改性聚酰亚胺表面稳定性与真空直流沿面闪络抑制方法研究
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摘要
聚酰亚胺(PI)等介质材料易受到空间环境带电粒子作用而带电,并导致沿面闪络。为了揭示表面闪络的影响因素进而探索闪络抑制方法,建立了表面闪络测试系统,采用纳米、微米ZnO对PI进行改性及表面氟化两种方法对制备的平板PI试样进行闪络特性测试。研究发现,与纯PI试样对比,改性、氟化试样的表面闪络电压均有显著提升,基于二次电子发射雪崩(SEEA)模型,材料表面特性对闪络发展起决定性因素。实验研究表明,纳米及微米ZnO颗粒在PI内部引入了更多的深陷阱,抑制电荷脱陷能力;微粒对PI填隙,降低脱气率,减少表面气体薄层;降低材料表面的二次电子发射系数。表面氟化对闪络提升有多方面因素。ZnO改性与表面氟化综合作用又可进一步提升表面闪络电压。因此,ZnO改性及氟化通过提高PI材料表面稳定性,抑制了SEEA的发展过程,提高了材料闪络电压。
Polyimide(PI) and other dielectric materials are susceptible to the interaction of charged particles in the space environment,which will lead to the flashover along the surface.In order to reveal the influence factors to the surface flashover and explore the flashover suppression method,a surface flashover test system was established.The flat-plate PI sample was prepared and modified by nano/micron ZnO,also the surface was fluorinated.It is found that compared with the pure PI sample,the surface flashover voltage of the modified and fluorinated samples improved significantly.Based on the secondary electron emission avalanche(SEEA) model,surface characteristic is a decisive factor in the development of flashover.Experiment result shows that ZnO particle introduces more deep traps in the material which suppresses the ability of charge removal;the particle reduces the degassing rate of the PI interstice which restrains the surface gas lamina;the secondary electron emission coefficient on the surface of the material is declined.Surface fluoridation has many factors to the improvement of flashover.The combination of ZnO modification and surface fluorination can further improve the surface flashover voltage.Therefore,we consider that surface stability can be improved by ZnO modification and fluorination,thus restrain the SEEA development process and raise the material flashover voltage.
Polyimide(PI) and other dielectric materials are susceptible to the interaction of charged particles in the space environment,which will lead to the flashover along the surface.In order to reveal the influence factors to the surface flashover and explore the flashover suppression method,a surface flashover test system was established.The flat-plate PI sample was prepared and modified by nano/micron ZnO,also the surface was fluorinated.It is found that compared with the pure PI sample,the surface flashover voltage of the modified and fluorinated samples improved significantly.Based on the secondary electron emission avalanche(SEEA) model,surface characteristic is a decisive factor in the development of flashover.Experiment result shows that ZnO particle introduces more deep traps in the material which suppresses the ability of charge removal;the particle reduces the degassing rate of the PI interstice which restrains the surface gas lamina;the secondary electron emission coefficient on the surface of the material is declined.Surface fluoridation has many factors to the improvement of flashover.The combination of ZnO modification and surface fluorination can further improve the surface flashover voltage.Therefore,we consider that surface stability can be improved by ZnO modification and fluorination,thus restrain the SEEA development process and raise the material flashover voltage.
引文
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[2]候欣宾,王立,李庆民,等.空间太阳能电站高压大功率电力传输关键技术综述[J].电工技术学报,2018,33(14):3385-3395.Hou Xinbin,Wang Li,Li Qingmin,et al.Review of key technologies for high-voltage and high-power transmission in space solar power station[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2018,33(14):3385-3395.
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[10]Fujii H,Kanja I,Hasegawa T,et al.Surface flashover on printed circuit boards in vacuum under electron beam irradiation[C]//IEEE International Symposium on Discharge and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum,Matsue,Japan,2006:754-757.
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[16]Sudarshan T S,Cross J D,Srivastava K D.Prebreakdown processes associated with surface flashover of solid insulators in vacuum[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1977,12(3):200-208.
[17]Ohki Y,Yahagi K.Temperature dependence of surface flashover voltage of polyethylene in vacuum[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1975,46(8):3695-3696.
[18]林浩凡,王瑞雪,谢庆,等.离子体射流快速改性促进表面电荷衰减[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(16):256-264.Lin Haofan,Wang Ruixue,Xie Qing,et al.Rapid surface modification by plasma jet to promote surface charge decaying[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(16):256-264.
[19]鲁阳飞,李庆民,刘涛,等.高频电压下表面电荷分布对沿面放电发展过程的影响[J].电工技术学报,2018,33(13):3059-3070.Lu Yangfei,Li Qingmin,Liu Tao,et al.Effect of surface charge on the surface discharge evolution for polyimide under high frequency voltage[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2018,33(13):3059-3070.
[20]马欣,高巍,孙广生,等.吸附气体在真空绝缘沿面闪络过程中的作用[J].电气技术,2006,7(5):38-44.Ma Xin,Gao Wei,Sun Guangsheng,et al.Action mechanism of desorbed gases during surface flashover in vacuum[J].Electrical Engineering,2006,7(5):38-44.
[21]谢庆,付可欣,陆路,等.环氧树脂真空沿面闪络后表面形貌的AFM分析及分形特征提取[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(16):245-255.Xie Qing,Fu Kexin,Lu Lu,et al.Research progress on vacuum surface flashover of solid dielectrics[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(16):245-255.
[22]李盛涛,聂永杰,闵道敏,等.固体电介质真空沿面闪络研究进展[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(8):1-9.Li Shengtao,Nie Yongjie,Min Daomin,et al.Research progress on vacuum surface flashover of solid dielectrics[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(8):1-9.
[23]陈暄,安振连,刘晨霞,等.表层氟化温度对聚乙烯中空间电荷积累的影响[J].物理学报,2012,61(13):138201.Chen Xuan,An Zhenlian,Liu Chenxia,et al.Influence of surface fluorination temperature on space charge accumulation in polyethlene[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(13):138201.
[24]Du Boxue,Du Qiang,Li Jin,et al.Carrier mobility and trap distribution dependent flashover characteristics of epoxy resin[J].IET Generation Transmission&Distribution,2018,12(2):466-471.
[2]候欣宾,王立,李庆民,等.空间太阳能电站高压大功率电力传输关键技术综述[J].电工技术学报,2018,33(14):3385-3395.Hou Xinbin,Wang Li,Li Qingmin,et al.Review of key technologies for high-voltage and high-power transmission in space solar power station[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2018,33(14):3385-3395.
[3]Liaw D J,Wang K L,Huang Yingchi,et al.Advanced polyimide materials:syntheses physical properties and applications[J].Progress in Polymer Science,2012,37(7):907-974.
[4]高巍,孙广生,严萍.高真空条件下气压变化对绝缘闪络特性的影响[J].高压电器,2005,41(4):279-281,285.Gao Wei,Sun Guangsheng,Yan Ping.Dependence of flashover voltage on the charge of gas pressure under high vacuum[J].High Voltage Apparatus,2005,41(4):279-281,285.
[5]Kuffel E,Grzybowski S,Ugarte R B.Flashover across polyethylene and tetrafluoroethylene surfaces in vacuum under direct,alternating and surge voltages of various waveshapes[J].Journal of Physics D,Applied Physics,1972,5(3):575-579.
[6]Yamamoto O,Hara T,Nakae T,et al.Effects of spark conditioning,insulator angle and length on surface flashover in vacuum[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1989,24(6):991-994.
[7]成俊奇,丁立健.SF6、N2和合成空气中绝缘子沿面闪络性能的研究[J].绝缘材料,2014,47(6):83-86.Cheng Junqi,Ding Lijian.Surface flashover performance of insulators in SF6,N2 and synthetic air[J].Insulating Materials,2014,47(6):83-86.
[8]屠幼萍,谭荣,张贵峰,等.聚酰亚胺在低温真空环境下的直流电气特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(4):194-200.Tu Youping,Tan Rong,Zhang Guifeng,et al.DCelectrical characteristics of polyimide at cryogenic temperature in vacuum[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(4):194-200.
[9]张振军,苗军,王学强,等.改性聚酰亚胺的真空直流沿面闪络特性[J].西安交通大学,2013,47(4):51-56.Zhang Zhenjun,Miao Jun,Wang Xueqiang,et al.Surface flashover characteristics of modified polyimide under DC voltage in vacuum[J].Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University,2013,47(4):51-56.
[10]Fujii H,Kanja I,Hasegawa T,et al.Surface flashover on printed circuit boards in vacuum under electron beam irradiation[C]//IEEE International Symposium on Discharge and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum,Matsue,Japan,2006:754-757.
[11]Anderson R A,Brainard J P.Mechanism of pulsed surface flashover involving electron-stimulated desorption[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1980,51(3):1414-1421.
[12]Blaise G,Le Gressus C.Charging and flashover induced by surface polarization relaxation process[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1991,69(9):6334-6339.
[13]Bugaev S P,Iskoldskii A M,Mesiats G A.Investigation of pulsed breakdown mechanism at surface of a dielectric in a vacuum.1.uniform field[J].Soviet Physics-Technical Physics,1968,12(10):1358-1362.
[14]Neuber A A,Butcher M,Krompholz H,et al.The role of outgassing in surface flashover under vacuum[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2000,28(5):1593-1598.
[15]Yamamoto O,Takuma T,Fukuda M,et al.Improving withstand voltage by roughening the surface of an insulating spacer used in vacuum[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2003,10(4):550-556.
[16]Sudarshan T S,Cross J D,Srivastava K D.Prebreakdown processes associated with surface flashover of solid insulators in vacuum[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1977,12(3):200-208.
[17]Ohki Y,Yahagi K.Temperature dependence of surface flashover voltage of polyethylene in vacuum[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1975,46(8):3695-3696.
[18]林浩凡,王瑞雪,谢庆,等.离子体射流快速改性促进表面电荷衰减[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(16):256-264.Lin Haofan,Wang Ruixue,Xie Qing,et al.Rapid surface modification by plasma jet to promote surface charge decaying[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(16):256-264.
[19]鲁阳飞,李庆民,刘涛,等.高频电压下表面电荷分布对沿面放电发展过程的影响[J].电工技术学报,2018,33(13):3059-3070.Lu Yangfei,Li Qingmin,Liu Tao,et al.Effect of surface charge on the surface discharge evolution for polyimide under high frequency voltage[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2018,33(13):3059-3070.
[20]马欣,高巍,孙广生,等.吸附气体在真空绝缘沿面闪络过程中的作用[J].电气技术,2006,7(5):38-44.Ma Xin,Gao Wei,Sun Guangsheng,et al.Action mechanism of desorbed gases during surface flashover in vacuum[J].Electrical Engineering,2006,7(5):38-44.
[21]谢庆,付可欣,陆路,等.环氧树脂真空沿面闪络后表面形貌的AFM分析及分形特征提取[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(16):245-255.Xie Qing,Fu Kexin,Lu Lu,et al.Research progress on vacuum surface flashover of solid dielectrics[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(16):245-255.
[22]李盛涛,聂永杰,闵道敏,等.固体电介质真空沿面闪络研究进展[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(8):1-9.Li Shengtao,Nie Yongjie,Min Daomin,et al.Research progress on vacuum surface flashover of solid dielectrics[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(8):1-9.
[23]陈暄,安振连,刘晨霞,等.表层氟化温度对聚乙烯中空间电荷积累的影响[J].物理学报,2012,61(13):138201.Chen Xuan,An Zhenlian,Liu Chenxia,et al.Influence of surface fluorination temperature on space charge accumulation in polyethlene[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(13):138201.
[24]Du Boxue,Du Qiang,Li Jin,et al.Carrier mobility and trap distribution dependent flashover characteristics of epoxy resin[J].IET Generation Transmission&Distribution,2018,12(2):466-471.