设施菜田土壤pH和初始C/NO_3~–对反硝化产物比的影响
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摘要
【目的】设施菜田土壤反硝化作用是N_2O排放和氮素损失的重要途径。本研究通过室内厌氧培养试验,在不同p H和初始C/NO_3~–条件下,比较设施菜田土壤反硝化氮素气体排放及产物比的变化特征。【方法】以设施菜田土壤为研究对象,通过添加一定量低浓度的酸碱溶液调节土壤p H分别为酸性、中性和碱性条件,调节后的实测p H分别为5.63、6.65和7.83;同时以谷氨酸钠作为有效性碳,除未添加有效性碳作为对照处理(CK)外,其他有效性碳与硝酸盐(C/NO_3~–)的比值分别调节为5∶1、15∶1和30∶1,三种p H条件下均设置4个C/NO_3~–水平,每个水平3次重复。利用自动连续在线培养系统(Robot系统),在厌氧条件下监测不同处理土壤产生的N_2O、NO、N_2和CO2浓度的动态变化,通过计算N_2O/(N_2O+NO+N_2)指数估算反硝化过程N_2O的产物比。【结果】增加土壤的p H能显著减少设施菜田土壤N_2O和NO的产生量,酸性(p H 5.63)土壤的N_2O、NO产生量峰值在不同初始C/NO_3~–比下均显著高于中性(p H 6.65)和碱性(p H 7.83)土壤(P<0.05)。中性和碱性土壤在高C/NO_3~–下有利于减少反硝化过程N_2O的产生,而酸性土壤条件下差异并不显著。中性土壤条件下增加有机碳含量会降低NO产生量,而在酸性和碱性土壤上有机碳的添加对NO产生量没有显著影响。土壤p H和初始C/NO_3~–比对土壤N_2O的产生有极显著的交互效应(P<0.001)。酸性和中性土壤上添加有机碳能够显著增加土壤N_2的产生速率(P<0.05),且与对照相比,不同p H的土壤添加有机碳后均显著促进反硝化过程中N_2O向N_2的转化。在不同初始C/NO_3~–下碱性土壤的CO2产生量显著高于酸性和中性土壤,同时与对照相比,添加有机碳显著增加了土壤的CO2产生量(P<0.05)。酸性土壤的N_2O产物比在不同初始C/NO_3~–下均极显著高于碱性土壤(P<0.01),且不同初始C/NO_3~–下的土壤N_2O产物比随p H的增加显著下降,二者呈极显著线性负相关关系(P<0.01)。【结论】土壤p H降低是设施菜田土壤N_2O和NO排放量较高的重要原因。而且,增加初始土壤有效碳含量促进了土壤的反硝化损失,并在中性和碱性土壤中N_2O的产生量减少。土壤p H升高和初始C/NO_3~–增加均降低了产物比,但增加了土壤反硝化作用速率。在利用N_2O排放通量和产物比估算土壤反硝化氮素损失时,土壤p H和有效碳含量是必须考虑的两个重要因素。
【Objectives】Denitrification is one of predominant process for N_2O emission from solar greenhouse vegetable soils. An anoxic incubation experiment was conducted to explore effects of soil p H and initial labile C/NO_3~– ratio on nitrogen gaseous emissions(i.e. N_2O, NO and N_2) and the N_2O product during the denitrification in a solar greenhouse vegetable soil.【Methods】A typical greenhouse vegetable soil in Shouguang City was selected for the study, and soil p H was adjusted to acidic, neutral and alkaline by adding a certain amount of low concentration of acid(0.1 mol/L HCl) or alkaline(0.1 mol/L Na OH) solution. The final soil p H values were 5.63,6.65 and 7.83(adjusted), respectively. Sodium glutamate(C5 H8 NO4 Na) was added as a labile organic carbon source, and the ratios of initial labile C to NO_3~– were adjusted to 5∶1, 15∶1 and 30∶1 by adding different amounts of sodium glutamate and no sodium glutamate addition in the control(CK). Four levels of initial labile C/NO_3~– ratios were set up in the three soils with different p H, and there were three replicates in each level. A robotized incubation system was used to monitor the kinetics of gaseous products(N_2O, NO, N_2, and CO2) of denitrification under anoxic conditions and to estimate the N_2O product ratio of denitrification by calculating Index N_2O/(N_2O + NO + N_2).【Results】The increase in soil p H significantly reduced N_2O and NO production in the soil, and the peak values of N_2O and NO production in the acidic soil were significantly higher than those of the alkaline and neutral soils with different initial C/NO_3~– ratios(P < 0.05). With the increase of initial labile C, the production of N_2O was reduced in the neutral and alkaline soils, but kept unchanged in the acidic soil. The addition of sodium glutamate reduced NO emission in the neutral soil. However, there were no differences in NO production in other p H levels. A significant interaction on N_2O production was observed between soil p H and initial labile C/NO_3~– ratio(P < 0.001). The N_2 production rate significantly increased with sodium glutamate addition in the acidic and neutral soils(P < 0.05). The addition of sodium glutamate could promote the reduction of N_2O to N_2 in denitrification process at different soil p H. The CO2 production was significantly higher in the alkaline soil than those in the acidic and neutral soils. As compared with CK, the CO2 production increased significantly with the sodium glutamate addition at different soil p H(P < 0.05). The N_2O product ratio in the acidic soil was significantly higher than that in the alkaline soil under different initial labile C/NO_3~–(P < 0.01), the N_2O product ratio was significantly decreased with the increase of soil p H, and a significant linear negative correlation relationship was observed between soil p H and the Index N_2O(P < 0.01).【Conclusions】High N_2O and NO emissions were usually found in greenhouse vegetable soils, primarily due to the decline of soil p H.Furthermore, increase in labile C availability promoted the N loss of denitrification, and decreased N_2O production in neutral and alkaline soils. With the increase of both soil p H and labile C/NO_3~–, the N_2O product ratio reduced,but the denitrification activity increased. Both soil p H and carbon availability were crucial factors for estimation of N loss of denitrification by multiplying N_2O flux and N_2O product ratio.
【Objectives】Denitrification is one of predominant process for N_2O emission from solar greenhouse vegetable soils. An anoxic incubation experiment was conducted to explore effects of soil p H and initial labile C/NO_3~– ratio on nitrogen gaseous emissions(i.e. N_2O, NO and N_2) and the N_2O product during the denitrification in a solar greenhouse vegetable soil.【Methods】A typical greenhouse vegetable soil in Shouguang City was selected for the study, and soil p H was adjusted to acidic, neutral and alkaline by adding a certain amount of low concentration of acid(0.1 mol/L HCl) or alkaline(0.1 mol/L Na OH) solution. The final soil p H values were 5.63,6.65 and 7.83(adjusted), respectively. Sodium glutamate(C5 H8 NO4 Na) was added as a labile organic carbon source, and the ratios of initial labile C to NO_3~– were adjusted to 5∶1, 15∶1 and 30∶1 by adding different amounts of sodium glutamate and no sodium glutamate addition in the control(CK). Four levels of initial labile C/NO_3~– ratios were set up in the three soils with different p H, and there were three replicates in each level. A robotized incubation system was used to monitor the kinetics of gaseous products(N_2O, NO, N_2, and CO2) of denitrification under anoxic conditions and to estimate the N_2O product ratio of denitrification by calculating Index N_2O/(N_2O + NO + N_2).【Results】The increase in soil p H significantly reduced N_2O and NO production in the soil, and the peak values of N_2O and NO production in the acidic soil were significantly higher than those of the alkaline and neutral soils with different initial C/NO_3~– ratios(P < 0.05). With the increase of initial labile C, the production of N_2O was reduced in the neutral and alkaline soils, but kept unchanged in the acidic soil. The addition of sodium glutamate reduced NO emission in the neutral soil. However, there were no differences in NO production in other p H levels. A significant interaction on N_2O production was observed between soil p H and initial labile C/NO_3~– ratio(P < 0.001). The N_2 production rate significantly increased with sodium glutamate addition in the acidic and neutral soils(P < 0.05). The addition of sodium glutamate could promote the reduction of N_2O to N_2 in denitrification process at different soil p H. The CO2 production was significantly higher in the alkaline soil than those in the acidic and neutral soils. As compared with CK, the CO2 production increased significantly with the sodium glutamate addition at different soil p H(P < 0.05). The N_2O product ratio in the acidic soil was significantly higher than that in the alkaline soil under different initial labile C/NO_3~–(P < 0.01), the N_2O product ratio was significantly decreased with the increase of soil p H, and a significant linear negative correlation relationship was observed between soil p H and the Index N_2O(P < 0.01).【Conclusions】High N_2O and NO emissions were usually found in greenhouse vegetable soils, primarily due to the decline of soil p H.Furthermore, increase in labile C availability promoted the N loss of denitrification, and decreased N_2O production in neutral and alkaline soils. With the increase of both soil p H and labile C/NO_3~–, the N_2O product ratio reduced,but the denitrification activity increased. Both soil p H and carbon availability were crucial factors for estimation of N loss of denitrification by multiplying N_2O flux and N_2O product ratio.
引文
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[2]Wan S,Ward T L,Altosaar I.Strategy and tactics of disarming GHGat the source:N2O reductase crops[J].Trends in Biotechnology,2012,30(8):410-415.
[3]Thomson A J,Giannopoulos G,Pretty J,et al.Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions[J].Philosphical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Sciences,2012,367:1157-1168.
[4]Kartal B,Tan N C G,Van de Biezen E,et al.Effect of nitric oxide on anammox bacteria[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2010,76(18):6304-6306.
[5]Bergaust L,Bakken L R,Frosteg?rd?.Denitrification regulatory phenotype,a new term for the characterization of denitrifying bacteria[J].Biochemical Society Transactions,2011,39:207-212.
[6]Zhang Y,Lin F,Jin Y,et al.Response of nitric and nitrous oxide fluxes to N fertilizer application in greenhouse vegetable cropping systems in southeast China[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:20700.
[7]董红敏,李玉娥,陶秀萍,等.中国农业源温室气体排放与减排技术对策[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(10):269-273.Dong H M,Li Y E,Tao X P,et al.China greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities and its mitigation strategy[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(10):269-273.
[8]Bouwman A F,Boumans L J M,Batjes N H.Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields:Summary of available measurement data[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002,16(4):1-13.
[9]Zhu J H,Li X L,Christie P,et al.Environmental implications of low nitrogen use efficiency in excessively fertilized hot pepper(Capsicum frutescens L.)cropping systems[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2005,111(1):70-80.
[10]Cui F,Yan G X,Zhou Z X,et al.Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from a wheat-maize cropping system on a silt loam calcareous soil in the North China Plain[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,48:10-19.
[11]Ding W X,Cai Y,Cai Z C,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions from an intensively cultivated maize-wheat rotation soil in the North China Plain[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,373(2):501-511.
[12]Pang X B,Mu Y J,Lee X,et al.Nitric oxides and nitrous oxide fluxes from typical vegetables cropland in China:Effects of canopy,soil properties and field management[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(16):2571-2578.
[13]余海英,李廷轩,张锡洲.温室栽培系统的养分平衡及土壤养分变化特征[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(3):514-522.Yu H Y,Li T X,Zhang X Z.Nutrient budget and soil nutrient status in greenhouse system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(3):514-522.
[14]宋效宗.保护地生产中硝酸盐的淋洗及其对地下水的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2007.Song X Z.Nitrate leaching and its effects on groundwater in intensive vegetable cropping systems in Northern China[D].Beijing:Ph DDissertation of China Agricultural University,2007.
[15]Cao B,He F Y,Xu Q M,et al.Denitrification losses and N2Oemissions from nitrogen fertilizer applied to a vegetable field[J].Pedosphere,2006,16(3):390-397.
[16]Zhu T,Zhang J,Cai Z.The contribution of nitrogen transformation processes to total N2O emissions from soils used for intensive vegetable cultivation[J].Plant and Soil,2011,343(1-2):313-327.
[17]Cui S H,Shi Y L,Groffman P M,et al.Centennial-scale analysis of the creation and fate of reactive nitrogen in China(1910-2010)[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013,110:2052-2057.
[18]Schlesinger W H.On the fate of anthropogenic nitrogen[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106:203-206.
[19]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010.
[20]王敬国.设施菜田退化土壤修复与资源高效利用[C].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2011.Wang J G.Management of degraded vegetable soils in greenhouses[C].Beijng:China Agricultural University Press,2011.
[21]?uhel J,?imek M.Proximal and distal control by p H of denitrification rate in a pasture soil[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2011,141(1):230-233.
[22]?imek M,Cooper J E.The influence of soil p H on denitrification:progress towards the understanding of this interaction over the last 50years[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2002,53(3):345-354.
[23]Qu Z,Wang J,Alm?y T,et al.Excessive use of nitrogen in Chinese agriculture results in high N2O/(N2O+N2)product ratio of denitrification,primarily due to acidification of the soils[J].Global Change Biology,2014,20(5):1685-1698.
[24]田静,郭景恒,陈海清,等.土地利用方式对土壤溶解性有机碳组成的影响[J].土壤学报,2011,48(2):338-346.Tian J,Guo J H,Chen H Q,et al.Effect of land use on composition of soil dissolved organic carbon[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(2):338-346.
[25]Baral K R,Arthur E,Olesen J E,et al.Predicting nitrous oxide emissions from manure properties and soil moisture:An incubation experiment[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,97:112-120.
[26]He F F,Jiang R F,Chen Q,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions from an intensively managed greenhouse vegetable cropping system in Northern China[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5):1666-1672.
[27]张瑜.中国农田土壤酸化现状、原因与敏感性的初步研究[D].北京:中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2009.Zhang Y.Preliminary study on acidification in Chinese agricultural soils:current status,potential reason and sensitivity[D].Beijing:MSThesis of China Agricultural University,2009.
[28]Molstad L,D?rsch P,Bakken L R.Robotized incubation system for monitoring gases(O2,NO,N2O,N2)in denitrifying cultures[J].Journal of Microbiological Methods,2007,71(3):202-211.
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