Disaster Risk Reduction Including Climate Change Adaptation Over South Asia: Challenges and Ways Forward
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摘要
South Asia is vulnerable to a variety of hydrometeorological hazards, which are often crossboundary in nature. Climate change is expected to influence many of these hazards. Thus, climate-related risks over South Asia make disaster risk reduction(DRR) and climate change adaptation(CCA) key policy goals.Recently there is an increasing consensus that DRR including CCA should be embedded in development planning. Disaster risk reduction including CCA has progressively gained importance in global governance. Across South Asia, however, such integration is only in a preliminary stage. This review was to assess the existing status and scope of DRR including CCA in development projects across South Asia, so that an effective and achievable deliberation may be made to regional policymakers. A total of 371 projects relevant to CCA and DRR were reviewed.The project inventory was diverse in nature with respect to location, scale, sectoral focus, and strategic importance.Bangladesh, India, and Bhutan were observed to be proactive in implementing DRR-and CCA-related projects.Meta-analysis of the project inventory suggests an urgent need for an individual and collaborative convergence of processes for DRR and CCA through policies,plans, strategies, and programs.
South Asia is vulnerable to a variety of hydrometeorological hazards, which are often crossboundary in nature. Climate change is expected to influence many of these hazards. Thus, climate-related risks over South Asia make disaster risk reduction(DRR) and climate change adaptation(CCA) key policy goals.Recently there is an increasing consensus that DRR including CCA should be embedded in development planning. Disaster risk reduction including CCA has progressively gained importance in global governance. Across South Asia, however, such integration is only in a preliminary stage. This review was to assess the existing status and scope of DRR including CCA in development projects across South Asia, so that an effective and achievable deliberation may be made to regional policymakers. A total of 371 projects relevant to CCA and DRR were reviewed.The project inventory was diverse in nature with respect to location, scale, sectoral focus, and strategic importance.Bangladesh, India, and Bhutan were observed to be proactive in implementing DRR-and CCA-related projects.Meta-analysis of the project inventory suggests an urgent need for an individual and collaborative convergence of processes for DRR and CCA through policies,plans, strategies, and programs.
South Asia is vulnerable to a variety of hydrometeorological hazards, which are often crossboundary in nature. Climate change is expected to influence many of these hazards. Thus, climate-related risks over South Asia make disaster risk reduction(DRR) and climate change adaptation(CCA) key policy goals.Recently there is an increasing consensus that DRR including CCA should be embedded in development planning. Disaster risk reduction including CCA has progressively gained importance in global governance. Across South Asia, however, such integration is only in a preliminary stage. This review was to assess the existing status and scope of DRR including CCA in development projects across South Asia, so that an effective and achievable deliberation may be made to regional policymakers. A total of 371 projects relevant to CCA and DRR were reviewed.The project inventory was diverse in nature with respect to location, scale, sectoral focus, and strategic importance.Bangladesh, India, and Bhutan were observed to be proactive in implementing DRR-and CCA-related projects.Meta-analysis of the project inventory suggests an urgent need for an individual and collaborative convergence of processes for DRR and CCA through policies,plans, strategies, and programs.
引文
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Banwell,N.,S.Rutherford,B.Mackey,and C.Chu.2018.Towards improved linkage of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in health:A review.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(4):793.
Bhatt,D.,R.K.Mall,and T.Banerjee.2015.Climate change,climate extremes and disaster risk reduction.Natural Hazards 78(1):775-778.
Brewer,G.,J.von Meding,and G.Forino.2018.Governing the integration of climate change adaptation into disaster risk reduction:Insights from two Australian local governments.In Governance of risk,hazards and disasters,ed.G.Forino,S.Bonati,and L.Maria,101-116.Abingdon:Routledge.
Dhar,C.P.G.2010.Integrating disaster risk reduction with climate change adaptation-Recent initiatives in South Asia.Disaster and Development 4(1):159-183.
Dias,N.,D.Amaratunga,and R.Haigh.2018.Challenges associated with integrating CCA and DRR in the UK-A review on the existing legal and policy background.Procedia Engineering212:978-985.
EM-DAT(Emergency Events Database).2016.The international disaster database,natural disasters trends.Brussels:Belgium.
Gaiha,R.,and G.Hill.2010.Natural disaster in South Asia.In Routledge handbook of South Asian economics,ed.R.Jha,109-128.Abingdon:Routledge.
GIRA(Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan).2005.Afghanistan national development strategy:An interim strategy for security,governance,economic growth&poverty reduction.Kabul:GIRA.
Gupta,S.,and M.Murlikrishna.2010.South Asia disaster risk management programme:Synthesis report on SAR countries disaster risks.Noida:RMSI Private Limited.
Hasan,Z.,S.Akhter,S.Ahmed,and A.Kabir.2013.Challenges of integrating disaster risk management and climate change adaptation policies at the national level:Bangladesh as a case.Global Journal of Human-Social Science:(B)Geography,Geo-Sciences Environmental Science&Disaster Management 13(4):55-64.
IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).2013.Climate change 2013:The physical science basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,ed.T.F.Stocker,D.Qin,G.-K.Plattner,M.Tignor,S.K.Allen,J.Boschung,A.Nauels,Y.Xia,et al.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kelman,I.,and J.C.Gaillard.2008.Placing climate change within disaster risk reduction.Disaster Advances 1(3):3-5.
Kelman,I.,J.Mercer,and J.C.Gaillard.2017.Editorial introduction to this handbook:Why act on disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation.In The Routledge handbook of disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation,ed.I.Kelman,J.Mercer,and J.C.Gaillard,3-6.Abingdon:Routledge.
Kelman,I.,J.Mercer,and J.J.West.2009.Integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge for community based climate change adaptation.Participatory Learning and Action 60:41-53.
Mall,R.K.,S.D.Attri,and S.Kumar.2011a.Extreme weather events and climate change policy in India.Journal of South Asian Disaster Studies 4(2):37-56.
Mall,R.K.,A.Gupta,R.Singh,R.S.Singh,and L.S.Rathore.2006.Water resources and climate change:An Indian perspective.Current Science 90(12):1610-1626.
Mall,R.K.,R.Kumar,and R.Bhatla.2011b.Climate change and disaster in India.Journal of South Asian Disaster Studies 4(1):27-76.
Mall,R.K.,and R.K.Srivastava.2012.Sustainable flood management in changing climate.In Flood risk management in South Asia,ed.O.P.Mishra,M.Ghatak,and A.Kamal,49-66.New Delhi:SAARC Disaster Management Centre.
MEE(Ministry of Environment and Energy).2011.Strategic national action plan for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation 2010-2020.Male,Maldives:MEE.
Mercer,J.,I.Kelman,F.do Rosario,A.de Deus de Jesus Lima,A.da Silva,A.M.Beloff,and A.McClean.2014.Nation-building policies in Timor-Leste:Disaster risk reduction,including climate change adaptation.Disasters 38(4):690-718.
MHA(Ministry of Home Affairs).2011.Disaster management in India.New Delhi:MHA.
MoDM(Ministry of Disaster Management).2005.Towards a safer Sri Lanka:Road map for disaster risk management.Colombo:MoDM.
MoE,GoN(Ministry of Environment,Government of Nepal).2011.Status of climate change in Nepal.Kathmandu:MoE,Government of Nepal.
MoEF(Ministry of Environment and Forests).2012.India second national communication to the United Nations framework convention on climate change.New Delhi:MoEF.
MoEF,GoB(Ministry of Environment and Forests,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh).2009.National adaptation programme of action(NAPA).Dhaka:MoEF,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
MoEF,GoB(Ministry of Environment and Forests,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh).2012.Introduction to Ministry of Environment and Forest.Dhaka:MoEF,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
MoEFCC(Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change).2008.National action plan on climate change.New Delhi:MoEFCC.
MoHA,GoN(Ministry of Home Affairs,Government of Nepal).2009.National strategy for disaster risk management.2009.Kathmandu:MoHA,Government of Nepal.
NDMA(National Disaster Management Authority).2007.National disaster risk management framework Pakistan.Islamabad:NDMA.
NDMA(National Disaster Management Authority).2013.National disaster risk reduction policy.Islamabad:NDMA.
O’Keefe,P.,K.Westgate,and B.Wisner.1976.Taking the naturalness out of natural disasters.Nature 260(5552):566-567.
Raza,T.2018.Localizing disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in planners’and decision makers’agenda:Technical comprehensive model,Quezon City,Philippines.Procedia Engineering 212:1311-1318.
SAARC(South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).2008.Regional cooperation on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in South Asia:Road map.SAARC Workshop on Climate Change and Disasters:Emerging Trends and Future Strategies.Kathmandu,Nepal,168-182.
Seidler,R.,K.Dietrich,S.Schweizer,K.S.Bawa,S.Chopde,F.Zaman,A.Sharma,S.Bhattacharya,L.P.Devkota,and S.Khaling.2018.Progress on integrating climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction for sustainable development pathways in South Asia:Evidence from six research projects.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 31:92-101.
Shamsuddoha,M.,E.Roberts,A.Hasemann,and S.Roddick.2013.Establishing links between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the context of loss and damage:Policies and approaches in Bangladesh.Dhaka:Department for International Development.
UNDP(United Nations Development Programme).2013.Human development report 2013:The rise of south-Human progress in diverse world.New York:UNDP.
UNESCAP(United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific).2016.Asia-Pacific disaster report 2015:Disasters without borders-Regional resilience for sustainable development.Bangkok:UNESCAP.
UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).2008.In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Parties,3-15 December 2007,Bali:United Nations.
UNISDR(United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction).2011.Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction:Revealing risk,redefining development-Summary and main findings.Geneva:United Nations.
UNISDR(United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction).2015.Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction2015-2030.Geneva:United Nations.
United Nations.2018.List of least developed countries(as of March2018).Geneva:United Nations Committee for Development Policy Development Policy and Analysis Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
UNISDR/SDMC(United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction/SAARC Disaster Management Centre).2014.Integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in SAARC region:Implementation of the Thimphu statement of climate change-A comprehensive study of the policy,institutional landscape and resource allocation for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in South Asia(Disaster prevention,preparedness&management,linkages with CCA).New Delhi:SDMC.
Uprety,B.K.2009.Climate change:Major initiatives and development in Nepal.The Initiation 3:128-134.
Vij,S.,R.Biesbroek,A.Groot,and K.Termeer.2018.Changing climate policy paradigms in Bangladesh and Nepal.Environmental Science&Policy 81:77-85.
Xu,D.,L.Peng,S.Liu,and X.Wang.2018.Influences of risk perception and sense of place on landslide disaster preparedness in Southwestern China.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 9(2):167-180.
Zuccaro,G.,and M.F.Leone.2018.Building resilient cities:Asimulation-based scenario assessment methodology for the integration of DRR and CCA in a multi-scale design perspective.Procedia Engineering 212:871-878.
Banwell,N.,S.Rutherford,B.Mackey,and C.Chu.2018.Towards improved linkage of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in health:A review.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(4):793.
Bhatt,D.,R.K.Mall,and T.Banerjee.2015.Climate change,climate extremes and disaster risk reduction.Natural Hazards 78(1):775-778.
Brewer,G.,J.von Meding,and G.Forino.2018.Governing the integration of climate change adaptation into disaster risk reduction:Insights from two Australian local governments.In Governance of risk,hazards and disasters,ed.G.Forino,S.Bonati,and L.Maria,101-116.Abingdon:Routledge.
Dhar,C.P.G.2010.Integrating disaster risk reduction with climate change adaptation-Recent initiatives in South Asia.Disaster and Development 4(1):159-183.
Dias,N.,D.Amaratunga,and R.Haigh.2018.Challenges associated with integrating CCA and DRR in the UK-A review on the existing legal and policy background.Procedia Engineering212:978-985.
EM-DAT(Emergency Events Database).2016.The international disaster database,natural disasters trends.Brussels:Belgium.
Gaiha,R.,and G.Hill.2010.Natural disaster in South Asia.In Routledge handbook of South Asian economics,ed.R.Jha,109-128.Abingdon:Routledge.
GIRA(Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan).2005.Afghanistan national development strategy:An interim strategy for security,governance,economic growth&poverty reduction.Kabul:GIRA.
Gupta,S.,and M.Murlikrishna.2010.South Asia disaster risk management programme:Synthesis report on SAR countries disaster risks.Noida:RMSI Private Limited.
Hasan,Z.,S.Akhter,S.Ahmed,and A.Kabir.2013.Challenges of integrating disaster risk management and climate change adaptation policies at the national level:Bangladesh as a case.Global Journal of Human-Social Science:(B)Geography,Geo-Sciences Environmental Science&Disaster Management 13(4):55-64.
IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).2013.Climate change 2013:The physical science basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,ed.T.F.Stocker,D.Qin,G.-K.Plattner,M.Tignor,S.K.Allen,J.Boschung,A.Nauels,Y.Xia,et al.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kelman,I.,and J.C.Gaillard.2008.Placing climate change within disaster risk reduction.Disaster Advances 1(3):3-5.
Kelman,I.,J.Mercer,and J.C.Gaillard.2017.Editorial introduction to this handbook:Why act on disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation.In The Routledge handbook of disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation,ed.I.Kelman,J.Mercer,and J.C.Gaillard,3-6.Abingdon:Routledge.
Kelman,I.,J.Mercer,and J.J.West.2009.Integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge for community based climate change adaptation.Participatory Learning and Action 60:41-53.
Mall,R.K.,S.D.Attri,and S.Kumar.2011a.Extreme weather events and climate change policy in India.Journal of South Asian Disaster Studies 4(2):37-56.
Mall,R.K.,A.Gupta,R.Singh,R.S.Singh,and L.S.Rathore.2006.Water resources and climate change:An Indian perspective.Current Science 90(12):1610-1626.
Mall,R.K.,R.Kumar,and R.Bhatla.2011b.Climate change and disaster in India.Journal of South Asian Disaster Studies 4(1):27-76.
Mall,R.K.,and R.K.Srivastava.2012.Sustainable flood management in changing climate.In Flood risk management in South Asia,ed.O.P.Mishra,M.Ghatak,and A.Kamal,49-66.New Delhi:SAARC Disaster Management Centre.
MEE(Ministry of Environment and Energy).2011.Strategic national action plan for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation 2010-2020.Male,Maldives:MEE.
Mercer,J.,I.Kelman,F.do Rosario,A.de Deus de Jesus Lima,A.da Silva,A.M.Beloff,and A.McClean.2014.Nation-building policies in Timor-Leste:Disaster risk reduction,including climate change adaptation.Disasters 38(4):690-718.
MHA(Ministry of Home Affairs).2011.Disaster management in India.New Delhi:MHA.
MoDM(Ministry of Disaster Management).2005.Towards a safer Sri Lanka:Road map for disaster risk management.Colombo:MoDM.
MoE,GoN(Ministry of Environment,Government of Nepal).2011.Status of climate change in Nepal.Kathmandu:MoE,Government of Nepal.
MoEF(Ministry of Environment and Forests).2012.India second national communication to the United Nations framework convention on climate change.New Delhi:MoEF.
MoEF,GoB(Ministry of Environment and Forests,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh).2009.National adaptation programme of action(NAPA).Dhaka:MoEF,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
MoEF,GoB(Ministry of Environment and Forests,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh).2012.Introduction to Ministry of Environment and Forest.Dhaka:MoEF,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
MoEFCC(Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change).2008.National action plan on climate change.New Delhi:MoEFCC.
MoHA,GoN(Ministry of Home Affairs,Government of Nepal).2009.National strategy for disaster risk management.2009.Kathmandu:MoHA,Government of Nepal.
NDMA(National Disaster Management Authority).2007.National disaster risk management framework Pakistan.Islamabad:NDMA.
NDMA(National Disaster Management Authority).2013.National disaster risk reduction policy.Islamabad:NDMA.
O’Keefe,P.,K.Westgate,and B.Wisner.1976.Taking the naturalness out of natural disasters.Nature 260(5552):566-567.
Raza,T.2018.Localizing disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in planners’and decision makers’agenda:Technical comprehensive model,Quezon City,Philippines.Procedia Engineering 212:1311-1318.
SAARC(South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).2008.Regional cooperation on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in South Asia:Road map.SAARC Workshop on Climate Change and Disasters:Emerging Trends and Future Strategies.Kathmandu,Nepal,168-182.
Seidler,R.,K.Dietrich,S.Schweizer,K.S.Bawa,S.Chopde,F.Zaman,A.Sharma,S.Bhattacharya,L.P.Devkota,and S.Khaling.2018.Progress on integrating climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction for sustainable development pathways in South Asia:Evidence from six research projects.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 31:92-101.
Shamsuddoha,M.,E.Roberts,A.Hasemann,and S.Roddick.2013.Establishing links between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the context of loss and damage:Policies and approaches in Bangladesh.Dhaka:Department for International Development.
UNDP(United Nations Development Programme).2013.Human development report 2013:The rise of south-Human progress in diverse world.New York:UNDP.
UNESCAP(United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific).2016.Asia-Pacific disaster report 2015:Disasters without borders-Regional resilience for sustainable development.Bangkok:UNESCAP.
UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).2008.In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Parties,3-15 December 2007,Bali:United Nations.
UNISDR(United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction).2011.Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction:Revealing risk,redefining development-Summary and main findings.Geneva:United Nations.
UNISDR(United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction).2015.Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction2015-2030.Geneva:United Nations.
United Nations.2018.List of least developed countries(as of March2018).Geneva:United Nations Committee for Development Policy Development Policy and Analysis Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
UNISDR/SDMC(United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction/SAARC Disaster Management Centre).2014.Integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in SAARC region:Implementation of the Thimphu statement of climate change-A comprehensive study of the policy,institutional landscape and resource allocation for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in South Asia(Disaster prevention,preparedness&management,linkages with CCA).New Delhi:SDMC.
Uprety,B.K.2009.Climate change:Major initiatives and development in Nepal.The Initiation 3:128-134.
Vij,S.,R.Biesbroek,A.Groot,and K.Termeer.2018.Changing climate policy paradigms in Bangladesh and Nepal.Environmental Science&Policy 81:77-85.
Xu,D.,L.Peng,S.Liu,and X.Wang.2018.Influences of risk perception and sense of place on landslide disaster preparedness in Southwestern China.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 9(2):167-180.
Zuccaro,G.,and M.F.Leone.2018.Building resilient cities:Asimulation-based scenario assessment methodology for the integration of DRR and CCA in a multi-scale design perspective.Procedia Engineering 212:871-878.