白鹤幼鹤行为发育
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摘要
2012年10月至2013年5月,采用焦点取样法对在吉林莫莫格国家级自然保护区内秋季和春季迁徙停歇的以及在江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内越冬的白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)幼鹤行为进行了研究。结果表明,幼鹤取食行为比例从秋季迁徙时的23.0%增加到越冬晚期时的82.7%,但春季迁徙期减少为61.9%;幼鹤乞食行为比例从秋季迁徙时的58.2%减少至春季迁徙时的1.2%;幼鹤警戒行为比例从秋季迁徙时的1.0%增加至春季迁徙时的7.1%。幼鹤在春季迁徙期的理羽及静栖行为显著高于越冬期,这种行为的差异可能与食物的丰富度相关。环境因子中,风速对幼鹤静栖行为有显著影响,幼鹤取食及警戒行为与气温呈显著正相关。秋季迁徙及越冬晚期,幼鹤行为日节律在13:00—14:00时出现明显的取食低谷期,而春季迁徙期时则推后1小时。整个观察期间,幼鹤从雄鹤和雌鹤获得食物频次无显著差异,但不同时间段幼鹤从雄、雌成鹤处获得食物频次差异是显著的。研究从行为学的角度展示白鹤幼鹤的生长过程及不同性别成鹤对幼鹤生长的贡献。
From October 2012 to May 2013,juvenile Siberian Cranes( Grus leucogeranus) were studied by the focal sampling method at Momoge National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province and Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province,China. The results showed that the juvenile Siberian Cranes spent 23. 0% of their time budget on feeding in the fall migration,increasing to 82. 7% in late winter,but reduced to 61. 9% in the following spring at Momoge National Nature Reserve. In comparison,the begging behavior reduced from 58. 2% in the fall migration to 1. 2% in the following spring migration,and the alert behavior increased from 1. 0% to 7. 1%. The behaviors of preening and resting in the following spring were significantly more than those in the wintering period,the reason for the difference may come from the different food availability. For environmental factors,wind velocity had a significant impact on resting behavior,while temperature was positively correlated with feeding and alert behaviors. The daily activity rhythm of juvenile Siberian Cranes presented a trough in feeding behavior at 13: 00—14: 00 in the fall migration and late wintering period; however,this trend was delayed by one hour in the next spring migration period. Throughout the whole observation period,there was no difference in the frequencies of juvenile Siberian Cranes obtaining food from their parents,but differences did occur between the parental contributions in the different periods. This study aimed to elucidate the growth process of juvenile Siberian Cranes and parental contributions to the growth of their offspring through ethological observations.
From October 2012 to May 2013,juvenile Siberian Cranes( Grus leucogeranus) were studied by the focal sampling method at Momoge National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province and Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province,China. The results showed that the juvenile Siberian Cranes spent 23. 0% of their time budget on feeding in the fall migration,increasing to 82. 7% in late winter,but reduced to 61. 9% in the following spring at Momoge National Nature Reserve. In comparison,the begging behavior reduced from 58. 2% in the fall migration to 1. 2% in the following spring migration,and the alert behavior increased from 1. 0% to 7. 1%. The behaviors of preening and resting in the following spring were significantly more than those in the wintering period,the reason for the difference may come from the different food availability. For environmental factors,wind velocity had a significant impact on resting behavior,while temperature was positively correlated with feeding and alert behaviors. The daily activity rhythm of juvenile Siberian Cranes presented a trough in feeding behavior at 13: 00—14: 00 in the fall migration and late wintering period; however,this trend was delayed by one hour in the next spring migration period. Throughout the whole observation period,there was no difference in the frequencies of juvenile Siberian Cranes obtaining food from their parents,but differences did occur between the parental contributions in the different periods. This study aimed to elucidate the growth process of juvenile Siberian Cranes and parental contributions to the growth of their offspring through ethological observations.
引文
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[2]郑光美.中国濒危动物红皮书:鸟类.北京:科学出版社,1998:22-214.
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[5]单继红,马建章,李言阔,钱法文,涂晓斌.近十年来鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群数量与分布.动物学研究,2012,33(4):355-361.
[6]许杰,蒋星星,宋胜利.濒危动物白鹤.野生动物,1985,6(3):30-31.
[7]吴志刚,韩晓东.莫莫格自然保护区的珍稀水禽.野生动物,1992,13(3):20-23.
[8]何春光,宋榆钧,郞惠卿,李鸿凯,孙效维.白鹤迁徙动态及其停歇地环境条件研究.生物多样性,2002,10(3):286-290.
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[10]崔茂欢,郑礼琼.白鹤秋季迁徙期行为观察.林业调查规划,2006,31(4):94-97.
[11]刘小强,朱成伟,赵玉海,姜亮.沈阳獾子洞湿地白鹤及其停歇地生境调查.野生动物杂志,2008,29(4):184-186.
[12]邹畅林,王波,王永.莫莫格春季白鹤迁徙报告.鹤类通讯,2008,12(1):24.
[13]江红星.吉林莫莫格国家级自然保护区2010年春季白鹤迁徙日最高统计达3128只.中国鸟类研究简讯,2010,19(1):6,28.
[14]Sauey R T.The feeding biology of juvenile Siberian Cranes in India.Proceedings,1978 Crane Workshop.Ed.James C.Lewis.[Fort Morgan,Colo.]:Colorado State Univ and National Audubon Soc,1979:205-210.
[15]Spitzer P R.The Siberian Crane at Bharatpur.Proceedings of 1978 Crane Workshop.Ed.James C.Lewis.[Fort Morgan,Colo.]:Colorado State Univ.and National Audubon Soc,1979,249-253.
[16]Archibald G W,Mirande C.Status and conservation of the Siberian Crane Grus Leucogeranus.Vogelwelt,1999,120(5/6):377-381.
[17]胡振鹏.白鹤在鄱阳湖越冬生境特性及其对湖水位变化的响应.江西科学,2012,30(1):30-36.
[18]Archibald G W,Shigata Y,Matsumoto K,Momose K.Endangered cranes.Crane Research around the World.Proceedings of the International Crane Sympfosium at Sapporo,Japan,in 1980 and Papers from the World Working Group on Cranes,International Council for Bird Preservation.Eds.J.C.Lewis and H.Masatomi.International Crane Symposium at Sapporo,Japan,1981:1-12.
[19]Sauey R T.The range,status,and winter ecology of the Siberian Crane(Grus Leucogeranus).Ph D.Thesis.Cornell University,1985:212-284.
[20]李枫,汪青雄,卢珊,蔡勇军.扎龙湿地白鹤春季停歇地昼间行为时间分配及活动规律.动物学杂志,2007,42(3):68-72.
[21]Jia Y,Jiao S,Zhang Y,Zhou Y,Lei G,Liu G.Diet Shift and Its Impact on Foraging Behavior of Siberian Crane(Grus Leucogeranus)in Poyang Lake.PLo S ONE,2013,8(6):e65843.
[22]苏化龙,林英华,李迪强,钱法文.中国鹤类现状及其保护对策.生物多样性,2000,8(2):180-191.
[23]周福璋,丁文宁.白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)越冬习性.动物学杂志,1982,17(4):19-21.
[24]严丽,丁铁明.江西鄱阳湖区白鹤越冬调查.动物学杂志,1988,23(4):34-36.
[25]张琼,钱法文.鄱阳湖白鹤家庭行为研究.动物学杂志,2013,48(5):759-768.
[26]王凯,杨晓君,赵健林,余红忠,闵龙.云南纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤日间行为模式与年龄和集群的关系.动物学研究,2009,30(1):74-82.
[27]Enoksson B.Time budgets of Nuthatches Sitta europaea with supplementary food.Ibis,1990,132:575-583.
[28]Alonso J C,Bautista L M,Alonso J A.Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering common cranes(Grus grus).Journal of Avian Biology,2004,35:434-444.
[29]王宇嘉,范巍巍,李晓民.吉林莫莫格白鹤行为研究.野生动物,2012,33(2):67-70.
[30]尚玉昌.动物行为学.北京:北京大学出版社,2005:152-181.
[31]刘春悦,江红星,孙效维,邹畅林,王波,钱法文,吕宪国.白鹤中途停歇地主要食物藨草球茎密度的空间差值方法研究.动物学杂志,2013,48(3):382-390.
[32]贾亦飞.水位波动对鄱阳湖越冬白鹤及其他水鸟的影响研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[33]熊秉红,李伟.鄱阳湖自然保护区蚌湖和中湖池苦草冬芽的调查.水生生物学报,2002,26(1):19-24.
[34]Yang C,Hou Y,Zhou L.Behaviors of the Oriental White Stork(Ciconia boyciana)in a semi-natural enclosure.Chinese Birds,2013,4(2):161-169
[35]张希明,麻友俊,何百锁,李晓明.灰鹤秋季迁徙行为研究.四川动物,2010,29(1):105-108.
[36]Mac Arthur R H,Pianka E R.On optimal use of a patchy environment.Am.Not,1966,100:603-609.
[37]Cherel Y,Robin J,Maho Y.Physiology biochemistry of long-term fasting in birds.Can J Zool,1988,66:159-166.
[38]Paulus S L.Time-activity budgets of non-breeding Anatidae.University of Minnesota.Waterfowl in winter,1988,135-152.
[2]郑光美.中国濒危动物红皮书:鸟类.北京:科学出版社,1998:22-214.
[3]IUCN.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.(2013.1)[2013-6-26].http://www.iucnredlist.org.
[4]Meine C D,Archibald G W.The Cranes Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN.1996:1-294.
[5]单继红,马建章,李言阔,钱法文,涂晓斌.近十年来鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群数量与分布.动物学研究,2012,33(4):355-361.
[6]许杰,蒋星星,宋胜利.濒危动物白鹤.野生动物,1985,6(3):30-31.
[7]吴志刚,韩晓东.莫莫格自然保护区的珍稀水禽.野生动物,1992,13(3):20-23.
[8]何春光,宋榆钧,郞惠卿,李鸿凯,孙效维.白鹤迁徙动态及其停歇地环境条件研究.生物多样性,2002,10(3):286-290.
[9]Kanai Y,Ueta M,Germogenov N,Nagendranc M,Mitad N,Higuchie H.Migration routes and important resting areas of Siberian cranes(Grus leucogeranus)between northeastern Siberian and Chian as revealed by satellite tracking.Biological Conservation,2002,106(3):339-346.
[10]崔茂欢,郑礼琼.白鹤秋季迁徙期行为观察.林业调查规划,2006,31(4):94-97.
[11]刘小强,朱成伟,赵玉海,姜亮.沈阳獾子洞湿地白鹤及其停歇地生境调查.野生动物杂志,2008,29(4):184-186.
[12]邹畅林,王波,王永.莫莫格春季白鹤迁徙报告.鹤类通讯,2008,12(1):24.
[13]江红星.吉林莫莫格国家级自然保护区2010年春季白鹤迁徙日最高统计达3128只.中国鸟类研究简讯,2010,19(1):6,28.
[14]Sauey R T.The feeding biology of juvenile Siberian Cranes in India.Proceedings,1978 Crane Workshop.Ed.James C.Lewis.[Fort Morgan,Colo.]:Colorado State Univ and National Audubon Soc,1979:205-210.
[15]Spitzer P R.The Siberian Crane at Bharatpur.Proceedings of 1978 Crane Workshop.Ed.James C.Lewis.[Fort Morgan,Colo.]:Colorado State Univ.and National Audubon Soc,1979,249-253.
[16]Archibald G W,Mirande C.Status and conservation of the Siberian Crane Grus Leucogeranus.Vogelwelt,1999,120(5/6):377-381.
[17]胡振鹏.白鹤在鄱阳湖越冬生境特性及其对湖水位变化的响应.江西科学,2012,30(1):30-36.
[18]Archibald G W,Shigata Y,Matsumoto K,Momose K.Endangered cranes.Crane Research around the World.Proceedings of the International Crane Sympfosium at Sapporo,Japan,in 1980 and Papers from the World Working Group on Cranes,International Council for Bird Preservation.Eds.J.C.Lewis and H.Masatomi.International Crane Symposium at Sapporo,Japan,1981:1-12.
[19]Sauey R T.The range,status,and winter ecology of the Siberian Crane(Grus Leucogeranus).Ph D.Thesis.Cornell University,1985:212-284.
[20]李枫,汪青雄,卢珊,蔡勇军.扎龙湿地白鹤春季停歇地昼间行为时间分配及活动规律.动物学杂志,2007,42(3):68-72.
[21]Jia Y,Jiao S,Zhang Y,Zhou Y,Lei G,Liu G.Diet Shift and Its Impact on Foraging Behavior of Siberian Crane(Grus Leucogeranus)in Poyang Lake.PLo S ONE,2013,8(6):e65843.
[22]苏化龙,林英华,李迪强,钱法文.中国鹤类现状及其保护对策.生物多样性,2000,8(2):180-191.
[23]周福璋,丁文宁.白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)越冬习性.动物学杂志,1982,17(4):19-21.
[24]严丽,丁铁明.江西鄱阳湖区白鹤越冬调查.动物学杂志,1988,23(4):34-36.
[25]张琼,钱法文.鄱阳湖白鹤家庭行为研究.动物学杂志,2013,48(5):759-768.
[26]王凯,杨晓君,赵健林,余红忠,闵龙.云南纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤日间行为模式与年龄和集群的关系.动物学研究,2009,30(1):74-82.
[27]Enoksson B.Time budgets of Nuthatches Sitta europaea with supplementary food.Ibis,1990,132:575-583.
[28]Alonso J C,Bautista L M,Alonso J A.Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering common cranes(Grus grus).Journal of Avian Biology,2004,35:434-444.
[29]王宇嘉,范巍巍,李晓民.吉林莫莫格白鹤行为研究.野生动物,2012,33(2):67-70.
[30]尚玉昌.动物行为学.北京:北京大学出版社,2005:152-181.
[31]刘春悦,江红星,孙效维,邹畅林,王波,钱法文,吕宪国.白鹤中途停歇地主要食物藨草球茎密度的空间差值方法研究.动物学杂志,2013,48(3):382-390.
[32]贾亦飞.水位波动对鄱阳湖越冬白鹤及其他水鸟的影响研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[33]熊秉红,李伟.鄱阳湖自然保护区蚌湖和中湖池苦草冬芽的调查.水生生物学报,2002,26(1):19-24.
[34]Yang C,Hou Y,Zhou L.Behaviors of the Oriental White Stork(Ciconia boyciana)in a semi-natural enclosure.Chinese Birds,2013,4(2):161-169
[35]张希明,麻友俊,何百锁,李晓明.灰鹤秋季迁徙行为研究.四川动物,2010,29(1):105-108.
[36]Mac Arthur R H,Pianka E R.On optimal use of a patchy environment.Am.Not,1966,100:603-609.
[37]Cherel Y,Robin J,Maho Y.Physiology biochemistry of long-term fasting in birds.Can J Zool,1988,66:159-166.
[38]Paulus S L.Time-activity budgets of non-breeding Anatidae.University of Minnesota.Waterfowl in winter,1988,135-152.