Salinity effects on soil shrinkage characteristic curves of fine-grained geomaterials
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摘要
Fine-grained clayey soils are prone to substantial volume changes during desiccation in response to the dynamics of their moisture regime,and are of critical importance in several geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering applications. As such, the complex interactions between the fraction of soil solids and the ionic pore fluid play a critical role in governing such volume changes, and have been the focus in studies dealing with marine geotechnology, mine-tailing ponds, engineered barrier systems, etc.With this in mind, the present investigation evaluates the volume changes and accompanying densification from a saturated slurry state to a constant volume state of a reference fine-grained geomaterial,kaolin, subjected to evaporative dewatering. For this purpose, several parametric studies involving determination of soil shrinkage characteristic curves(SSCCs) of kaolin under the influence of varied salt constituents and concentrations of pore fluid are performed. Furthermore, a critical assessment of SSCCs depicting progressive shrinkage and volume change behaviour of geomaterials is provided, followed by the analysis of experimentally obtained SSCCs of the kaolin to explore the impacts of pore fluid salinity.Moreover, the SSCCs are parameterised with a predictive model and the fitting parameters are used to quantitatively demonstrate the salinity-dependent volume change response of a representative finegrained porous system.
Fine-grained clayey soils are prone to substantial volume changes during desiccation in response to the dynamics of their moisture regime,and are of critical importance in several geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering applications. As such, the complex interactions between the fraction of soil solids and the ionic pore fluid play a critical role in governing such volume changes, and have been the focus in studies dealing with marine geotechnology, mine-tailing ponds, engineered barrier systems, etc.With this in mind, the present investigation evaluates the volume changes and accompanying densification from a saturated slurry state to a constant volume state of a reference fine-grained geomaterial,kaolin, subjected to evaporative dewatering. For this purpose, several parametric studies involving determination of soil shrinkage characteristic curves(SSCCs) of kaolin under the influence of varied salt constituents and concentrations of pore fluid are performed. Furthermore, a critical assessment of SSCCs depicting progressive shrinkage and volume change behaviour of geomaterials is provided, followed by the analysis of experimentally obtained SSCCs of the kaolin to explore the impacts of pore fluid salinity.Moreover, the SSCCs are parameterised with a predictive model and the fitting parameters are used to quantitatively demonstrate the salinity-dependent volume change response of a representative finegrained porous system.
Fine-grained clayey soils are prone to substantial volume changes during desiccation in response to the dynamics of their moisture regime,and are of critical importance in several geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering applications. As such, the complex interactions between the fraction of soil solids and the ionic pore fluid play a critical role in governing such volume changes, and have been the focus in studies dealing with marine geotechnology, mine-tailing ponds, engineered barrier systems, etc.With this in mind, the present investigation evaluates the volume changes and accompanying densification from a saturated slurry state to a constant volume state of a reference fine-grained geomaterial,kaolin, subjected to evaporative dewatering. For this purpose, several parametric studies involving determination of soil shrinkage characteristic curves(SSCCs) of kaolin under the influence of varied salt constituents and concentrations of pore fluid are performed. Furthermore, a critical assessment of SSCCs depicting progressive shrinkage and volume change behaviour of geomaterials is provided, followed by the analysis of experimentally obtained SSCCs of the kaolin to explore the impacts of pore fluid salinity.Moreover, the SSCCs are parameterised with a predictive model and the fitting parameters are used to quantitatively demonstrate the salinity-dependent volume change response of a representative finegrained porous system.
引文
Anderson RD, Kleiman DB, Wolscki W. Special dewatering methods for soil stabilization. In:Proceedings of the 1st international mine water congress. International Mine Water Association; 1982. p. 335-53.
ASTM D7263-09. Standard test methods for laboratory determination of density(unit weight)of soil specimens. West Conshohocken, USA:ASTM International;2009.
Balasubramaniam A, Cai H, Zhu D, Surarak C, Oh E. Settlements of embankments in soft soils. Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS&AGSSEA 2010;41(2).http://seags.ait.asia/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Prof.-Bala-Settlements-ofEmbankments-in-Soft-Soil-SEAGS_AGSSEA-June-2010.pdf.
Barbour SL, Fredlund DG. Mechanics of osmotic flow and volume change in clay soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 1989;26(4):551-62.
Bernhoft RA. Mercury toxicity and treatment:a review of the literature. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/460508.
Bharat TV, Sivapullaiah PV, Allam MM. Novel procedure for the estimation of swelling pressures of compacted bentonites based on diffuse double layer theory. Environmental Earth Sciences 2013;70(1):303-14.
Bolt GT. Physicochemical analysis of the compressibility of pure clays. Geotechnique1956;6(2):86-93.
Braudeau E, Costantini JM, Bellier G, Colleuille H. New device and method for soil shrinkage curve measurement and characterization. Soil Science Society of America Journal 1999;63(3):525-35.
Chen J, Anandarajah A, Inyang H. Pore fluid properties and compressibility of kaolinite. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2000;126(9):798-807.
Chilcott RP. Compendium of chemical hazards:kerosene(fuel oil). Oxfordshire, UK:Health Protection Agency; 2006.
Cornelis WM, Corluy J, Medina H, Diaz J, Hartmann R, Van Meirvenne M, Ruiz ME.Measuring and modelling the soil shrinkage characteristic curve. Geoderma2006;137(1-2):179-91.
Cui YJ, Tang AM. On the chemo-thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of geological and engineered barriers. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2013;5(3):169-78.
Cui YJ. On the hydro-mechanical behaviour of MX80 bentonite-based materials.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2017;9(3):565-74.
Fourie AB, Blight GE, Papageorgiou G. Static liquefaction as a possible explanation for the Merriespruit tailings dam failure. Canadian Geotechnical Journal2001;38(4):707-19.
Fredlund DG, Stone J, Stianson J, Sedgwick A. Determination of water storage and permeability functions of oil sands tailings. In:Proceedings of the international conference on tailings and mine waste. Vancouver:Canada; 2011.
Fredlund MD, Wilson GW, Fredlund DG. Representation and estimation of the shrinkage curve. In:Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on unsaturated soils, UNSAT 2002. Lisse, Netherlands:A.A. Balkema; 2002.p. 145-9.
Gapak Y, Das G, Yerramshetty U, Bharat TV. Laboratory determination of volumetric shrinkage behavior of bentonites:a critical appraisal. Applied Clay Science2017;135:554-66.
Gerard P, Charlier R, Chambon R, Collin F. Influence of evaporation and seepage on the convergence of a ventilated cavity. Water Resources Research 2008;44(5).https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006500.
Groenevelt PH, Grant CD, Semetsa S. A new procedure to determine soil water availability. Australian Journal of Soil Research 2001;39(3):577-98.
Hettiaratchi JPA, Hrudey SE, Smith DW, Sego DCC. Shrinkage behavior of clay liner material exposed to simulated municipal solid waste landfill leachate. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 1988;15(14):500-8.
Hirmas DR, Gimenez D, Mome Filho EA, Patterson M, Drager K, Platt BF, Eck DV.Quantifying soil structure and porosity using three dimensional laser scanning.In:Hartemink AE, Minasny B, editors. Digital soil morphometrics. Dordrecht,Netherlands:Springer; 2016. p. 19-35.
Hu LB, Peron H, Hueckel T, Laloui L. Mechanisms and critical properties in drying shrinkage of soils:experimental and numerical parametric studies. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2013;50(5):536-49.
Kaczmarek M, Hueckel T. Chemo-mechanical consolidation of clays:analytical solutions for a linearized one-dimensional problem. Transport in Porous Media1998;32(1):49-74.
Kielland J. Individual activity coefficients of ions in aqueous solutions. Journal of American Chemical Society 1937;59(9):1675-8.
Kim DJ, Vereecken H, Feyen J, Boels D, Bronswijk JJB. On the characterization of properties of an unripe marine day soil. I. Shrinkage processes of an unripe marine clay soil in relation to physical ripening. Soil Science 1993;153(6):471-81.
Krosley L, Likos WJ, Lu N. Alternative encasement materials for clod test.Geotechnical Testing Journal 2003;26(4):461-3.
Leong EC, Wijaya M. Universal soil shrinkage curve equation. Geoderma 2015;237-238:78-87.
Mishra PN, Suman S, Das SK. Experimental investigation and prediction models for thermal conductivity of biomodified buffer materials for hazardous waste disposal. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 2017a;21(2).https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000327.
Mishra PN, Surendran S, Gadi VK, Joseph RA, Arnepalli DN. Generalized approach for determination of thermal conductivity of composite buffer materials. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 2017b;21(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000357.
Mishra PN, Bore T, Scheuermann A, Li L. Measurement of dielectric properties of Kaolin with saline pore fluid during dewatering. In:Proceedings of the 19th international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering; 2017.p. 1209-12. Seoul, South Korea.
Mishra PN, Bore T, Jiang Y, Scheuermann A, Li L. Dielectric spectroscopy measurements on kaolin suspension for sedimentation monitoring application. Measurement 2018c; 121:160-9.
Mishra PN, Scheuermann A, Li L Significance of corrections and impact of saline pore fluid on kaolin. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2018b;30(11).https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002458.
Mishra PN, Liu A, Bore T, Scheuermann A, Li L Impact of pore fluid salinity on progressive volume change behavior of kaolin. In:Proceedings of the 7th international conference on unsaturated soils(UNSAT-2018); 2018. Hong Kong,China.
Mitchell JE. The applicability of colloidal theory to the compressibility of clays. In:Proceedings of the seminar on interparticle forces in clay-water-electrolyte systems. Melbourne, Australia:Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1960. p. 2.92-8.
Mojid MA. Diffuse double layer(DDL). In:Glinski J, Horabik J, Lipiec J, editors.Encyclopedia of agrophysics. Dordrecht, Netherlands:Springer; 2011.
Nazir AK, Azzam WR. Improving the bearing capacity of footing on soft clay with sand pile with/without skirts. Alexandria Engineering Journal 2010;49(4):371-7.
Noorany I. Phase relations in marine soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering1984;110(4):539-43.
Nowamooz H, Masrouri F. Suction variations and soil fabric of swelling compacted soils. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2010;2(2):129-34.
Olson RE, Mesri G. Mechanisms controlling compressibility of clays. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 1970;6(11):1863-78.
Peng X, Horn R. Modeling soil shrinkage curve across a wide range of soil types. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2005;69(3):584-92.
Peron H, Hueckel T, Laloui L, Hu LB. Fundamentals of desiccation cracking of finegrained soils:experimental characterisation and mechanisms identification.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2009;46(10):1177-201.
Prime N, Levasseur S, Miny L, Charlier R, Leonard A, Collin F. Drying-induced shrinkage of boom clay:an experimental investigation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2016;53(3):396-409.
Rao SN, Mathew PK Effects of exchangeable cations on hydraulic conductivity of a marine clay. Clays and Clay Minerals 1995;43(4):433-7.
Rossi AM, Hirmas DR, Graham RC,Sternberg PD. Bulk density determination by automated three-dimensional laser scanning. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2008;72(6):1591-3.
Sanchez M, Atique A, Kim S, Romero E, Zielinski M. Exploring desiccation cracks in soils using a 2D profile laser device. Acta Geotechnica 2013;8(6):583-96.
Sander T, Gerke HH. Noncontact shrinkage curve determination for soil clods and aggregates by three-dimensional optical scanning. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2007; 71(5):1448-54.
Schwing M. Mechanical, hydraulic, and dielectric characterisation of fine-grained soils during densification[PhD Thesis]. Queensland, Australia:University of Queensland; 2015.
Shaygan M, Reading LP, Baumgartl T. Effect of physical amendments on salt leaching characteristics for reclamation. Geoderma 2017;292:96-110.
Siddiqua S, Blatz J, Siemens G. Evaluation of the impact of pore fluid chemistry on the hydromechanical behaviour of clay-based sealing materials. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2011;48(2):199-213.
Sridharan A, Rao GV. Mechanisms controlling volume change of saturated clays.Geotechnique 1973;23(3):359-82.
Stewart RD, Abou Najm MR, Rupp DE, Selker JS. An image-based method for determining bulk density and the soil shrinkage curve. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2012;76(4):1217-21.
Stoltz G, Cuisinier O, Masrouri F. Multi-scale analysis of the swelling and shrinkage of a lime-treated expansive clayey soil. Applied Clay Science 2012;61:44-51.
Tang CS, Shi B, Liu C, Suo WB, Gao L. Experimental characterization of shrinkage and desiccation cracking in thin clay layer. Applied Clay Science 2011;52(1-2):69-77.
Tang CS, Wang DY, Zhu C, Zhou QY, Xu SK, Shi B. Characterizing drying-induced clayey soil desiccation cracking process using electrical resistivity method.Applied Clay Science 2018;152:101-12.
Tariq AR, Durnford DS. Soil volumetric shrinkage measurements:a simple method.Soil Science 1993;155(5):325-30.
Tollenaar RN, van Paassen LA, Jommi C. Small scale evaporation tests on a clay:influence of drying rate on a clayey soil layer. Canadian Geotechnical Journal2018;55(3):437-45.
Wijaya M, Leong EC. Modelling shrinkage behaviour of soft soils. In:Proceedings of softsoils 2014. Indonesia:Bandung; 2014.
Xu YF, Xiang GS, Jiang H, Chen T, Chu F. Role of osmotic suction in volume change of days in salt solution. Applied Clay Science 2014;101:354-61.
Yao Y, van Tol AF, van Paassen LA, Vardon PJ. Shrinkage and swelling properties of flocculated mature fine tailings. In:Proceedings of the 4th international oil sands tailings conference(IOSTC 2014); 2014. p. 27-35. Lake Louise, Canada.
Zhang Y, Ye W, Chen Y, Chen B. Impact of NaCl on drying shrinkage behavior of lowplasticity soil in earthen heritages. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2017;54(12):1762-74.
Zielinski M, Sanchez M, Romero E, Atique A. Precise observation of soil surface curling. Geoderma 2014;226-227:85-93.
Zolfaghari Z, Mosaddeghi MR, Ayoubi S. Relationships of soil shrinkage parameters and indices with intrinsic soil properties and environmental variables in calcareous soils. Geoderma 2016;277:23-34.
ASTM D7263-09. Standard test methods for laboratory determination of density(unit weight)of soil specimens. West Conshohocken, USA:ASTM International;2009.
Balasubramaniam A, Cai H, Zhu D, Surarak C, Oh E. Settlements of embankments in soft soils. Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS&AGSSEA 2010;41(2).http://seags.ait.asia/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Prof.-Bala-Settlements-ofEmbankments-in-Soft-Soil-SEAGS_AGSSEA-June-2010.pdf.
Barbour SL, Fredlund DG. Mechanics of osmotic flow and volume change in clay soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 1989;26(4):551-62.
Bernhoft RA. Mercury toxicity and treatment:a review of the literature. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/460508.
Bharat TV, Sivapullaiah PV, Allam MM. Novel procedure for the estimation of swelling pressures of compacted bentonites based on diffuse double layer theory. Environmental Earth Sciences 2013;70(1):303-14.
Bolt GT. Physicochemical analysis of the compressibility of pure clays. Geotechnique1956;6(2):86-93.
Braudeau E, Costantini JM, Bellier G, Colleuille H. New device and method for soil shrinkage curve measurement and characterization. Soil Science Society of America Journal 1999;63(3):525-35.
Chen J, Anandarajah A, Inyang H. Pore fluid properties and compressibility of kaolinite. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2000;126(9):798-807.
Chilcott RP. Compendium of chemical hazards:kerosene(fuel oil). Oxfordshire, UK:Health Protection Agency; 2006.
Cornelis WM, Corluy J, Medina H, Diaz J, Hartmann R, Van Meirvenne M, Ruiz ME.Measuring and modelling the soil shrinkage characteristic curve. Geoderma2006;137(1-2):179-91.
Cui YJ, Tang AM. On the chemo-thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of geological and engineered barriers. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2013;5(3):169-78.
Cui YJ. On the hydro-mechanical behaviour of MX80 bentonite-based materials.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2017;9(3):565-74.
Fourie AB, Blight GE, Papageorgiou G. Static liquefaction as a possible explanation for the Merriespruit tailings dam failure. Canadian Geotechnical Journal2001;38(4):707-19.
Fredlund DG, Stone J, Stianson J, Sedgwick A. Determination of water storage and permeability functions of oil sands tailings. In:Proceedings of the international conference on tailings and mine waste. Vancouver:Canada; 2011.
Fredlund MD, Wilson GW, Fredlund DG. Representation and estimation of the shrinkage curve. In:Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on unsaturated soils, UNSAT 2002. Lisse, Netherlands:A.A. Balkema; 2002.p. 145-9.
Gapak Y, Das G, Yerramshetty U, Bharat TV. Laboratory determination of volumetric shrinkage behavior of bentonites:a critical appraisal. Applied Clay Science2017;135:554-66.
Gerard P, Charlier R, Chambon R, Collin F. Influence of evaporation and seepage on the convergence of a ventilated cavity. Water Resources Research 2008;44(5).https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006500.
Groenevelt PH, Grant CD, Semetsa S. A new procedure to determine soil water availability. Australian Journal of Soil Research 2001;39(3):577-98.
Hettiaratchi JPA, Hrudey SE, Smith DW, Sego DCC. Shrinkage behavior of clay liner material exposed to simulated municipal solid waste landfill leachate. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 1988;15(14):500-8.
Hirmas DR, Gimenez D, Mome Filho EA, Patterson M, Drager K, Platt BF, Eck DV.Quantifying soil structure and porosity using three dimensional laser scanning.In:Hartemink AE, Minasny B, editors. Digital soil morphometrics. Dordrecht,Netherlands:Springer; 2016. p. 19-35.
Hu LB, Peron H, Hueckel T, Laloui L. Mechanisms and critical properties in drying shrinkage of soils:experimental and numerical parametric studies. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2013;50(5):536-49.
Kaczmarek M, Hueckel T. Chemo-mechanical consolidation of clays:analytical solutions for a linearized one-dimensional problem. Transport in Porous Media1998;32(1):49-74.
Kielland J. Individual activity coefficients of ions in aqueous solutions. Journal of American Chemical Society 1937;59(9):1675-8.
Kim DJ, Vereecken H, Feyen J, Boels D, Bronswijk JJB. On the characterization of properties of an unripe marine day soil. I. Shrinkage processes of an unripe marine clay soil in relation to physical ripening. Soil Science 1993;153(6):471-81.
Krosley L, Likos WJ, Lu N. Alternative encasement materials for clod test.Geotechnical Testing Journal 2003;26(4):461-3.
Leong EC, Wijaya M. Universal soil shrinkage curve equation. Geoderma 2015;237-238:78-87.
Mishra PN, Suman S, Das SK. Experimental investigation and prediction models for thermal conductivity of biomodified buffer materials for hazardous waste disposal. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 2017a;21(2).https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000327.
Mishra PN, Surendran S, Gadi VK, Joseph RA, Arnepalli DN. Generalized approach for determination of thermal conductivity of composite buffer materials. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 2017b;21(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000357.
Mishra PN, Bore T, Scheuermann A, Li L. Measurement of dielectric properties of Kaolin with saline pore fluid during dewatering. In:Proceedings of the 19th international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering; 2017.p. 1209-12. Seoul, South Korea.
Mishra PN, Bore T, Jiang Y, Scheuermann A, Li L. Dielectric spectroscopy measurements on kaolin suspension for sedimentation monitoring application. Measurement 2018c; 121:160-9.
Mishra PN, Scheuermann A, Li L Significance of corrections and impact of saline pore fluid on kaolin. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2018b;30(11).https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002458.
Mishra PN, Liu A, Bore T, Scheuermann A, Li L Impact of pore fluid salinity on progressive volume change behavior of kaolin. In:Proceedings of the 7th international conference on unsaturated soils(UNSAT-2018); 2018. Hong Kong,China.
Mitchell JE. The applicability of colloidal theory to the compressibility of clays. In:Proceedings of the seminar on interparticle forces in clay-water-electrolyte systems. Melbourne, Australia:Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1960. p. 2.92-8.
Mojid MA. Diffuse double layer(DDL). In:Glinski J, Horabik J, Lipiec J, editors.Encyclopedia of agrophysics. Dordrecht, Netherlands:Springer; 2011.
Nazir AK, Azzam WR. Improving the bearing capacity of footing on soft clay with sand pile with/without skirts. Alexandria Engineering Journal 2010;49(4):371-7.
Noorany I. Phase relations in marine soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering1984;110(4):539-43.
Nowamooz H, Masrouri F. Suction variations and soil fabric of swelling compacted soils. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2010;2(2):129-34.
Olson RE, Mesri G. Mechanisms controlling compressibility of clays. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 1970;6(11):1863-78.
Peng X, Horn R. Modeling soil shrinkage curve across a wide range of soil types. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2005;69(3):584-92.
Peron H, Hueckel T, Laloui L, Hu LB. Fundamentals of desiccation cracking of finegrained soils:experimental characterisation and mechanisms identification.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2009;46(10):1177-201.
Prime N, Levasseur S, Miny L, Charlier R, Leonard A, Collin F. Drying-induced shrinkage of boom clay:an experimental investigation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2016;53(3):396-409.
Rao SN, Mathew PK Effects of exchangeable cations on hydraulic conductivity of a marine clay. Clays and Clay Minerals 1995;43(4):433-7.
Rossi AM, Hirmas DR, Graham RC,Sternberg PD. Bulk density determination by automated three-dimensional laser scanning. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2008;72(6):1591-3.
Sanchez M, Atique A, Kim S, Romero E, Zielinski M. Exploring desiccation cracks in soils using a 2D profile laser device. Acta Geotechnica 2013;8(6):583-96.
Sander T, Gerke HH. Noncontact shrinkage curve determination for soil clods and aggregates by three-dimensional optical scanning. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2007; 71(5):1448-54.
Schwing M. Mechanical, hydraulic, and dielectric characterisation of fine-grained soils during densification[PhD Thesis]. Queensland, Australia:University of Queensland; 2015.
Shaygan M, Reading LP, Baumgartl T. Effect of physical amendments on salt leaching characteristics for reclamation. Geoderma 2017;292:96-110.
Siddiqua S, Blatz J, Siemens G. Evaluation of the impact of pore fluid chemistry on the hydromechanical behaviour of clay-based sealing materials. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2011;48(2):199-213.
Sridharan A, Rao GV. Mechanisms controlling volume change of saturated clays.Geotechnique 1973;23(3):359-82.
Stewart RD, Abou Najm MR, Rupp DE, Selker JS. An image-based method for determining bulk density and the soil shrinkage curve. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2012;76(4):1217-21.
Stoltz G, Cuisinier O, Masrouri F. Multi-scale analysis of the swelling and shrinkage of a lime-treated expansive clayey soil. Applied Clay Science 2012;61:44-51.
Tang CS, Shi B, Liu C, Suo WB, Gao L. Experimental characterization of shrinkage and desiccation cracking in thin clay layer. Applied Clay Science 2011;52(1-2):69-77.
Tang CS, Wang DY, Zhu C, Zhou QY, Xu SK, Shi B. Characterizing drying-induced clayey soil desiccation cracking process using electrical resistivity method.Applied Clay Science 2018;152:101-12.
Tariq AR, Durnford DS. Soil volumetric shrinkage measurements:a simple method.Soil Science 1993;155(5):325-30.
Tollenaar RN, van Paassen LA, Jommi C. Small scale evaporation tests on a clay:influence of drying rate on a clayey soil layer. Canadian Geotechnical Journal2018;55(3):437-45.
Wijaya M, Leong EC. Modelling shrinkage behaviour of soft soils. In:Proceedings of softsoils 2014. Indonesia:Bandung; 2014.
Xu YF, Xiang GS, Jiang H, Chen T, Chu F. Role of osmotic suction in volume change of days in salt solution. Applied Clay Science 2014;101:354-61.
Yao Y, van Tol AF, van Paassen LA, Vardon PJ. Shrinkage and swelling properties of flocculated mature fine tailings. In:Proceedings of the 4th international oil sands tailings conference(IOSTC 2014); 2014. p. 27-35. Lake Louise, Canada.
Zhang Y, Ye W, Chen Y, Chen B. Impact of NaCl on drying shrinkage behavior of lowplasticity soil in earthen heritages. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2017;54(12):1762-74.
Zielinski M, Sanchez M, Romero E, Atique A. Precise observation of soil surface curling. Geoderma 2014;226-227:85-93.
Zolfaghari Z, Mosaddeghi MR, Ayoubi S. Relationships of soil shrinkage parameters and indices with intrinsic soil properties and environmental variables in calcareous soils. Geoderma 2016;277:23-34.