气体绝缘介质C_4F_7N的急性吸入毒性试验
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摘要
目前针对新型气体绝缘介质C_4F_7N毒性的报道较少,为科研及工程应用的安全带来了隐患。利用气体绝缘介质毒性测试平台,研究了不同C_4F_7N体积分数下C_4F_7N和空气作为混合气体的急性吸入毒性,分析了大鼠在接触C_4F_7N气体后的生命体征变化情况,结合测试结果给出了科研及工程运维中C_4F_7N气体的防护建议。研究发现,大鼠在接触体积分数为1.5%的C_4F_7N气体后表现出由平静到活跃,再到亢奋、不安等症状,在该环境中暴露1h左右后丧失运动能力,眼睛微闭且无法自主活动,同时呼吸减慢、伴有抽搐等症状。大鼠在C_4F_7N体积分数为1%～1.5%的气体环境中暴露4 h后转入饲养环境观察,96 h后所有样本呼吸及运动系统恢复正常;大鼠在C_4F_7N体积分数为2%的气体环境中暴露4 h后转入饲养环境观察,14 d内有死亡个体出现。基于该研究得出的实验数据,C_4F_7N气体的LC50值(4 h,大鼠)在1.5%～2%之间。基于4 h的LC50值结果,C_4F_7N气体的急性毒性被归类为全球化学品统一分类和标签制度(GHS)中毒性最低的第4类。另外,目前在电力工业系统中对于SF6分解产物的工业卫生操作同样适用于C_4F_7N混合气体的分解产物。
At present, there are few reports on the toxicity of the new type gas insulating medium C_4F_7N, which brings hidden trouble for the safety of scientific research and engineering application. Therefore, we explored the acute inhalation toxicity of C4F7N/air mixture gas with different C_4F_7N content using a gas toxicity test platform. The changes of vital signs of rats after exposure in C_4F_7N were analyzed. Combined with the test results, the protection suggestions for scientific researchers and equipment maintenance personnel were also discussed. We found that rats showed symptoms from calm to active, and then hyperactive and uneasy after exposed to 1.5% C_4F_7N. The rats lost their exercise capacity and cannot move independently after 1-h exposure. Their eyes were closed and the breathing rate is slow with convulsions and other symptoms. All the rats exposed to the gas environment with a C_4F_7N content of 1% to 1.5% for 4 hours and then transferred to the feeding environment returned to normal after 96 hours. The dead samples can be found after exposed to the gas environment with a 2% C_4F_7N for 4 hours and then subject to a 14-day recovery period. Based upon the data presented in the current study, the 4-hour LC50 of C_4F_7N is in the range of 1.5%-2%. Based upon the 4-hour exposure LC50 results, C_4F_7N gas is classified in Category 4 in the Globally Harmonized System(GHS) for acute toxicity. The industrial hygiene practices required to handle decomposed SF6 are similar to those required for decomposed C_4F_7N gas mixture.
At present, there are few reports on the toxicity of the new type gas insulating medium C_4F_7N, which brings hidden trouble for the safety of scientific research and engineering application. Therefore, we explored the acute inhalation toxicity of C4F7N/air mixture gas with different C_4F_7N content using a gas toxicity test platform. The changes of vital signs of rats after exposure in C_4F_7N were analyzed. Combined with the test results, the protection suggestions for scientific researchers and equipment maintenance personnel were also discussed. We found that rats showed symptoms from calm to active, and then hyperactive and uneasy after exposed to 1.5% C_4F_7N. The rats lost their exercise capacity and cannot move independently after 1-h exposure. Their eyes were closed and the breathing rate is slow with convulsions and other symptoms. All the rats exposed to the gas environment with a C_4F_7N content of 1% to 1.5% for 4 hours and then transferred to the feeding environment returned to normal after 96 hours. The dead samples can be found after exposed to the gas environment with a 2% C_4F_7N for 4 hours and then subject to a 14-day recovery period. Based upon the data presented in the current study, the 4-hour LC50 of C_4F_7N is in the range of 1.5%-2%. Based upon the 4-hour exposure LC50 results, C_4F_7N gas is classified in Category 4 in the Globally Harmonized System(GHS) for acute toxicity. The industrial hygiene practices required to handle decomposed SF6 are similar to those required for decomposed C_4F_7N gas mixture.
引文
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[19]赵明月,韩冬,荣文奇,等.电晕放电下全氟异丁腈(C4F7N)与空气混合气体的分解产物规律及其形成原因分析[J].高电压技术,2018,44(10):3174-3182.ZHAO Mingyue,HAN Dong,RONG Wenqi,et al.Analysis of decomposition by-products and its formation mechanism of C4F7N/Air mixed gases under AC corona discharge[J].High Voltage Engineering,2018,44(10):3174-3182.
[20]ZHANG X,LI Y,CHEN D,et al.Dissociative adsorption of environment-friendly insulating medium C3F7CN on Cu(111)and Al(111)surface:a theoretical evaluation[J].Applied Surface Science,2018,434:549-560.
[21]3MTM.Material safety data sheet for 3M?Novec?4710 insulating gas[R].Shanghai,China:3M?,2016.
[22]PREVE C,LAHAYE G,RICHAUD M,et al.Hazard study of medium-voltage switchgear with SF6 alternative gas in electrical room[J].CIRED-Open Access Proceedings Journal,2017(1):198-201.
[23]张少岩,车礼东,万敏.全球化学品统一分类和标签制度(GHS)实施指南[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009.ZHANG Shaoyan,CHE Lidong,WAN Min.Guide to the implementation of the globally harmonized system(GHS)of classification and labelling of chemicals[M].Beijing,China:Chemical Industry Press,2009.
[24]六氟化硫气体毒性生物试验方法:DL/T 921-2005[S].北京:中华人民共和国改革和发展委员会,2005.Biotoxication tests by sulfur hexafluoride:DL/T 921-2005[S].Beijing,China:Commission on Reform and Development of the People’s Republic of China,2005.
[25]KIEFFEL Y,BIQUEZ F.SF6 alternative development for high voltage switchgears[C]∥IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference.[S.l.]:IEEE,2015:379-383.
[26]POHLINK K,MEYER F,KIEFFEL Y,et al.Characteristics of fluoronitrile/CO2 mixture-an alternative to SF6[C]∥CIGRE Paper D1-204.Paris,France:CIGRE,2016:1-4.
[2]张晓星,胡雄雄,肖焓艳.介质阻挡放电等离子体降解SF6的试验与仿真研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(8):2455-2464.ZHANG Xiaoxing,HU Xiongxiong,XIAO Hanyan.Experimental and simulation study on degradation of SF6 by dielectric barrier dicharge plasma[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(8):2455-2464.
[3]肖淞,张晓星,戴琦伟,等.CF3I/N2混合气体在不同电场下的工频击穿特性试验研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(22):6276-6285.XIAO Song,ZHANG Xiaoxing,DAI Qiwei,et al.Experimental research of CF3I/N2 gas mixtures on power frequency breakdown performances under different electric field[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(22):6276-6285.
[4]张潮海,韩冬,李康,等.SF6替代气体技术及其在GIL中的应用与发展[J].高电压技术,2017,43(3):689-698.ZHANG Chaohai,HAN Dong,LI Kang,et al.SF6 alternative techniques and their applications and prospective developments in gas insulated transmission lines[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(3):689-698.
[5]张晓星,田双双,肖淞,等.工频交流电压下C6F12O与N2混合气体的击穿特性和分解特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2018,38(10):3125-3132.ZHANG Xiaoxing,TIAN Shuangshuang,XIAO Song,et al.Breakdown characteristics and decomposition characteristics of C6F12O and N2 mixed gas under AC voltage[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2018,38(10):3125-3132.
[6]RABIE M,FRANCK C M.An assessment of eco-friendly gases for electrical insulation to replace the most potent industrial greenhouse gas SF6[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018(52):369-380.
[7]唐炬,任晓龙,张晓星,等.气隙缺陷下不同局部放电强度的SF6分解特性[J].电网技术,2012,36(3):40-45.JANG Ju,REN Xiaolong,ZHANG Xiaoxing,et al.Decomposition characteristics of SF6 under different partial discharge strengths caused by defected insulation in air gap[J].Power System Technology,2012,36(3):40-45.
[8]GRIFFIN G D,SAUERS I,CHRISTOPHOROU L G,et al.On the toxicity of sparked SF6[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1983,18(5):551-552.
[9]GRIFFIN G D,KURKA K,SAUERS I,et al.Investigations of the toxicological action of spark-decomposed SF6 in mammalian cells[C]∥Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics.Knoxville,USA:Elsevier,1987:174-181.
[10]KIEFFEL Y.Characteristics of g3-an alternative to SF6[C]∥IEEEInternational Conference on Dielectrics.Montpellier,France:IEEE,2016:880-884.
[11]KIEFFEL Y,IRWIN T,PONCHON P,et al.Green gas to replace SF6in electrical grids[J].IEEE Power&Energy Magazine,2016,14(2):32-39.
[12]李兴文,邓云坤,姜旭,等.环保气体C4F7N和C5F10O与CO2混合气体的绝缘性能及其应用[J].高电压技术,2017,43(3):708-714.LI Xingwen,DENG Yunkun,JIANG Xu,et al.Insulation performance and application of enviroment-friendly gases mixtures of C4F7N and C5F10O with CO2[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(3):708-714.
[13]NECHMI H E,BEROUAL A,GIRODET A,et al.Effective ionization coefficients and limiting field strength of fluoronitriles-CO2 mixtures[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2017,24(2):886-892.
[14]NECHMI H E,BEROUAL A,GIRODET A,et al.Fluoronitriles/CO2gas mixture as an eco-friendly alternative candidate to SF6 in high voltage insulation systems[C]∥IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.Toronto,Canada:IEEE,2016:384-387.
[15]CHUNLIN W,YI W,HAO S,et al.Thermophysical properties calculation of C4F7N/CO2 mixture based on computational chemistry-Atheoretical study of SF6 alternative[C]∥2017 4th International Conference on Electric Power Equipment-Switching Technology(ICEPE-ST).Xi’an,China:IEEE,2017:255-258.
[16]WU Y,WANG C,SUN H,et al.Properties of C4F7N-CO2 thermal plasmas:thermodynamic properties,transport coefficients and emission coefficients[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2018,51(15):155206.
[17]ZHANG X,LI Y,XIAO S,et al.Theoretical study of the decomposition mechanism of environmentally friendly insulating medium C3F7CN in the presence of H2O in a discharge[J].Journal of Physics DApplied Physics,2017,50(32):325201.
[18]LI Y,ZHANG X,XIAO S,et al.Decomposition properties of C4F7N/N2 gas mixture:an environmentally friendly gas to replace SF6[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2018,57(14):5173-5182.
[19]赵明月,韩冬,荣文奇,等.电晕放电下全氟异丁腈(C4F7N)与空气混合气体的分解产物规律及其形成原因分析[J].高电压技术,2018,44(10):3174-3182.ZHAO Mingyue,HAN Dong,RONG Wenqi,et al.Analysis of decomposition by-products and its formation mechanism of C4F7N/Air mixed gases under AC corona discharge[J].High Voltage Engineering,2018,44(10):3174-3182.
[20]ZHANG X,LI Y,CHEN D,et al.Dissociative adsorption of environment-friendly insulating medium C3F7CN on Cu(111)and Al(111)surface:a theoretical evaluation[J].Applied Surface Science,2018,434:549-560.
[21]3MTM.Material safety data sheet for 3M?Novec?4710 insulating gas[R].Shanghai,China:3M?,2016.
[22]PREVE C,LAHAYE G,RICHAUD M,et al.Hazard study of medium-voltage switchgear with SF6 alternative gas in electrical room[J].CIRED-Open Access Proceedings Journal,2017(1):198-201.
[23]张少岩,车礼东,万敏.全球化学品统一分类和标签制度(GHS)实施指南[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009.ZHANG Shaoyan,CHE Lidong,WAN Min.Guide to the implementation of the globally harmonized system(GHS)of classification and labelling of chemicals[M].Beijing,China:Chemical Industry Press,2009.
[24]六氟化硫气体毒性生物试验方法:DL/T 921-2005[S].北京:中华人民共和国改革和发展委员会,2005.Biotoxication tests by sulfur hexafluoride:DL/T 921-2005[S].Beijing,China:Commission on Reform and Development of the People’s Republic of China,2005.
[25]KIEFFEL Y,BIQUEZ F.SF6 alternative development for high voltage switchgears[C]∥IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference.[S.l.]:IEEE,2015:379-383.
[26]POHLINK K,MEYER F,KIEFFEL Y,et al.Characteristics of fluoronitrile/CO2 mixture-an alternative to SF6[C]∥CIGRE Paper D1-204.Paris,France:CIGRE,2016:1-4.