative influences.These findings suggest that the inspection and quarantine management and the supervision of production should be strengthened;the segmented chicken product marketing system should be improved;the mechanism to support the high-quality and inexpensive chicken should be established;new agribusiness entities should be nurtured;organizational levels of broiler farmers should be upgraded;more technical training and information services should be provided.
Less veterinary drug use is an important measure to realize the green development of modern agriculture.Based on the micro survey data of 466 broiler farmers in Liaoning Province,and the Damage Control Model relying on the Weibull distribution function,this paper evaluated broiler farmers' excessive application behavior of veterinary drugs and explored the influencing factors by the OLS model and the Probit regression model from the following four perspectives:government regulations,market profits assurance,industrial organization modes,and socialized services.The results showed that the overuse of veterinary drugs was quite common in the surveyed areas,which could be expounded by specific figures below.The proportion of surveyed broiler farmers using veterinary drugs excessively accounted for 60.52% of the whole,and the overuse level was 24.84%higher than the optimal level.Model regression results showed that these factors,including breeding supervision,inspection and quarantine,cooperation participation,vertical integration,technical training,information services,and breeding scale,had significant positive influences on decreasing the application of veterinary drugs;while the concern about possible decline of production had significant negative influences.These findings suggest that the inspection and quarantine management and the supervision of production should be strengthened;the segmented chicken product marketing system should be improved;the mechanism to support the high-quality and inexpensive chicken should be established;new agribusiness entities should be nurtured;organizational levels of broiler farmers should be upgraded;more technical training and information services should be provided.
引文
[1]李金祥,郑增忍.我国动物疫病区域化管理实践与思考[J].农业经济问题,2015(1):7-14.
[2] CATRY B,LAEVENS H,DEVRIESE L A,et al.Antimicrobial resistance in livestock[J].Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics,2003,26(2):81-93.
[3]吴林海,谢旭燕.生猪养殖户认知特征与兽药使用行为的相关性研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(2):160-169.
[4] CROMWELL G L.Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production[J].Animal biotechnology,2002,13(1):7-27.
[5] LIU X,MILLER G Y,MCNAMAR P E.Do antibiotics reduce production risk for U.S.pork producers?[J].Journal of agricultural&applied economics,2005,37(3):65-575.
[6] MCBRIDE D,KEY N,MATHEWS K H.Subtherapeutic antibiotics and productivity in U.S.hog production[J].Review of agricultural economics,2008,30(2):270-288.
[7]吴林海,谢旭燕.生猪养殖户兽药使用行为的主要影响因素研究——以阜宁县为案例[J].农业现代化研究,2015(4):630-635.
[8] DANG P K,SAEGERMAN C,DOUNY C,et al.First survey on the use of antibiotics in pig and poultry production in the red river delta region of Vietnam[J].Food&public health,2013,3(5):247-256.
[9]孙若愚,周静.基于损害控制模型的农户过量使用兽药行为研究[J].农业技术经济,2015(10):32-40.
[10]王建华,邓远远,朱淀.生猪养殖中兽药投入效率测度——基于损害控制模型的分析[J].中国农村经济,2018(1):63-77.
[11]王瑜.养猪户的药物添加剂使用行为及其影响因素分析——基于江苏省542户农户的调查数据[J].农业技术经济,2009(5):46-55.
[12]浦华,白裕兵.养殖户违规用药行为影响因素研究[J].农业技术经济,2014(3):40-48.
[13]赵丽平,刘灵芝.水禽养殖户安全药物添加剂使用意愿及其影响因素[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014(2):46-52.
[14]何坪华,毛成兴.安全风险认知与抗生素违规使用:来自山东省畜禽养殖户的实证检视[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2018(4):20-29.
[15]HALL D C,NORGAARD R B.On the timing and application of pesticides[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1973,55(2):198-201.
[16]FOX G,WEERSINK A.Damage control and increasing returns[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1995,77(1):33-39.
[17]周曙东,张宗毅.农户农药施药效率测算、影响因素及其与农药生产率关系研究——对农药损失控制生产函数的改进[J].农业技术经济,2013(3):4-14.
[18]NORWOOD F B,MARRA MC.Pesticide productivity:of bugs and biases[J].Journal of agricultural and resource economics,2003,28(3):596-610.
[19]朱淀,孔霞,顾建平.农户过量施用农药的非理性均衡:来自中国苏南地区农户的证据[J].中国农村经济,2014(8):17-29,41.
[20]LICHTENBERG E,ZILBERMAND.The econometrics of damage control:why specification matters[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1986,68(2):261-273.
[21]GROVERMANN C,SCHERINEMACHERS P,BERGER T.Quantifying pesticide overuse from farmer and societal points of view:an application to Thailand[J].Crop protection,2013,53(11):161-168.
[22]ASFAW S,MITHOFER D,WAIBEL H.EU food safety standards,pesticide use and farm-level productivity:the case of high-value crops in Kenya[J].Journeal of agricultural economics,2009,60(3):645-667.
(1)受访肉鸡养殖户的养殖收入情况和投入情况为2017年1月到2017年7月的平均值。
(2)受访肉鸡养殖户的疫苗费差异较小;兽药费差异较大,其差异主要在兽用抗菌药物的使用上。
(1)根据生产实际情况,将养殖规模划分为:年出栏量0~19 999只为小规模,20 000~49 999只为中规模,50 000只以上为大规模。
(1)折算方式参考Grovermann等的研究,取每个肉鸡养殖户常用的抗寄生虫类兽药、抗球虫类兽药和抗菌类兽药活性成分质量之和,然后以这些兽药的购买成本除以活性成分质量计算出兽药的单位使用量,再加上疫苗费的平均值,以每百只表示。
[2] CATRY B,LAEVENS H,DEVRIESE L A,et al.Antimicrobial resistance in livestock[J].Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics,2003,26(2):81-93.
[3]吴林海,谢旭燕.生猪养殖户认知特征与兽药使用行为的相关性研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(2):160-169.
[4] CROMWELL G L.Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production[J].Animal biotechnology,2002,13(1):7-27.
[5] LIU X,MILLER G Y,MCNAMAR P E.Do antibiotics reduce production risk for U.S.pork producers?[J].Journal of agricultural&applied economics,2005,37(3):65-575.
[6] MCBRIDE D,KEY N,MATHEWS K H.Subtherapeutic antibiotics and productivity in U.S.hog production[J].Review of agricultural economics,2008,30(2):270-288.
[7]吴林海,谢旭燕.生猪养殖户兽药使用行为的主要影响因素研究——以阜宁县为案例[J].农业现代化研究,2015(4):630-635.
[8] DANG P K,SAEGERMAN C,DOUNY C,et al.First survey on the use of antibiotics in pig and poultry production in the red river delta region of Vietnam[J].Food&public health,2013,3(5):247-256.
[9]孙若愚,周静.基于损害控制模型的农户过量使用兽药行为研究[J].农业技术经济,2015(10):32-40.
[10]王建华,邓远远,朱淀.生猪养殖中兽药投入效率测度——基于损害控制模型的分析[J].中国农村经济,2018(1):63-77.
[11]王瑜.养猪户的药物添加剂使用行为及其影响因素分析——基于江苏省542户农户的调查数据[J].农业技术经济,2009(5):46-55.
[12]浦华,白裕兵.养殖户违规用药行为影响因素研究[J].农业技术经济,2014(3):40-48.
[13]赵丽平,刘灵芝.水禽养殖户安全药物添加剂使用意愿及其影响因素[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014(2):46-52.
[14]何坪华,毛成兴.安全风险认知与抗生素违规使用:来自山东省畜禽养殖户的实证检视[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2018(4):20-29.
[15]HALL D C,NORGAARD R B.On the timing and application of pesticides[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1973,55(2):198-201.
[16]FOX G,WEERSINK A.Damage control and increasing returns[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1995,77(1):33-39.
[17]周曙东,张宗毅.农户农药施药效率测算、影响因素及其与农药生产率关系研究——对农药损失控制生产函数的改进[J].农业技术经济,2013(3):4-14.
[18]NORWOOD F B,MARRA MC.Pesticide productivity:of bugs and biases[J].Journal of agricultural and resource economics,2003,28(3):596-610.
[19]朱淀,孔霞,顾建平.农户过量施用农药的非理性均衡:来自中国苏南地区农户的证据[J].中国农村经济,2014(8):17-29,41.
[20]LICHTENBERG E,ZILBERMAND.The econometrics of damage control:why specification matters[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1986,68(2):261-273.
[21]GROVERMANN C,SCHERINEMACHERS P,BERGER T.Quantifying pesticide overuse from farmer and societal points of view:an application to Thailand[J].Crop protection,2013,53(11):161-168.
[22]ASFAW S,MITHOFER D,WAIBEL H.EU food safety standards,pesticide use and farm-level productivity:the case of high-value crops in Kenya[J].Journeal of agricultural economics,2009,60(3):645-667.
(1)受访肉鸡养殖户的养殖收入情况和投入情况为2017年1月到2017年7月的平均值。
(2)受访肉鸡养殖户的疫苗费差异较小;兽药费差异较大,其差异主要在兽用抗菌药物的使用上。
(1)根据生产实际情况,将养殖规模划分为:年出栏量0~19 999只为小规模,20 000~49 999只为中规模,50 000只以上为大规模。
(1)折算方式参考Grovermann等的研究,取每个肉鸡养殖户常用的抗寄生虫类兽药、抗球虫类兽药和抗菌类兽药活性成分质量之和,然后以这些兽药的购买成本除以活性成分质量计算出兽药的单位使用量,再加上疫苗费的平均值,以每百只表示。