高职生源质量拖累了就业质量吗——来自西部36所院校的数据
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摘要
近年来,生源质量和就业质量成为高职院校高质量发展中急需面对的现实问题。本文通过对西部36所高职院校的实证考察,发现生源质量对就业质量有异质性影响,选择不同的指标和视角会得到迥异的结论,即高职生源质量未必拖累就业质量。具体而言,以"录取后报到率"为代表的生源质量,显著地提升了各个视角的就业质量,且"就好业"效应强于"好就业"效应;代表高分的"平均普通高考分数超省线比例"并未带来毕业生半年后就业率和月收入的提高,但有益于就业对口率;"第一志愿投档比例"对毕业生半年后月收入和就业对口率有正向作用,却不能显著地影响半年后就业率。基于上述讨论,提出赋予高职院校更多的招考自主权、严把培养质量、推动以产学合作为核心的内涵建设等建议。
In recent years,the quality of students and employment has become an urgent practical problem in the development of high-quality vocational colleges. Through the empirical study of 36 higher vocational colleges in western China,the results show that the quality of students' sources has a heterogeneous impact on the quality of employment. Choosing different indicators and perspectives will lead to different conclusions,that is,the quality of students' sources in higher vocational colleges does not necessarily affect the quality of employment. Specifically,the quality of students,represented by the "post-admission reporting rate",has significantly improved the quality of employment from all perspectives,and the "good job"effect is stronger than the "good employment"effect; the "average college entrance examination score exceeding the provincial line"which represents high scores has not brought about the improvement of the employment rate and monthly income of graduates six months later after graduation,but it is beneficial to the employment counterpart rate; and the "first voluntary contribution ratio"has a positive effect on the monthly income and employment rate of graduates after half a year,but it cannot significantly affect the employment rate after half a year. Based on the above discussion,some suggestions were put forward,such as giving higher vocational colleges more autonomy in admission,strictly controlling the quality of training,and promoting the connotation construction with the core of production-university cooperation.
In recent years,the quality of students and employment has become an urgent practical problem in the development of high-quality vocational colleges. Through the empirical study of 36 higher vocational colleges in western China,the results show that the quality of students' sources has a heterogeneous impact on the quality of employment. Choosing different indicators and perspectives will lead to different conclusions,that is,the quality of students' sources in higher vocational colleges does not necessarily affect the quality of employment. Specifically,the quality of students,represented by the "post-admission reporting rate",has significantly improved the quality of employment from all perspectives,and the "good job"effect is stronger than the "good employment"effect; the "average college entrance examination score exceeding the provincial line"which represents high scores has not brought about the improvement of the employment rate and monthly income of graduates six months later after graduation,but it is beneficial to the employment counterpart rate; and the "first voluntary contribution ratio"has a positive effect on the monthly income and employment rate of graduates after half a year,but it cannot significantly affect the employment rate after half a year. Based on the above discussion,some suggestions were put forward,such as giving higher vocational colleges more autonomy in admission,strictly controlling the quality of training,and promoting the connotation construction with the core of production-university cooperation.
引文
[1]读大专不如做生意?[EB/OL].(2018-03-16). https://www. sohu. com/a/225684534_372495.
[2]魏其濛,张茜.“混教”“混学”困扰高职教育[N].中国青年报,2018-10-16(10).
[3]何玲.对高等职业教育生源危机的思考[J].教育与职业,2011(24):52-53.
[4]杨继唐,杜玲莉.高职英语专业生源变化对其就业的影响与对策[J].中国大学生就业,2015(10):35-38.
[5] CARNEIRO P,HECKMAN J. Human capital policy[M]//HECKMAN J,KRUEGER A.(eds.)Inequality in America:what role for human capital policy? Cambridge:MIT Press,2003:1-127.
[6]文东茅.家庭背景对我国高等教育机会及毕业生就业的影响[J].北京大学教育评论,2005(3):58-63.
[7]龚敏,王一帆.民族高校汉语言文学专业就业现状、趋势及对策分析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2008(7):280-283.
[8] CHEUNG H Y,CHAN A W H. Understanding the relationships among PISA scores,economic growth and employment in different sectors:a cross-country study[J]. Research in education,2008,80(1):93-106.
[9]李江璐,常连玺.大学生自信程度与就业情况的相关研究[J].中国成人教育,2011(21):107-108.
[10]李准,宋亮,张万峰.普通高校招生就业联动机制构建策略研究[J].黑龙江高教研究,2015(1):144-146.
[11]姜献群.提升大学生就业质量的思考:韩国的经验及启示[J].教育发展研究,2014(17):26-32..
[12]郭丛斌,曾满超,丁小浩.中国高校理工类学生教育及就业状况的性别差异[J].高等教育研究,2007(11):89-101.
[13] SONG M,ORAZEM P F,WOHLGEMUTH D. The role of mathematical and verbal skills on the returns to graduate and professional education[J]. Economics of education review,2008,27(6):664-675.
[14]范静波.高等教育生源质量与教育质量对个人收入的影响:兼论教育的生产与信号功能[J].教育科学,2013(3):73-77.
[15]李后建.高考是进入高收入行业的敲门砖吗?[J].劳动经济评论,2014,7(1):63-82.
[16]吴君.高职院校生源质量与就业质量的关系研究[J].设计,2014(12):165-168.
[17]金丽.高职院校在校生生源与毕业生就业状态分析:以辽宁省46所高职院校为例[J].现代教育管理,2015(11):112-116.
[18]马莉萍,潘昆峰.留还是流:高校毕业生就业地选择与生源地、院校地关系的实证研究[J].清华大学教育研究,2013(5):118-124.
[19]黄朝阳,张科静.生源地视角下城乡大学生就业选择现状调查[J].中国大学生就业,2017(24):60-64.
[20]李瑾,程利敏.探析高校毕业生就业质量提升路径:基于麦可思报告数据[J].中国青年研究,2017(10):92-99.
[21]吴新中,董仕奇.高校毕业生就业质量评价要素及体系建构[J].科技进步与对策,2017,34(4):140-144.
[22]史秋衡,陈萦.美国高等教育供给模式与教育质量的关系研究[J].国家教育行政学院学报,2008(3):85-95.
[23]潘昆峰,李扬.高中教育资源均衡配置的效果及其动力学分析[J].清华大学教育研究,2010(5):14-22.
[24]董刚,杨理连,张强.高职院校内涵式发展质量评价体系的构建[J].高等工程教育研究,2013(5):113-117.
[25]杨秋波,林宇,王世斌.高职生源质量现状调查与影响因素分析[J].中国高教研究,2015(7):88-91.
(1)该指标计算的难点在于如何确定省线。由于普通高考分文理科录取,考虑到各省专科投档线文理科差异较小(近4年来基本相同),此处采取简单算法:直接对投档线求平均,得出“所在省专科文理科投档线均值”,而前一指标“本校实际录取的普通高考学生平均分数”可直接从公开资料获取。
(1)本文以国家和省级示范(骨干)高职院校为样本,就实际而言,这些院校的“录取后报到率”往往高于普通院校,且学生的入学成绩、学习能力等也相对较高,因而“录取后报到率”可以代表生源质量。
[2]魏其濛,张茜.“混教”“混学”困扰高职教育[N].中国青年报,2018-10-16(10).
[3]何玲.对高等职业教育生源危机的思考[J].教育与职业,2011(24):52-53.
[4]杨继唐,杜玲莉.高职英语专业生源变化对其就业的影响与对策[J].中国大学生就业,2015(10):35-38.
[5] CARNEIRO P,HECKMAN J. Human capital policy[M]//HECKMAN J,KRUEGER A.(eds.)Inequality in America:what role for human capital policy? Cambridge:MIT Press,2003:1-127.
[6]文东茅.家庭背景对我国高等教育机会及毕业生就业的影响[J].北京大学教育评论,2005(3):58-63.
[7]龚敏,王一帆.民族高校汉语言文学专业就业现状、趋势及对策分析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2008(7):280-283.
[8] CHEUNG H Y,CHAN A W H. Understanding the relationships among PISA scores,economic growth and employment in different sectors:a cross-country study[J]. Research in education,2008,80(1):93-106.
[9]李江璐,常连玺.大学生自信程度与就业情况的相关研究[J].中国成人教育,2011(21):107-108.
[10]李准,宋亮,张万峰.普通高校招生就业联动机制构建策略研究[J].黑龙江高教研究,2015(1):144-146.
[11]姜献群.提升大学生就业质量的思考:韩国的经验及启示[J].教育发展研究,2014(17):26-32..
[12]郭丛斌,曾满超,丁小浩.中国高校理工类学生教育及就业状况的性别差异[J].高等教育研究,2007(11):89-101.
[13] SONG M,ORAZEM P F,WOHLGEMUTH D. The role of mathematical and verbal skills on the returns to graduate and professional education[J]. Economics of education review,2008,27(6):664-675.
[14]范静波.高等教育生源质量与教育质量对个人收入的影响:兼论教育的生产与信号功能[J].教育科学,2013(3):73-77.
[15]李后建.高考是进入高收入行业的敲门砖吗?[J].劳动经济评论,2014,7(1):63-82.
[16]吴君.高职院校生源质量与就业质量的关系研究[J].设计,2014(12):165-168.
[17]金丽.高职院校在校生生源与毕业生就业状态分析:以辽宁省46所高职院校为例[J].现代教育管理,2015(11):112-116.
[18]马莉萍,潘昆峰.留还是流:高校毕业生就业地选择与生源地、院校地关系的实证研究[J].清华大学教育研究,2013(5):118-124.
[19]黄朝阳,张科静.生源地视角下城乡大学生就业选择现状调查[J].中国大学生就业,2017(24):60-64.
[20]李瑾,程利敏.探析高校毕业生就业质量提升路径:基于麦可思报告数据[J].中国青年研究,2017(10):92-99.
[21]吴新中,董仕奇.高校毕业生就业质量评价要素及体系建构[J].科技进步与对策,2017,34(4):140-144.
[22]史秋衡,陈萦.美国高等教育供给模式与教育质量的关系研究[J].国家教育行政学院学报,2008(3):85-95.
[23]潘昆峰,李扬.高中教育资源均衡配置的效果及其动力学分析[J].清华大学教育研究,2010(5):14-22.
[24]董刚,杨理连,张强.高职院校内涵式发展质量评价体系的构建[J].高等工程教育研究,2013(5):113-117.
[25]杨秋波,林宇,王世斌.高职生源质量现状调查与影响因素分析[J].中国高教研究,2015(7):88-91.
(1)该指标计算的难点在于如何确定省线。由于普通高考分文理科录取,考虑到各省专科投档线文理科差异较小(近4年来基本相同),此处采取简单算法:直接对投档线求平均,得出“所在省专科文理科投档线均值”,而前一指标“本校实际录取的普通高考学生平均分数”可直接从公开资料获取。
(1)本文以国家和省级示范(骨干)高职院校为样本,就实际而言,这些院校的“录取后报到率”往往高于普通院校,且学生的入学成绩、学习能力等也相对较高,因而“录取后报到率”可以代表生源质量。