Buoyancy of convective-scale updrafts in the outer cores of sheared tropical cyclones
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摘要
通常认为局地浮力与对流活动息息相关。本文统计分析了不同强度垂直风切变影响下热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动的浮力特征。研究发现,弱至中等强度的垂直风切变环境下,顺切变象限的浮力大于逆切变象限的浮力,顺切变象限的总浮力随风切变的增大而减小。而在极端强度的风切变影响下,大部分总浮力为负值。热力浮力、动力浮力与上升运动垂直质量输送没有明显相关性,因此总浮力和垂直质量输送也无显著相关性。上述结果加深了我们对热带气旋外核区对流发生发展过程的物理认识。
In this paper, the authors present the statistical characteristics of the buoyancy of outer-core convective-scale updrafts in numerically simulated sheared tropical cyclones(TCs). The total buoyancy is predominantly positive in weak-to-strong ambient vertical shears, whereas much of the total buoyancy under an extreme shear environment becomes negative. Thermal buoyancy positively contributes to the total buoyancy value. For weakly and moderately sheared TCs,the updraft buoyancy is statistically signi?cantly stronger downshear but smaller upshear. Such a downshear preference of strong buoyancy becomes less evident as the shear magnitude increases. The total buoyancy of updrafts shows a decreasing tendency with radius. Both thermal and dynamic buoyancy do not signi?cantly correlate with vertically averaged vertical mass ?uxes.This also leads to no signi?cant correlation between the total buoyancy and vertical mass ?uxes of outer-core updrafts.
In this paper, the authors present the statistical characteristics of the buoyancy of outer-core convective-scale updrafts in numerically simulated sheared tropical cyclones(TCs). The total buoyancy is predominantly positive in weak-to-strong ambient vertical shears, whereas much of the total buoyancy under an extreme shear environment becomes negative. Thermal buoyancy positively contributes to the total buoyancy value. For weakly and moderately sheared TCs,the updraft buoyancy is statistically signi?cantly stronger downshear but smaller upshear. Such a downshear preference of strong buoyancy becomes less evident as the shear magnitude increases. The total buoyancy of updrafts shows a decreasing tendency with radius. Both thermal and dynamic buoyancy do not signi?cantly correlate with vertically averaged vertical mass ?uxes.This also leads to no signi?cant correlation between the total buoyancy and vertical mass ?uxes of outer-core updrafts.
引文
Braun,S.A.2002.“A Cloud-Resolving Simulation of Hurricane Bob(1991):Storm Structure and Eyewall Buoyancy.”Monthly Weather Review 130(6):1573-1592.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1573:ACRSOH>2.0.CO;2.
DeMaria,M.1996.“The Effect of Vertical Shear on Tropica Cyclone Intensity Change.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 53(14):2076-2087.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<2076:TEOVSO>2.0.CO;2.
Dunion,J.P.2011.“Rewriting the Climatology of the Tropica North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea Atmosphere.”Journal of Climate 24(3):893-908.doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3496.1.
Eastin,M.D.,W.M.Gray,and P.G.Black.2005a.“Buoyancy of Convective Vertical Motions in the Inner Core of Intense Hurricanes.Part I:General Statistics.”Monthly Weather Review 133(1):188-208.doi:10.1175/MWR-2848.1.
Eastin,M.D.,W.M.Gray,and P.G.Black.2005b.“Buoyancy of Convective Vertical Motions in the Inner Core of Intense Hurricanes.Part II:Case Studies.”Monthly Weather Review133(1):209-227.doi:10.1175/MWR-2849.1.
Emanuel,K.A.1986.“An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropica Cyclones.Part I.:Steady-State Maintenance.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 43:585-604.doi:10.1175/1520-0469-(1986)043<0585:AASITF>2.0.CO;2.
Gu,J.-F.,Z.-M.Tan,and X.Qiu.2016.“Quadrant-Dependent Evolution of Low-Level Tangential Wind of a Tropica Cyclone in the Shear Flow.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73(3):1159-1177.doi:10.1175/JAS-D-15-0165.1.
Hazelton,A.T.,R.E.Hart,and R.F.Rogers.2017.“Analyzing Simulated Convective Bursts in Two Atlantic Hurricanes Part II:Intensity Change Due to Bursts.”Monthly Weather Review 145(8):3095-3117.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0268.1.
Hence,D.A.,and R.A.Houze.2008.“Kinematic Structure of Convective-Scale Elements in the Rainbands of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita(2005).”Journal of Geophysical Research113:D15108.doi:10.1029/2007JD009429.
Hendricks,E.A.,M.T.Montgomery,and C.A.Davis.2004.“The Role of“Vortical”Hot Towers in the Formation of Tropica Cyclone Diana(1984).”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences61(11):1209-1232.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1209TROVHT>2.0.CO;2.
Houze,R.A.2014.Cloud Dynamics,432.Kidlington,Oxford UK:Academic Press.
Jiang,H.2012.“The Relationship between Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change and the Strength of Inner-Core Convection.”Monthly Weather Review 140(4):1164-1176.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00134.1.
Jones,S.C.1995.“The Evolution of Vortices in Vertical Shear.Part IInitially Barotropic Vortices.”Quarterly Journal of the Roya Meteorological Society 121(524):821-851.doi:10.1002/qj.49712152406.
Li,Q.,and Y.Wang.2012a.“Formation and Quasi-Periodic Behavior of Outer Spiral Rainbands in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69(3):997-1020.doi:10.1175/2011JAS3690.1.
Li,Q.,and Y.Wang.2012b.“A Comparison of Inner and Outer Spiral Rainbands in A Numerically Simulated Tropica Cyclone.”Monthly Weather Review 140(9):2782-2805doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00237.1.
Li,Q.,Y.Wang,and Y.Duan.2017.“A Numerical Study of Outer Rainband Formation in A Sheared Tropical Cyclone.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74(1):203-227doi:10.1175/JAS-D-16-0123.1.
Montgomery,M.T.,M.E.Nicholls,T.A.Cram,and A.Saunders2006.“A Vortical Hot Tower Route to Tropical Cyclogenesis.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63(1):355-386.doi:10.1175/JAS3604.1.
Nguyen,L.T.,and J.Molinari.2012.“Rapid Intensification of a Sheared,Fast-Moving Hurricane over the Gulf Stream.”Monthly Weather Review 140(10):3361-3378.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00293.1.
Riemer,M.,M.T.Montgomery,and M.E.Nicholls.2010“A New Paradigm for Intensity Modification of Tropica Cyclones.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(7)3163-3188.Source:DOAJ.doi:10.5194/acpd-9-10711-2009.
Rios-Berrios,R.,and R.D.Torn.2017.“Climatological Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Changes under Moderate Vertical Wind Shear.”Monthly Weather Review 145(5)1717-1738.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0350.1.
Rogers,R.,S.-C.Chen,J.Tenerelli,and H.Willoughby.2003“A Numerical Study of the Impact of Vertical Shear on the Distribution of Rainfall in Hurricane Bonnie(1998).”Monthly Weather Review 131(8):1577-1599.doi:10.1175/2009JAS3122.1.
Shelton,K.,and J.Molinari.2009.“Life of a 6-Hour Hurricane.”Monthly Weather Review 137(1):51-67.doi:10.1175/2008MWR2472.1.
Simpson,J.,J.B.Halverson,B.S.Ferrier,W.A.Peterson R.H.Simpson,R.Blackeslee,and S.L.Durden.1998.“On the Role of‘Hot Towers’in Tropical Cyclone Formation.”Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 67(1-4):15-35doi:10.1007/BF01277500.
Smith,R.K.,M.T.Montgomery,and H.Zhu.2005.“Buoyancy in Tropical Cyclones and Other Rapidly Rotating Atmospheric Vortices.”Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 40(3)189-208.doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2005.03.003.
Stern,D.P.,G.H.Bryan,and S.D.Aberson.2016.“Extreme Low-Level Updrafts and Wind Speeds Measured by Dropsondes in Tropical Cyclones.”Monthly Weather Review144(6):2177-2204.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0313.1.
Tao,C.,and H.Jiang.2013.“Global Distribution of Hot Towers in Tropical Cyclones Based on 11-Yr TRMM Data.”Journal of Climate 26(4):1371-1386.doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00291.1.
Terwey,W.D.,and C.M.Rozoff.2014.“Objective Convective Updraft Identification and Tracking:Part 1Structure and Thermodynamics of Convection in the Rainband Regions of Two Hurricane Simulations.”Journal of Geophysical Research 119(11):6470-6496doi:10.1002/2013JD020904.
Wang,Y.2001.“An Explicit Simulation of Tropical Cyclones with a Triply Nested Movable-Mesh Primitive Equation Model:TCM3.Part I:Model Description and Contro Experiment.”Monthly Weather Review 129(6)1370-1394.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<1370AESOTC>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,Y.2007.“A Multiply Nested,Movable Mesh,Fully Compressible,Nonhydrostatic Tropical Cyclone ModelTCM4:Model Description and Development of Asymmetries without Explicit Asymmetric Forcing.”Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 97(1-4):93-116.doi:10.1007/s00703-006-0246-z.
Wang,Y.2008.“Rapid Filamentation Zone in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65(4):1158-1181.doi:10.1175/2007JAS2426.1.
Wang,Y.2009.“How Do Outer Spiral Rainbands Affect Tropica Cyclone Structure and Intensity?”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66(5):1250-1273.doi:10.1175/2008JAS2737.1.
Wang,Y.,Y.Rao,Z.-M.Tan,and D.Sch?nemann.2015“A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change over the Western North Pacific.”Monthly Weather Review 143(9)3434-3453.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0049.1.
Zeng,Z.,Y.Wang,and L.Chen.2010.“A Statistical Analysis of Vertical Shear Effect on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change in the North Atlantic.”Geophysical Research Letters 37(2)L02802.doi:10.1029/2009GL041788.
Zhang,D.-L.,Y.Liu,and M.K.Yau.2000.“A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew(1992).Part IIIDynamically Induced Vertical Motion.”Monthly Weather Review 128(11):3772-3788.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3772:AMNSOH>2.0.CO;2.
DeMaria,M.1996.“The Effect of Vertical Shear on Tropica Cyclone Intensity Change.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 53(14):2076-2087.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<2076:TEOVSO>2.0.CO;2.
Dunion,J.P.2011.“Rewriting the Climatology of the Tropica North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea Atmosphere.”Journal of Climate 24(3):893-908.doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3496.1.
Eastin,M.D.,W.M.Gray,and P.G.Black.2005a.“Buoyancy of Convective Vertical Motions in the Inner Core of Intense Hurricanes.Part I:General Statistics.”Monthly Weather Review 133(1):188-208.doi:10.1175/MWR-2848.1.
Eastin,M.D.,W.M.Gray,and P.G.Black.2005b.“Buoyancy of Convective Vertical Motions in the Inner Core of Intense Hurricanes.Part II:Case Studies.”Monthly Weather Review133(1):209-227.doi:10.1175/MWR-2849.1.
Emanuel,K.A.1986.“An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropica Cyclones.Part I.:Steady-State Maintenance.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 43:585-604.doi:10.1175/1520-0469-(1986)043<0585:AASITF>2.0.CO;2.
Gu,J.-F.,Z.-M.Tan,and X.Qiu.2016.“Quadrant-Dependent Evolution of Low-Level Tangential Wind of a Tropica Cyclone in the Shear Flow.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73(3):1159-1177.doi:10.1175/JAS-D-15-0165.1.
Hazelton,A.T.,R.E.Hart,and R.F.Rogers.2017.“Analyzing Simulated Convective Bursts in Two Atlantic Hurricanes Part II:Intensity Change Due to Bursts.”Monthly Weather Review 145(8):3095-3117.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0268.1.
Hence,D.A.,and R.A.Houze.2008.“Kinematic Structure of Convective-Scale Elements in the Rainbands of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita(2005).”Journal of Geophysical Research113:D15108.doi:10.1029/2007JD009429.
Hendricks,E.A.,M.T.Montgomery,and C.A.Davis.2004.“The Role of“Vortical”Hot Towers in the Formation of Tropica Cyclone Diana(1984).”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences61(11):1209-1232.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1209TROVHT>2.0.CO;2.
Houze,R.A.2014.Cloud Dynamics,432.Kidlington,Oxford UK:Academic Press.
Jiang,H.2012.“The Relationship between Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change and the Strength of Inner-Core Convection.”Monthly Weather Review 140(4):1164-1176.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00134.1.
Jones,S.C.1995.“The Evolution of Vortices in Vertical Shear.Part IInitially Barotropic Vortices.”Quarterly Journal of the Roya Meteorological Society 121(524):821-851.doi:10.1002/qj.49712152406.
Li,Q.,and Y.Wang.2012a.“Formation and Quasi-Periodic Behavior of Outer Spiral Rainbands in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69(3):997-1020.doi:10.1175/2011JAS3690.1.
Li,Q.,and Y.Wang.2012b.“A Comparison of Inner and Outer Spiral Rainbands in A Numerically Simulated Tropica Cyclone.”Monthly Weather Review 140(9):2782-2805doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00237.1.
Li,Q.,Y.Wang,and Y.Duan.2017.“A Numerical Study of Outer Rainband Formation in A Sheared Tropical Cyclone.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74(1):203-227doi:10.1175/JAS-D-16-0123.1.
Montgomery,M.T.,M.E.Nicholls,T.A.Cram,and A.Saunders2006.“A Vortical Hot Tower Route to Tropical Cyclogenesis.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63(1):355-386.doi:10.1175/JAS3604.1.
Nguyen,L.T.,and J.Molinari.2012.“Rapid Intensification of a Sheared,Fast-Moving Hurricane over the Gulf Stream.”Monthly Weather Review 140(10):3361-3378.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00293.1.
Riemer,M.,M.T.Montgomery,and M.E.Nicholls.2010“A New Paradigm for Intensity Modification of Tropica Cyclones.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(7)3163-3188.Source:DOAJ.doi:10.5194/acpd-9-10711-2009.
Rios-Berrios,R.,and R.D.Torn.2017.“Climatological Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Changes under Moderate Vertical Wind Shear.”Monthly Weather Review 145(5)1717-1738.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0350.1.
Rogers,R.,S.-C.Chen,J.Tenerelli,and H.Willoughby.2003“A Numerical Study of the Impact of Vertical Shear on the Distribution of Rainfall in Hurricane Bonnie(1998).”Monthly Weather Review 131(8):1577-1599.doi:10.1175/2009JAS3122.1.
Shelton,K.,and J.Molinari.2009.“Life of a 6-Hour Hurricane.”Monthly Weather Review 137(1):51-67.doi:10.1175/2008MWR2472.1.
Simpson,J.,J.B.Halverson,B.S.Ferrier,W.A.Peterson R.H.Simpson,R.Blackeslee,and S.L.Durden.1998.“On the Role of‘Hot Towers’in Tropical Cyclone Formation.”Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 67(1-4):15-35doi:10.1007/BF01277500.
Smith,R.K.,M.T.Montgomery,and H.Zhu.2005.“Buoyancy in Tropical Cyclones and Other Rapidly Rotating Atmospheric Vortices.”Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 40(3)189-208.doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2005.03.003.
Stern,D.P.,G.H.Bryan,and S.D.Aberson.2016.“Extreme Low-Level Updrafts and Wind Speeds Measured by Dropsondes in Tropical Cyclones.”Monthly Weather Review144(6):2177-2204.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0313.1.
Tao,C.,and H.Jiang.2013.“Global Distribution of Hot Towers in Tropical Cyclones Based on 11-Yr TRMM Data.”Journal of Climate 26(4):1371-1386.doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00291.1.
Terwey,W.D.,and C.M.Rozoff.2014.“Objective Convective Updraft Identification and Tracking:Part 1Structure and Thermodynamics of Convection in the Rainband Regions of Two Hurricane Simulations.”Journal of Geophysical Research 119(11):6470-6496doi:10.1002/2013JD020904.
Wang,Y.2001.“An Explicit Simulation of Tropical Cyclones with a Triply Nested Movable-Mesh Primitive Equation Model:TCM3.Part I:Model Description and Contro Experiment.”Monthly Weather Review 129(6)1370-1394.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<1370AESOTC>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,Y.2007.“A Multiply Nested,Movable Mesh,Fully Compressible,Nonhydrostatic Tropical Cyclone ModelTCM4:Model Description and Development of Asymmetries without Explicit Asymmetric Forcing.”Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 97(1-4):93-116.doi:10.1007/s00703-006-0246-z.
Wang,Y.2008.“Rapid Filamentation Zone in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone.”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65(4):1158-1181.doi:10.1175/2007JAS2426.1.
Wang,Y.2009.“How Do Outer Spiral Rainbands Affect Tropica Cyclone Structure and Intensity?”Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66(5):1250-1273.doi:10.1175/2008JAS2737.1.
Wang,Y.,Y.Rao,Z.-M.Tan,and D.Sch?nemann.2015“A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change over the Western North Pacific.”Monthly Weather Review 143(9)3434-3453.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0049.1.
Zeng,Z.,Y.Wang,and L.Chen.2010.“A Statistical Analysis of Vertical Shear Effect on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change in the North Atlantic.”Geophysical Research Letters 37(2)L02802.doi:10.1029/2009GL041788.
Zhang,D.-L.,Y.Liu,and M.K.Yau.2000.“A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew(1992).Part IIIDynamically Induced Vertical Motion.”Monthly Weather Review 128(11):3772-3788.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3772:AMNSOH>2.0.CO;2.