肝衰竭预后评估模型的研究进展
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摘要
肝衰竭是指由多种因素引起严重肝功能损害的一组临床症候群。由于肝衰竭起病急、病情重、进展快、疗效差、并发症多,病死率高,预后不良,因此准确地判断预后有助于优化治疗方案,提高患者生存率。目前临床上应用较多的评估模型主要有CTP (Child-Turcotte-Pugh)评分,英国皇家医学院医院(KCH)标准,Clichy标准,终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分,MELD衍生模型,序贯器官衰竭(SOFA)评分及其相关评分,急性生理、年龄和慢性健康(APACHEⅠ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ)评分,Logstic回归模型(LRM)和人工神经网络(ANN)等。此文对各种肝衰竭预后的评分模型进行了综述。
Liver failure is a group of clinical syndromes with severe liver dysfunction caused by various factors.Because liver failure has the features of acute onset, severe condition, rapid progress, poor curative effect and multiple complications, the mortality rate is high and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, accurate assessment of the prognosis is helpful to optimize the treatment plan and improve the survival rate of patients. At present, the most clinically applied evaluation models include Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP) score, the King's College Hospital(KCH) criteria, Clichy criteria,the model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) score, MELD derived model, sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)score and its related score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation(APACHE Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ) score, Logistic regression model(LRM), artificial neural network(ANN), and so on. This article reviews the scoring models for the prognosis of various liver failure.
Liver failure is a group of clinical syndromes with severe liver dysfunction caused by various factors.Because liver failure has the features of acute onset, severe condition, rapid progress, poor curative effect and multiple complications, the mortality rate is high and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, accurate assessment of the prognosis is helpful to optimize the treatment plan and improve the survival rate of patients. At present, the most clinically applied evaluation models include Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP) score, the King's College Hospital(KCH) criteria, Clichy criteria,the model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) score, MELD derived model, sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)score and its related score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation(APACHE Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ) score, Logistic regression model(LRM), artificial neural network(ANN), and so on. This article reviews the scoring models for the prognosis of various liver failure.
引文
[1]中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组.肝衰竭诊治指南(2012年版)[J].中华肝脏病杂志, 2013, 21(3):210-216.
[2] FONTANA RJ. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure:results of a United States multicenter, prospective study[J]. Hepatology, 2010,42(6):1364-1372.
[3] PUGH R. Transection of the esophagus for bleeding esophageal varices[J]. Br J Surg, 1973, 60(8):646-649.
[4] DURAND F, VALLA D. Assessment of the prognosis of cirrhosis:Child-Pugh versus MELD[J]. Journal of Hepatology, 2005, 42(1):S100-S107.
[5] BOURSIER J, CESBRON E, TROPET AL, et al. Comparison and improvement of MELD and Child-Pugh score accuracies for the prediction of 6-month mortality in cirrhotic patients[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2009, 43(6):580-585.
[6]张洁,卢放根,欧阳春晖,等. Child-Pugh分级和MELD评分对死亡的肝硬化患者的回顾性分析[J].中南大学学报(医学版), 2012, 37(10):1021-1025.
[7] O'GRADY JG, ALEXANDER GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Gastroenterology,1989, 97(2):439-445.
[8] VOIGT MD. Predicting death in patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure:the King's College Hospital model is on the SOFA, not the mat[J]. Liver Transpl, 2012, 18(4):384-386.
[9] CRAIG DG, FORD AC, HAYES PC, et al. Systematic review:prognostic tests of paracetamol-induced acute liver failure[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2010, 31(10):1064-1076.
[10] ANAND AC, NIGHTINGALE P, NEUBERGER JM. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure:an assessment of the King's criteria[J]. J Hepatol, 1997, 26(1):62-68.
[11] SIMPSON KJ, BATES M, Henderson NC, et al. The utilization of liver transplantation in the management of acute liver failure:comparison between acetaminophen and non-acetaminophen etiologies[J].Liver Transpl, 2010, 15(6):600-609.
[12] PAUWELS A, MOSTEFA-KARA N, FLORENT C, et al. Emergency liver transplantation for acute liver failure:Evaluation of London and Clichy criteria[J]. J Hepatol, 1993, 17(1):124-127.
[13] YANG SS, CHENG KS, LAI YC, et al. Decreasing serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in predicting poor prognosis of acute hepatic failure in patients with chronic hepatitis B[J]. J Gastroenterology, 2002, 37(8):626-632.
[14] SHIN HS, KIM SP, HAN SH, et al. Prognostic indicators for acute liver failure development and mortality in patients with hepatitis A:consecutive case analysis[J]. Yonsei Med J, 2014, 55(4):953-959.
[15] BERNUAU J, GOUDEAU A, POYNARD T, et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatitis B[J]. Hepatology,2010, 6(4):648-651.
[16] BISMUTH H, SAMUEL D, CASTAING D, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation in fulminant and subfulminant hepatitis. The Paul Brousse experience[J]. Transplantation Reviews, 1995, 3(2):47-58.
[17] ICHAI P, LEGEAI C, FRANCOZ C, et al. Patients with acute liver failure listed for super-urgent liver transplantation in France:Re-evaluation of the clichy-villejuif criteria[J]. Liver Transpl, 2015, 21(4):512-523.
[18] MALINCHOC M, KAMATH PS, GORDON FD, et al. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts[J]. Hepatology, 2000, 31(4):864-871.
[19] KAMATH PS, WIESNER RH, MALINCHOC M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease[J]. Hepatology, 2001, 33(2):464-470.
[20] KAMATH PS, KIM WR, Advanced Liver Disease Study Group. The model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)[J]. Hepatology, 2007, 45(3):797-805.
[21] BELLEST L, ESCHWA GE V, POUPON R, et al. A modified international normalized ratio as an effective way of prothrombin time standardization in hepatology[J]. Hepatology, 2010, 46(2):528-534.
[22] MCPHAIL MJ, FARNE H, SENVAR N, et al. Ability of King's college criteria and model for end-stage liver disease scores to predict mortality of patients with acute liver failure:a meta-analysis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 14(4):516-525.
[23] FREEMAN RB Jr, WIESNER RH, HARPER A, et al. The new liver allocation system:Moving toward evidence-based transplantation policy[J]. Liver Transpl, 2002, 8(9):851-858.
[24] SARIN SK, KUMAR A, ALMEIDA JA, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure:consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver(APASL)[J]. Hepatology International,2009, 3(1):269.
[25] BIGGINS SW, KIM WR, TERRAULT NA, et al. Evidence-based incorporation of serum sodium concentration into MELD[J]. Gastroenterology, 2006, 130(6):1652-1660.
[26] MANKA P, BECHMANN LP, TACKE F, et al. Serum sodium based modification of the MELD does not improve prediction of outcome in acute liver failure[J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2013, 13:58.
[27] BARBER K, MADDEN S, ALLEN J, et al. Elective liver transplant list mortality:development of a United Kingdom end-stage liver disease score[J]. Transplantation, 2011, 92(4):469.
[28] VITALE A, BERTACCO A, GAMBATO M, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease-sodium and survival benefit in liver transplantation[J].Transplant International, 2013, 26(2):138-144.
[29] HUO TI, WANG YW, YANG YY, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease score to serum sodium ratio index as a prognostic predictor and its correlation with portal pressure in patients with liver cirrhosis[J].Liver International, 2010, 27(4):498-506.
[30] LUCA A, ANGERMAYR B, BERTOLINI G, et al. An integrated MELD model including serum sodium and age improves the prediction of early mortality in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Dig Liver Dis,2007, 39(10):A33.
[31]唐长华,李志彬,刘芳,等.不同终末期肝病模型评估血浆置换治疗慢加急性乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者短期预后[J].实用肝脏病杂志,2013, 16(4):310-313.
[32]李晨,游邵莉,刘鸿凌,等.基线MELD、MELD-Na、iMELD 3种模型对乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝衰竭患者近期预后的评估价值[J].中华危重病急救医学, 2014, 26(8):539-543.
[33] LUO Y, XU Y, LI M, et al. A new multiparameter integrated MELD model for prognosis of HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. Medicine, 2016, 95(34):e4696.
[34] KNAUS WA, ZIMMERMAN JE, WAGNER DP, et al. APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation:a physiologically based classification system[J]. Crit Care Med, 1981, 9(8):591-597.
[35] KNAUS WA, DRAPER EA, WAGNER DP, et al. Apache Ii:A severity of disease classification system[J]. Crit Care Med, 1985, 13(10):818-829.
[36] DUSEJA A, CHOUDHARY NS, GUPTA S, et al. APACHE II score is superior to SOFA, CTP and MELD in predicting the short-term mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)[J]. J Dig Dis, 2013, 14(9):484-490.
[37]王鑫,王邦茂,刘文天,等.终末期肝病模型和急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ对慢加急性肝衰竭的预测价值[J].临床荟萃,2009, 24(7):581-583.
[38] KARVELLAS CJ, PINK F, MCPHAIL M, et al. Bacteremia, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II and modified end stage liver disease are independent predictors of mortality in critically ill nontransplanted patients with acute on chronic liver failure[J]. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(1):121-126.
[39] MITCHELL I, BIHARI D, CHANG R, et al. Earlier identification of patients at risk from acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure[J].Crit Care Med, 1998, 26(2):279-284.
[40] KNAUS WA, WAGNER DP, DRAPER EA, et al. The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults[J]. Chest, 1991, 100(6):1619-1636.
[41] FIKATAS P, ULRICH F, LEE JE, et al. The APACHE III score as preoperative indicator of patient outcome in liver transplantation after fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Ann Transplant, 2011, 16(1):18-25.
[42] ZIMMERMAN JE, KRAMER AA, MCNAIR DS, et al. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE)IV:hospital mortality assessment for today's critically ill patients[J]. Crit Care Med,2006, 34(5):1297-1310.
[43] HU Y, ZHANG X, LIU Y, et al. APACHE IV is superior to MELD scoring system in predicting prognosis in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation[J]. Clin Dev Immunol, 2013, 2013:809847.
[44] VINCENT JL, MORENO R, TAKALA J, et al. The SOFA(sepsis-related organ failure assessment)score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the european society of intensive care medicine[J]. Intensive Care Med, 1996, 22(7):707-710.
[45]李国云,傅茂英,黄小平,等.序贯器官衰竭评分判断肝衰竭患者预后价值[J].实用肝脏病杂志, 2013, 16(5):430-432.
[46] CHOLONGITAS E, SENZOLO M, PATCH D, et al. Risk factors, sequential organ failure assessment and model for end-stage liver disease scores for predicting short term mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted to intensive care unit[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2010, 23(7):883-893.
[47] CHOLONGITAS E, THEOCHARIDOU E, VASIANOPOULOU P,et al. Comparison of the Sequential organ failure assessment score with the King's college hospital criteria and the model for end-stage liver disease score for the prognosis of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure[J]. Liver Transpl, 2012, 18(4):405-412.
[48] CRAIG DG, REID TW, WRIGHT EC, et al. The sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)score is prognostically superior to the model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)and MELD variants following paracetamol(acetaminophen)overdose[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 35(6):705-713.
[49]李晓爽,吕洪敏,李凤惠,等. MELD、MELD-Na、SOFA评分系统对肝衰竭短期预后的价值[J].天津医药, 2012, 40(9):902-904.
[50] MOREAU R, JALAN R, GINES P, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2013, 144(7):1426-1489.
[51] PAN HC, JENQ CC, TSAI MH, et al. Scoring systems for 6-month mortality in critically ill cirrhotic patients:a prospective analysis of chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment score(CLIFSOFA)[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2015, 40(9):1056-1065.
[52] JALAN R, SALIBA F, PAVESI M, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-onchronic liver failure[J]. J Hepatol, 2014, 61(5):1038-1047.
[53] AGRAWAL S, DUSEJA A, GUPTA T, et al. Simple organ failure count versus CANONIC grading system for predicting mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. J Gastroenterology Hepatol, 2015,30(3):575-581.
[54]周惠娟,汤伟亮,陆小波,等. CLIF-COFs在乙型肝炎相关慢性肝病急性失代偿患者中鉴别慢加急性肝功能衰竭的临床研究[J].肝脏,2017, 22(5):396-399.
[55] ZHENG MH, SHI KQ, FAN YC, et al. A model to determine 3-month mortality risk in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011, 9(4):351-356.
[56] YANG WB, CHEN EQ, BI HX, et al. Different models in predicting the short-term prognosis of patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. Ann Hepatol, 2012, 11(3):311.
[2] FONTANA RJ. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure:results of a United States multicenter, prospective study[J]. Hepatology, 2010,42(6):1364-1372.
[3] PUGH R. Transection of the esophagus for bleeding esophageal varices[J]. Br J Surg, 1973, 60(8):646-649.
[4] DURAND F, VALLA D. Assessment of the prognosis of cirrhosis:Child-Pugh versus MELD[J]. Journal of Hepatology, 2005, 42(1):S100-S107.
[5] BOURSIER J, CESBRON E, TROPET AL, et al. Comparison and improvement of MELD and Child-Pugh score accuracies for the prediction of 6-month mortality in cirrhotic patients[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2009, 43(6):580-585.
[6]张洁,卢放根,欧阳春晖,等. Child-Pugh分级和MELD评分对死亡的肝硬化患者的回顾性分析[J].中南大学学报(医学版), 2012, 37(10):1021-1025.
[7] O'GRADY JG, ALEXANDER GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Gastroenterology,1989, 97(2):439-445.
[8] VOIGT MD. Predicting death in patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure:the King's College Hospital model is on the SOFA, not the mat[J]. Liver Transpl, 2012, 18(4):384-386.
[9] CRAIG DG, FORD AC, HAYES PC, et al. Systematic review:prognostic tests of paracetamol-induced acute liver failure[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2010, 31(10):1064-1076.
[10] ANAND AC, NIGHTINGALE P, NEUBERGER JM. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure:an assessment of the King's criteria[J]. J Hepatol, 1997, 26(1):62-68.
[11] SIMPSON KJ, BATES M, Henderson NC, et al. The utilization of liver transplantation in the management of acute liver failure:comparison between acetaminophen and non-acetaminophen etiologies[J].Liver Transpl, 2010, 15(6):600-609.
[12] PAUWELS A, MOSTEFA-KARA N, FLORENT C, et al. Emergency liver transplantation for acute liver failure:Evaluation of London and Clichy criteria[J]. J Hepatol, 1993, 17(1):124-127.
[13] YANG SS, CHENG KS, LAI YC, et al. Decreasing serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in predicting poor prognosis of acute hepatic failure in patients with chronic hepatitis B[J]. J Gastroenterology, 2002, 37(8):626-632.
[14] SHIN HS, KIM SP, HAN SH, et al. Prognostic indicators for acute liver failure development and mortality in patients with hepatitis A:consecutive case analysis[J]. Yonsei Med J, 2014, 55(4):953-959.
[15] BERNUAU J, GOUDEAU A, POYNARD T, et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatitis B[J]. Hepatology,2010, 6(4):648-651.
[16] BISMUTH H, SAMUEL D, CASTAING D, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation in fulminant and subfulminant hepatitis. The Paul Brousse experience[J]. Transplantation Reviews, 1995, 3(2):47-58.
[17] ICHAI P, LEGEAI C, FRANCOZ C, et al. Patients with acute liver failure listed for super-urgent liver transplantation in France:Re-evaluation of the clichy-villejuif criteria[J]. Liver Transpl, 2015, 21(4):512-523.
[18] MALINCHOC M, KAMATH PS, GORDON FD, et al. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts[J]. Hepatology, 2000, 31(4):864-871.
[19] KAMATH PS, WIESNER RH, MALINCHOC M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease[J]. Hepatology, 2001, 33(2):464-470.
[20] KAMATH PS, KIM WR, Advanced Liver Disease Study Group. The model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)[J]. Hepatology, 2007, 45(3):797-805.
[21] BELLEST L, ESCHWA GE V, POUPON R, et al. A modified international normalized ratio as an effective way of prothrombin time standardization in hepatology[J]. Hepatology, 2010, 46(2):528-534.
[22] MCPHAIL MJ, FARNE H, SENVAR N, et al. Ability of King's college criteria and model for end-stage liver disease scores to predict mortality of patients with acute liver failure:a meta-analysis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 14(4):516-525.
[23] FREEMAN RB Jr, WIESNER RH, HARPER A, et al. The new liver allocation system:Moving toward evidence-based transplantation policy[J]. Liver Transpl, 2002, 8(9):851-858.
[24] SARIN SK, KUMAR A, ALMEIDA JA, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure:consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver(APASL)[J]. Hepatology International,2009, 3(1):269.
[25] BIGGINS SW, KIM WR, TERRAULT NA, et al. Evidence-based incorporation of serum sodium concentration into MELD[J]. Gastroenterology, 2006, 130(6):1652-1660.
[26] MANKA P, BECHMANN LP, TACKE F, et al. Serum sodium based modification of the MELD does not improve prediction of outcome in acute liver failure[J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2013, 13:58.
[27] BARBER K, MADDEN S, ALLEN J, et al. Elective liver transplant list mortality:development of a United Kingdom end-stage liver disease score[J]. Transplantation, 2011, 92(4):469.
[28] VITALE A, BERTACCO A, GAMBATO M, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease-sodium and survival benefit in liver transplantation[J].Transplant International, 2013, 26(2):138-144.
[29] HUO TI, WANG YW, YANG YY, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease score to serum sodium ratio index as a prognostic predictor and its correlation with portal pressure in patients with liver cirrhosis[J].Liver International, 2010, 27(4):498-506.
[30] LUCA A, ANGERMAYR B, BERTOLINI G, et al. An integrated MELD model including serum sodium and age improves the prediction of early mortality in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Dig Liver Dis,2007, 39(10):A33.
[31]唐长华,李志彬,刘芳,等.不同终末期肝病模型评估血浆置换治疗慢加急性乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者短期预后[J].实用肝脏病杂志,2013, 16(4):310-313.
[32]李晨,游邵莉,刘鸿凌,等.基线MELD、MELD-Na、iMELD 3种模型对乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝衰竭患者近期预后的评估价值[J].中华危重病急救医学, 2014, 26(8):539-543.
[33] LUO Y, XU Y, LI M, et al. A new multiparameter integrated MELD model for prognosis of HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. Medicine, 2016, 95(34):e4696.
[34] KNAUS WA, ZIMMERMAN JE, WAGNER DP, et al. APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation:a physiologically based classification system[J]. Crit Care Med, 1981, 9(8):591-597.
[35] KNAUS WA, DRAPER EA, WAGNER DP, et al. Apache Ii:A severity of disease classification system[J]. Crit Care Med, 1985, 13(10):818-829.
[36] DUSEJA A, CHOUDHARY NS, GUPTA S, et al. APACHE II score is superior to SOFA, CTP and MELD in predicting the short-term mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)[J]. J Dig Dis, 2013, 14(9):484-490.
[37]王鑫,王邦茂,刘文天,等.终末期肝病模型和急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ对慢加急性肝衰竭的预测价值[J].临床荟萃,2009, 24(7):581-583.
[38] KARVELLAS CJ, PINK F, MCPHAIL M, et al. Bacteremia, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II and modified end stage liver disease are independent predictors of mortality in critically ill nontransplanted patients with acute on chronic liver failure[J]. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(1):121-126.
[39] MITCHELL I, BIHARI D, CHANG R, et al. Earlier identification of patients at risk from acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure[J].Crit Care Med, 1998, 26(2):279-284.
[40] KNAUS WA, WAGNER DP, DRAPER EA, et al. The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults[J]. Chest, 1991, 100(6):1619-1636.
[41] FIKATAS P, ULRICH F, LEE JE, et al. The APACHE III score as preoperative indicator of patient outcome in liver transplantation after fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Ann Transplant, 2011, 16(1):18-25.
[42] ZIMMERMAN JE, KRAMER AA, MCNAIR DS, et al. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE)IV:hospital mortality assessment for today's critically ill patients[J]. Crit Care Med,2006, 34(5):1297-1310.
[43] HU Y, ZHANG X, LIU Y, et al. APACHE IV is superior to MELD scoring system in predicting prognosis in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation[J]. Clin Dev Immunol, 2013, 2013:809847.
[44] VINCENT JL, MORENO R, TAKALA J, et al. The SOFA(sepsis-related organ failure assessment)score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the european society of intensive care medicine[J]. Intensive Care Med, 1996, 22(7):707-710.
[45]李国云,傅茂英,黄小平,等.序贯器官衰竭评分判断肝衰竭患者预后价值[J].实用肝脏病杂志, 2013, 16(5):430-432.
[46] CHOLONGITAS E, SENZOLO M, PATCH D, et al. Risk factors, sequential organ failure assessment and model for end-stage liver disease scores for predicting short term mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted to intensive care unit[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2010, 23(7):883-893.
[47] CHOLONGITAS E, THEOCHARIDOU E, VASIANOPOULOU P,et al. Comparison of the Sequential organ failure assessment score with the King's college hospital criteria and the model for end-stage liver disease score for the prognosis of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure[J]. Liver Transpl, 2012, 18(4):405-412.
[48] CRAIG DG, REID TW, WRIGHT EC, et al. The sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)score is prognostically superior to the model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)and MELD variants following paracetamol(acetaminophen)overdose[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 35(6):705-713.
[49]李晓爽,吕洪敏,李凤惠,等. MELD、MELD-Na、SOFA评分系统对肝衰竭短期预后的价值[J].天津医药, 2012, 40(9):902-904.
[50] MOREAU R, JALAN R, GINES P, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2013, 144(7):1426-1489.
[51] PAN HC, JENQ CC, TSAI MH, et al. Scoring systems for 6-month mortality in critically ill cirrhotic patients:a prospective analysis of chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment score(CLIFSOFA)[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2015, 40(9):1056-1065.
[52] JALAN R, SALIBA F, PAVESI M, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-onchronic liver failure[J]. J Hepatol, 2014, 61(5):1038-1047.
[53] AGRAWAL S, DUSEJA A, GUPTA T, et al. Simple organ failure count versus CANONIC grading system for predicting mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. J Gastroenterology Hepatol, 2015,30(3):575-581.
[54]周惠娟,汤伟亮,陆小波,等. CLIF-COFs在乙型肝炎相关慢性肝病急性失代偿患者中鉴别慢加急性肝功能衰竭的临床研究[J].肝脏,2017, 22(5):396-399.
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