基于Penman-Monteith模型和Shuttleworth-Wallace模型对太行山南麓人工林蒸散的模拟
|
摘要
蒸散作为陆地生态系统能量平衡和水分循环的一个关键环节,其改变会影响区域气候的变化。森林蒸散模拟研究在评价森林在区域水分循环中的作用具有重要的意义。本文采用Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型和Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)模型模拟了太行山南麓栓皮栎-侧柏-刺槐人工混交林的蒸散(ET),对模型模拟的ET与涡度相关法所得的ET进行了比较,评价了P-M模型和S-W模型模拟人工混交林ET的适用性,讨论了这两种模型对各阻力的敏感性。研究结果表明,P-M模型和S-W模型模拟所得的ET的季节变化和日变化类似。S-W模型和P-M模型模拟的ET均低于实测的ET,S-W模型模拟的ET比实测的ET偏低6%,P-M模型模拟的ET比实测值偏低21%,因此,P-M模型模拟的ET偏低更明显。与P-M模型相比,S-W模型模拟的ET与实测值的相关系数、一致性指数(IA)、均方根误差(RMSE)、相对误差(RE)较小。与P-M模型相比,S-W模型模拟的ET与实测值的拟合直线更加趋近1∶1线。S-W模型模拟ET的效果优于P-M模型,S-W模型更适合于本研究区人工混交林蒸散的模拟。P-M模型模拟的2009年生长季的ET偏低更明显,将S-W模型模拟的ET分为蒸腾(T)和土壤蒸发(E),其中土壤E与ET比值为11.3%。土壤E约占ET的10%左右。P-M模型模拟ET偏低的原因可能与P-M模型中未考虑土壤表面阻力有关。S-W模型模拟的ET和T对冠层阻力(rcs)最敏感,其次为植物冠层高度至参考高度间的空气动力学阻力(raa),对土壤表面至冠层高度间的空气动力学阻力(rsa)相对不敏感;土壤E对土壤表面阻力(rss)最敏感,对rcs最不敏感。P-M模型模拟的ET对rcs最敏感,对空气动力学阻力(ra)敏感性较弱。
Evapotranspiration( ET) is one of the key processes of terrestrial energy/water transfer and carbon exchange,and it is also an important factor affecting regional climate and global carbon cycle. It is important to simulate ET over forest ecosystem to evaluate the role of forests in surface water cycle. In this paper,the Penman-Monteith( P-M) model and the Shuttleworth-Wallace( S-W) model were used tosimulate ET over a mixed plantation in the southern foot of the Taihang Mountain,northern China. The mixed plantation is mainly composed of Quercus variabilis, Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia. In order to evaluate the model applicability,ET simulated by the S-W model and the P-M model was compared with the measured one obtained by the eddy covariance technique. In addition,the sensitivities of P-M and S-W models to their resistance parameters were analyzed and the diurnal and seasonal variations in ET were explored. ET simulated by the S-W model and the P-M model was about6% and 21% lower than the measured ET,respectively. Compared with the S-W model,ET simulated by the P-M model was less than the measured one. Compared with the P-M model,the correlation coefficient,agreement index,root mean square error,mean absolute error between measured ET and simulated ET by the S-W model were lower. The fitted curve of the relation between ET simulated by the S-W model and measured ET was closer to the 1: 1 line than P-M model. Accordingly,ET simulated by the S-W model was higher than P-M model. It was suggested that the S-W model was more suitable for simulating ET in this region,and ET simulated by the P-M model was low. ET simulated by the P-M model and the S-W model was most sensitive to the change of canopy resistance. The second sensitive parameter was the aerodynamic resistance from canopy to reference height for the S-W model,and it was insensitive to the aerodynamic resistance from soil to the canopy. Transpiration and evaporation were most sensitive to the canopy resistance and soil surface resistance,respectively. There were no significant differences between the diurnal and seasonal variations in ET simulated by the S-W model and the P-M model,but the simulation accuracy of the S-W model was higher than P-M model. ET simulated by the P-M model in 2009 was obviously lower than the measured one. The ratio of E to ET was 11. 3%,and E accounted for 10% of total ET simulated by the S-W model. Therefore,the possible reason was that soil surface resistance was not taken into account in the P-M model. The reason of the deference between simulated ET by the S-W model and the P-M model and measured ET may be that the empirical coefficients in the models are different for any vegetation types,especially how to choose the suitable resistance parameters. Moreover, meteorological factors are different in varied regions, which will influence the model accuracy. Accordingly,in order to improve the model accuracy,the climate and environment situation in study area should be taken into account to find a suitable resistance parameter of the model.
Evapotranspiration( ET) is one of the key processes of terrestrial energy/water transfer and carbon exchange,and it is also an important factor affecting regional climate and global carbon cycle. It is important to simulate ET over forest ecosystem to evaluate the role of forests in surface water cycle. In this paper,the Penman-Monteith( P-M) model and the Shuttleworth-Wallace( S-W) model were used tosimulate ET over a mixed plantation in the southern foot of the Taihang Mountain,northern China. The mixed plantation is mainly composed of Quercus variabilis, Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia. In order to evaluate the model applicability,ET simulated by the S-W model and the P-M model was compared with the measured one obtained by the eddy covariance technique. In addition,the sensitivities of P-M and S-W models to their resistance parameters were analyzed and the diurnal and seasonal variations in ET were explored. ET simulated by the S-W model and the P-M model was about6% and 21% lower than the measured ET,respectively. Compared with the S-W model,ET simulated by the P-M model was less than the measured one. Compared with the P-M model,the correlation coefficient,agreement index,root mean square error,mean absolute error between measured ET and simulated ET by the S-W model were lower. The fitted curve of the relation between ET simulated by the S-W model and measured ET was closer to the 1: 1 line than P-M model. Accordingly,ET simulated by the S-W model was higher than P-M model. It was suggested that the S-W model was more suitable for simulating ET in this region,and ET simulated by the P-M model was low. ET simulated by the P-M model and the S-W model was most sensitive to the change of canopy resistance. The second sensitive parameter was the aerodynamic resistance from canopy to reference height for the S-W model,and it was insensitive to the aerodynamic resistance from soil to the canopy. Transpiration and evaporation were most sensitive to the canopy resistance and soil surface resistance,respectively. There were no significant differences between the diurnal and seasonal variations in ET simulated by the S-W model and the P-M model,but the simulation accuracy of the S-W model was higher than P-M model. ET simulated by the P-M model in 2009 was obviously lower than the measured one. The ratio of E to ET was 11. 3%,and E accounted for 10% of total ET simulated by the S-W model. Therefore,the possible reason was that soil surface resistance was not taken into account in the P-M model. The reason of the deference between simulated ET by the S-W model and the P-M model and measured ET may be that the empirical coefficients in the models are different for any vegetation types,especially how to choose the suitable resistance parameters. Moreover, meteorological factors are different in varied regions, which will influence the model accuracy. Accordingly,in order to improve the model accuracy,the climate and environment situation in study area should be taken into account to find a suitable resistance parameter of the model.
引文
[1]JUNG M,REICHSTRIN M,CIAIS P,et al.Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply[J].Nature,2010,467:951--954.
[2]吕厚荃,于贵瑞.几种实际蒸散计算方法在土壤水分模拟中的应用[J].资源科学,2001,23(6):85--90.LH Q,YU G R.Application of some actual evapotranspiration models in simulation of soil moisture[J].Resources Science,2001,23(6):85-90.
[3]徐富安,赵炳梓,唐万龙.豫北地区水分生态环境要素演变及其意义[J].土壤学报,2003,40(1):29-36.XU F A,ZHAO B Z,TANG W L.Change of some environmental factors and its ecological significance in north Henan Province,China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(1):29-36.
[4]刘勤,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.黄河流域日潜在蒸散量变化及气象敏感要素分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(17):157--166.LIU Q,YAN C R,ZHAO C X,et al.Changes of daily potential evapotranspiration and analysis of its sensitivity coefficients to key climatic variables in Yellow River Basin[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(17):157--166.
[5]EAMUS D,CLEVERLY J,BOULAIN N,et al.Carbon and water fluxes in an arid-zone Acacia savanna woodland:an analyses of seasonal patterns and responses to rainfall events[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2013,182-183:225--238.
[6]XU M J,WEN X F,WANG H M,et al.Effects of climatic factors and ecosystem responses on the inter-annual variability of evapotranspiration in a coniferous plantation in subtropical China[J/OL].PLo S ONE,2014,9(1):e85593[2017--02--12].doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085593.
[7]TONG X J,ZHANG J S,MENG P,et al.Environmental controls of evapotranspiration in a mixed plantation in North China[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2017,61(2):227--238.
[8]ALLAN R G,PEREIRA L S,RAES D,et al.Crop evapotranspiration:guidelines for computing crop water requirements[M].Rome:FAO,1998:56.
[9]HARGREAVES G H,SAMANI Z A.Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1985,1(2):96--99.
[10]PRIESTLEY C H B,TAYLOR R J.On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters[J].Monthly Weather Review,2009,100(2):81-92.
[11]MONTEITH J L,UNSWORTH M.Principles of environmental physics[M].2nd ed.London:Butterworth-Heinemann,1990:286.
[12]莫兴国,林忠辉,刘苏峡.基于Penman-Monteith公式的双源模型的改进[J].水利学报,2000,31(5):6--11.MO X G,LIN Z H,LIU S X.An improvement of the dual-source model based on Penman-Monteith formula[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2000,31(5):6--11.
[13]ORTEGA-FARIAS S,OLIOSO A,ANTONIOLETTI R,et al.Evaluation of the Penman-Monteith model for estimating soybean evapotranspiration[J].Irrigation Science,2004,23(1):1-9.
[14]ZHANG B,KANG S,LI F,et al.Comparison of three evapotranspiration models to Bowen ratio-energy balance method for a vineyard in an arid desert region of northwest China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(10):1629--1640.
[15]ZHANG X Y,YU T F,GAO G L,et al.Comparison of three evapotranspiration models with eddy covariance measurements for a Populus euphratica Oliv.forest in an arid region of northwestern China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2016,8(1):146-156.
[16]GARDIOL J M,SERIO L A,MAGGIORA A I D.Modelling evapotranspiration of corn(Zea mays)under different plant densities[J].Journal of Hydrology,2003,271(1--4):188-196.
[17]LI X Y,YANG P L,REN S M,et al.Modeling cherry orchard evapotranspiration based on an improved dual-source model[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,98(1):12--18.
[18]刘绍民,孙中平,李小文,等.蒸散量测定与估算方法的对比研究[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):161-167.LIU S M,SUN Z P,LI X W,et al.A comparative study on models for estimating evapotranspiration[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):161-167.
[19]李俊,韩凤明,同小娟,等.麦田蒸散模型的改进及其对阻力参数的敏感性分析[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(6):635--643.LI J,HAN F M,TONG X J,et al.Evapotranspiration models for a winter wheat field:the improvements and analyses on their sensitivities to the resistance parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(6):635-643.
[20]ZHOU M C,ISHIDAIRA H,HAPUARACHCHI H P,et al.Estimating potential evapotranspiration using Shuttleworth-Wallace model and NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data to feed a distributed hydrological model over the Mekong River Basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,327(1):151-173.
[21]刘远,周买春,陈芷菁,等.基于S-W模型的韩江流域潜在蒸散发的气候和植被敏感性[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(10):92-100.LIU Y,ZHOU M C,CHEN Z J,et al.Sensitivity of the potential evapotranspiration to climate and vegetation in Hanjiang River Basin based on S-W Model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(10):92-100.
[22]ZHAO L W,ZHANG W Z.Evapotranspiration of an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River,Northwest China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(5):529--539.
[23]沈竞,张弥,肖薇,等.基于改进S-W模型的千烟洲人工林蒸散组分拆分及其特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(8):2164-2174.SHEN J,ZHANG M,XIAO W,et al.Modeling evapotranspiration and its components in Qianyanzhou plantation based on modified SW model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(8):2164-2174.
[24]JIANG C,NIE Z,MU X M,et al.Potential evapotranspiration change and its attribution in the Qinling Mountains and surrounding area,China,during 1960--2012[J].Journal of Water and Climate Change,2016,7(3):526--541.
[25]刘佳,同小娟,张劲松,等.太阳辐射对黄河小浪底人工混交林净生态系统碳交换的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(8):2118-2127.LIU J,TONG X J,ZHANG J S,et al.Impacts of solar radiation on net ecosystem carbon exchange in a mixed plantation in the Xiaolangdi Area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(8):2118-2127.
[26]同小娟,张劲松,孟平,等.华北低丘山地人工林生态系统净碳交换与气象因子的关系[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6638-6645.TONG X J,ZHANG J S,MENG P,et al.Relationship between net ecosystem carbon exchange and meteorological factors in a plantation in the hilly area of the North China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(12):6638--6645.
[27]WEBB E K,PEARMAN G I,LEUNING R.Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2010,106:85-100.
[28]PATTEY E,STRACHAN I B,DESJARDINS R L,et al.Measuring nighttime CO2flux over terrestrial ecosystems using eddy covariance and nocturnal boundary layer methods[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113(1-4):145-158.
[29]朱治林,孙晓敏,袁国富,等.中国通量网(China FLUX)夜间CO2涡度相关通量数据处理方法研究[J].中国科学(D辑地球科学),2006,(增刊1):34-44.ZHU Z L,SUN X M,YUAN G F,et al.Analysis the CO2eddy covariance flux data at night in China's flux network(China FLUX)[J].Science in China(Ser.D Earth Sciences),2006,(Suppl.1):34-44.
[30]NOILHAN J,PLANTON S.A simple parameterization of land surface for meteorological models[J].Monthly Weather Review,1989,117(3):536-549.
[31]VERMA S B,BALDOCCHI D D,ANDERSON D E,et al.Eddy fluxes of CO2,water vapor,and sensible heat over a deciduous forest[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1986,36(1):71-91.
[32]SHUTTLEWORTH W J,WALLACE J S.Evaporation from sparse crops-an energy combination theory[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2007,111:839-855.
[33]STANNARD D I.Comparison of Penman-Monteith,ShuttleWallace,and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration model for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland[J].Water Resources Research,1993,29(5):1379-1392.
[34]DOUGLAS E M,JACOBS J M,SUMNER D M,et al.A comparison of models for estimating potential evapotranspiration for Florida land cover types[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,373(3):366-376.
[35]FARAHANI H J,AHUJA L R.Evapotranspiration of partial canopy/residue-covered fields[J].Transactions of the Asae,1996,39(6):2051-2064.
[36]郭映.应用Shuttleworth-Wallace双源模型对玉米蒸散的研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2015.GUO Y.Estimation of actual evapotranspiration of maize field using Shuttleworth-Wallace model[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2015.
[37]贾红,胡继超,张佳宝,等.应用Shuttleworth-Wallace模型对夏玉米农田蒸散的估计[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(4):77-80.JIA H,HU J C,ZHANG J B,et al.Estimation of evapotranspiration during the maize growing season using the Shuttleworth-Wallace model[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2008,27(4):77--80.
[38]FISHER J B,DEBIASE T A,QI Y,et al.Evapotranspiration models compared on a Sierra Nevada forest ecosystem[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2005,20(6):783--796.
[39]BARTON I J.A parameterization of the evaporation from no saturated surfaces[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2010,18(1):43-47.
[40]AMATYA D M,HARRISON C A.Grass and forest potential evapotranspiration comparison using five methods in the atlantic coastal plain[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2016,21(5):1-13.
[41]程根伟,余新晓,赵玉涛,等.贡嘎山亚高山森林带蒸散特征模拟研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(1):23--27.CHENG G W,YU X X,ZHAO Y T,et al.Evapotranspiration simulation of subalpine forest area in Gongga Mountain[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2003,25(1):23--27.
[42]李璐,李俊,同小娟,等.不同冠层阻力公式在玉米田蒸散模拟中的应用[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(8):1026-1034.LI L,LI J,TONG X J,et al.Application of different canopy resistance models in summer maize evapotranspiration simulation[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(8):1026-1034.
[2]吕厚荃,于贵瑞.几种实际蒸散计算方法在土壤水分模拟中的应用[J].资源科学,2001,23(6):85--90.LH Q,YU G R.Application of some actual evapotranspiration models in simulation of soil moisture[J].Resources Science,2001,23(6):85-90.
[3]徐富安,赵炳梓,唐万龙.豫北地区水分生态环境要素演变及其意义[J].土壤学报,2003,40(1):29-36.XU F A,ZHAO B Z,TANG W L.Change of some environmental factors and its ecological significance in north Henan Province,China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(1):29-36.
[4]刘勤,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.黄河流域日潜在蒸散量变化及气象敏感要素分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(17):157--166.LIU Q,YAN C R,ZHAO C X,et al.Changes of daily potential evapotranspiration and analysis of its sensitivity coefficients to key climatic variables in Yellow River Basin[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(17):157--166.
[5]EAMUS D,CLEVERLY J,BOULAIN N,et al.Carbon and water fluxes in an arid-zone Acacia savanna woodland:an analyses of seasonal patterns and responses to rainfall events[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2013,182-183:225--238.
[6]XU M J,WEN X F,WANG H M,et al.Effects of climatic factors and ecosystem responses on the inter-annual variability of evapotranspiration in a coniferous plantation in subtropical China[J/OL].PLo S ONE,2014,9(1):e85593[2017--02--12].doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085593.
[7]TONG X J,ZHANG J S,MENG P,et al.Environmental controls of evapotranspiration in a mixed plantation in North China[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2017,61(2):227--238.
[8]ALLAN R G,PEREIRA L S,RAES D,et al.Crop evapotranspiration:guidelines for computing crop water requirements[M].Rome:FAO,1998:56.
[9]HARGREAVES G H,SAMANI Z A.Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1985,1(2):96--99.
[10]PRIESTLEY C H B,TAYLOR R J.On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters[J].Monthly Weather Review,2009,100(2):81-92.
[11]MONTEITH J L,UNSWORTH M.Principles of environmental physics[M].2nd ed.London:Butterworth-Heinemann,1990:286.
[12]莫兴国,林忠辉,刘苏峡.基于Penman-Monteith公式的双源模型的改进[J].水利学报,2000,31(5):6--11.MO X G,LIN Z H,LIU S X.An improvement of the dual-source model based on Penman-Monteith formula[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2000,31(5):6--11.
[13]ORTEGA-FARIAS S,OLIOSO A,ANTONIOLETTI R,et al.Evaluation of the Penman-Monteith model for estimating soybean evapotranspiration[J].Irrigation Science,2004,23(1):1-9.
[14]ZHANG B,KANG S,LI F,et al.Comparison of three evapotranspiration models to Bowen ratio-energy balance method for a vineyard in an arid desert region of northwest China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(10):1629--1640.
[15]ZHANG X Y,YU T F,GAO G L,et al.Comparison of three evapotranspiration models with eddy covariance measurements for a Populus euphratica Oliv.forest in an arid region of northwestern China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2016,8(1):146-156.
[16]GARDIOL J M,SERIO L A,MAGGIORA A I D.Modelling evapotranspiration of corn(Zea mays)under different plant densities[J].Journal of Hydrology,2003,271(1--4):188-196.
[17]LI X Y,YANG P L,REN S M,et al.Modeling cherry orchard evapotranspiration based on an improved dual-source model[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,98(1):12--18.
[18]刘绍民,孙中平,李小文,等.蒸散量测定与估算方法的对比研究[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):161-167.LIU S M,SUN Z P,LI X W,et al.A comparative study on models for estimating evapotranspiration[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):161-167.
[19]李俊,韩凤明,同小娟,等.麦田蒸散模型的改进及其对阻力参数的敏感性分析[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(6):635--643.LI J,HAN F M,TONG X J,et al.Evapotranspiration models for a winter wheat field:the improvements and analyses on their sensitivities to the resistance parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(6):635-643.
[20]ZHOU M C,ISHIDAIRA H,HAPUARACHCHI H P,et al.Estimating potential evapotranspiration using Shuttleworth-Wallace model and NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data to feed a distributed hydrological model over the Mekong River Basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,327(1):151-173.
[21]刘远,周买春,陈芷菁,等.基于S-W模型的韩江流域潜在蒸散发的气候和植被敏感性[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(10):92-100.LIU Y,ZHOU M C,CHEN Z J,et al.Sensitivity of the potential evapotranspiration to climate and vegetation in Hanjiang River Basin based on S-W Model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(10):92-100.
[22]ZHAO L W,ZHANG W Z.Evapotranspiration of an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River,Northwest China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(5):529--539.
[23]沈竞,张弥,肖薇,等.基于改进S-W模型的千烟洲人工林蒸散组分拆分及其特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(8):2164-2174.SHEN J,ZHANG M,XIAO W,et al.Modeling evapotranspiration and its components in Qianyanzhou plantation based on modified SW model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(8):2164-2174.
[24]JIANG C,NIE Z,MU X M,et al.Potential evapotranspiration change and its attribution in the Qinling Mountains and surrounding area,China,during 1960--2012[J].Journal of Water and Climate Change,2016,7(3):526--541.
[25]刘佳,同小娟,张劲松,等.太阳辐射对黄河小浪底人工混交林净生态系统碳交换的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(8):2118-2127.LIU J,TONG X J,ZHANG J S,et al.Impacts of solar radiation on net ecosystem carbon exchange in a mixed plantation in the Xiaolangdi Area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(8):2118-2127.
[26]同小娟,张劲松,孟平,等.华北低丘山地人工林生态系统净碳交换与气象因子的关系[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6638-6645.TONG X J,ZHANG J S,MENG P,et al.Relationship between net ecosystem carbon exchange and meteorological factors in a plantation in the hilly area of the North China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(12):6638--6645.
[27]WEBB E K,PEARMAN G I,LEUNING R.Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2010,106:85-100.
[28]PATTEY E,STRACHAN I B,DESJARDINS R L,et al.Measuring nighttime CO2flux over terrestrial ecosystems using eddy covariance and nocturnal boundary layer methods[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113(1-4):145-158.
[29]朱治林,孙晓敏,袁国富,等.中国通量网(China FLUX)夜间CO2涡度相关通量数据处理方法研究[J].中国科学(D辑地球科学),2006,(增刊1):34-44.ZHU Z L,SUN X M,YUAN G F,et al.Analysis the CO2eddy covariance flux data at night in China's flux network(China FLUX)[J].Science in China(Ser.D Earth Sciences),2006,(Suppl.1):34-44.
[30]NOILHAN J,PLANTON S.A simple parameterization of land surface for meteorological models[J].Monthly Weather Review,1989,117(3):536-549.
[31]VERMA S B,BALDOCCHI D D,ANDERSON D E,et al.Eddy fluxes of CO2,water vapor,and sensible heat over a deciduous forest[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1986,36(1):71-91.
[32]SHUTTLEWORTH W J,WALLACE J S.Evaporation from sparse crops-an energy combination theory[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2007,111:839-855.
[33]STANNARD D I.Comparison of Penman-Monteith,ShuttleWallace,and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration model for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland[J].Water Resources Research,1993,29(5):1379-1392.
[34]DOUGLAS E M,JACOBS J M,SUMNER D M,et al.A comparison of models for estimating potential evapotranspiration for Florida land cover types[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,373(3):366-376.
[35]FARAHANI H J,AHUJA L R.Evapotranspiration of partial canopy/residue-covered fields[J].Transactions of the Asae,1996,39(6):2051-2064.
[36]郭映.应用Shuttleworth-Wallace双源模型对玉米蒸散的研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2015.GUO Y.Estimation of actual evapotranspiration of maize field using Shuttleworth-Wallace model[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2015.
[37]贾红,胡继超,张佳宝,等.应用Shuttleworth-Wallace模型对夏玉米农田蒸散的估计[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(4):77-80.JIA H,HU J C,ZHANG J B,et al.Estimation of evapotranspiration during the maize growing season using the Shuttleworth-Wallace model[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2008,27(4):77--80.
[38]FISHER J B,DEBIASE T A,QI Y,et al.Evapotranspiration models compared on a Sierra Nevada forest ecosystem[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2005,20(6):783--796.
[39]BARTON I J.A parameterization of the evaporation from no saturated surfaces[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2010,18(1):43-47.
[40]AMATYA D M,HARRISON C A.Grass and forest potential evapotranspiration comparison using five methods in the atlantic coastal plain[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2016,21(5):1-13.
[41]程根伟,余新晓,赵玉涛,等.贡嘎山亚高山森林带蒸散特征模拟研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(1):23--27.CHENG G W,YU X X,ZHAO Y T,et al.Evapotranspiration simulation of subalpine forest area in Gongga Mountain[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2003,25(1):23--27.
[42]李璐,李俊,同小娟,等.不同冠层阻力公式在玉米田蒸散模拟中的应用[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(8):1026-1034.LI L,LI J,TONG X J,et al.Application of different canopy resistance models in summer maize evapotranspiration simulation[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(8):1026-1034.