水分和有机肥投入对设施菜田土壤N_2O,N_2和CO_2排放及产物比的影响
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摘要
以设施菜田土壤为材料,利用Robot自动培养系统研究了有机肥施用和水分变化对N_2O排放和氮素气态损失的影响。结果表明:施用有机肥并灌水后显著增加了设施土壤N_2O和N_2的产生(P<0.05),培养一周时N_2O和N_2的排放系数分别为2.23%和14.7%,且N_2O和N_2产生速率均与土壤孔隙含水量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.0001)。有机肥施用显著增加了土壤CO_2产生速率和O_2的消耗,且土壤呼吸速率与氮素气态(N_2O+N_2)产生速率呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001)。N_2O产物比在有机肥施用后显著增加,土壤水分含量和有机肥均对N_2O产物比有极显著影响,且二者对N_2O产物比有交互效应(P<0.001)。由相对气体扩散系数(RD)和N_2的产生速率,可以初步判定在施用有机肥并灌水的3天内,土壤反硝化作用过程是N_2O排放和氮素气态损失的主导途径。
A typical greenhouse vegetable soil in Shouguang was selected to study the effects of manure application and irrigation on N_2 O emission and nitrogenous gas losses by using Robot incubation system. The results showed as follows: Compared to control treatment, the production amount of N_2 O and N_2 significantly(P < 0.05) increased after manure application and irrigation. The emission coefficient of N_2 O and N_2 was, respectively, 2.23% and 14.7% for one week of incubation. Significant positive correlation(P < 0.01) were observed between soil water-filled pore space(WFPS) and N_2 O and N_2 production rates in manure-amended soils. Manure application significantly increased soil CO_2 production and O_2 consumption. There was a significant positive correlation between soil respiration rate and the production rate of N_2 O+N_2(P < 0.001). The N_2 O production ratio significantly increased in the manure-amended soil and was affected by both soil moisture and manure addition. A significant interaction was also observed between N_2 O production ratio and soil moisture and manure application(P < 0.001). In conclusion, manure application significantly increased N_2 O production and nitrogenous gas losses, especially N_2 emissions, in the greenhouse vegetable soil. Based on relative gas diffusivity(RD) and N_2 production rate, this study concluded that denitrification was dominant pathway for N_2 O emissions and nitrogenous gas losses within the first 3 days after manure application and irrigation.Consequently, reduction of the gaseous N losses in this critical period of N_2 O emissions, through reasonable water and fertilizer management measures, is of great significance to improve the efficient utilization of the resources.
A typical greenhouse vegetable soil in Shouguang was selected to study the effects of manure application and irrigation on N_2 O emission and nitrogenous gas losses by using Robot incubation system. The results showed as follows: Compared to control treatment, the production amount of N_2 O and N_2 significantly(P < 0.05) increased after manure application and irrigation. The emission coefficient of N_2 O and N_2 was, respectively, 2.23% and 14.7% for one week of incubation. Significant positive correlation(P < 0.01) were observed between soil water-filled pore space(WFPS) and N_2 O and N_2 production rates in manure-amended soils. Manure application significantly increased soil CO_2 production and O_2 consumption. There was a significant positive correlation between soil respiration rate and the production rate of N_2 O+N_2(P < 0.001). The N_2 O production ratio significantly increased in the manure-amended soil and was affected by both soil moisture and manure addition. A significant interaction was also observed between N_2 O production ratio and soil moisture and manure application(P < 0.001). In conclusion, manure application significantly increased N_2 O production and nitrogenous gas losses, especially N_2 emissions, in the greenhouse vegetable soil. Based on relative gas diffusivity(RD) and N_2 production rate, this study concluded that denitrification was dominant pathway for N_2 O emissions and nitrogenous gas losses within the first 3 days after manure application and irrigation.Consequently, reduction of the gaseous N losses in this critical period of N_2 O emissions, through reasonable water and fertilizer management measures, is of great significance to improve the efficient utilization of the resources.
引文
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[13]GROFFMAN P M,BUTTERBACH-BAHL K,FULWEILER R W,et al.Challenges to incorporating spatially and temporally explicit phenomena(hotspots and hot moments)in denitrification models[J].Biogeochemistry,2009,93(1-2):49-77.
[14]宋志鹏.不同水氮管理下设施番茄土壤氧化亚氮的排放特征[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
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[20]TATTI E,GOYER,C.,ZEBARTH B J,et al.Over-winter dynamics of soil bacterial denitrifiers and nitrite ammonifiers influenced by crop residues with different carbon to nitrogen ratios[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2016,110:53-64.
[21]GOEK M,and OTTOW J C G.Effect of cellulose and straw incorporation in soil on total denitrification and nitrogen immobilization at initially aerobic and permanent anaerobic conditions[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1988,5(4):317-322.
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[23]ZHU-BARKER X,DOANE T A,HORWATH W R.Role of green waste compost in the production of N2O from agricultural soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,83:57-65.
[24]CHENG Y,ZHANG J B,MULLER C,et al.15N tracing study to understand the N supply associated with organic amendments in a vineyard soil.Biology and Fertility of Soils[J],2015,51(8):983-993.
[25]HUANG Y,ZOU J W,ZHENG X H,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions as influenced by amendment of plant residues with different C:N ratios[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2004,36:973-981.
[26]HE J Z,SHEN J P,ZHANG L M,et al.Quantitative analyses of the abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea of a Chinese upland red soil under long-term fertilization practices[J].Environmental Microbiology,2007,9(9):2364-2374.
[27]MULLER,C.,STEVENS,R.J.,LAUGHLIN,R.J.,2003.Evidence of carbon stimulated N transformations in grassland soil after slurry application[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,35(2):285-293.
[28]CHU H Y,FUJII T,MORIMOTO S,et al.Population size and specific nitrification potential of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under long-term fertilizer management[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(7):1960-1963.
[29]PAUL J W,BEAUCHAMP E G,ZHANG X.Nitrous and nitric oxide emissions during nitrification and denitrification from manure-amended soil in the laboratory[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1993,73(4):539-553.
[30]BARAL K R,ARTHUR E,OLESEN J E,et al.Predicting nitrous oxide emissions from manure properties and soil moisture:An incubation experiment[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,97:112-120.
[31]曹文超,郭景恒,宋贺,等.设施菜田土壤p H和初始C/NO3-对反硝化产物比的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(5):1249-1257.
[32]SCHALK-OTTE S,SEVIOUR RJ,KUENEN JG,et al.Nitrous oxide(N2O)production by Alcaligenes faecalis during feast and famine regimes[J].Water Research,2000,34(7):2080-2088.
[33]ZHU TB,ZHANG JB,YANG WY,et al.Effects of organic material amendment and water content on NO,N2O,and N2emissions in a nitrate-rich vegetable soil[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2013,49(2):153-163.
[34]BREMNER JM,BLACKMER AM.Nitrous oxide:emission from soils during nitrification of fertilizer nitrogen[J].Science,1978,199(4326):295-296.
[35]VAN DER WEERDEN T J,KELLIHER F M,DE KLEIN C A.Influence of pore size distribution and soil water content on nitrous oxide emissions[J].Soil Research,2012,50(2):125-135.
[36]PETERSEN S O,SCHJ?NNING P,THOMSEN I K,et al.Nitrous oxide evolution from structurally intact soil as influenced by tillage and soil water content[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(4):967-977.
[37]RUSER R,FLESSA H,RUSSOW R,et al.Emission of N2O,N2and CO2from soil fertilized with nitrate:effect of compaction,soil moisture and rewetting.Soil Biology and Biochemistry[J],2006,38(2):263-274.
[38]BATEMAN E J,BAGGS E M.Contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions from soil at different water-filled pore space[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2005,41:379-388.
[39]DRURY C F,FINDLAY W I,Mc KENNEY D J.Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide production from soil:Water and oxygen effects[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56(3):766-770.
[40]FARQUHARSON R,BALDOCK J.Concepts in modelling N2O emissions from land use[J].Plant and Soil,2008,309(1-2):147-167.
[41]MOLDRUP P,OLESEN T,YOSHIKAWA S,et al.Three-porosity model for predicting the gas diffusion coefficient in undisturbed soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(3):750-759.
[42]MOLDRUP P,OLESEN T,YOSHIKAWA S,et al.Predictive-descriptive models for gas and solute diffusion coefficients in variably saturated porous media coupled to pore-size distribution:I.gas diffusivity in repacked soil[J].Soil Science,2005,170:843-853.
[43]DEEPAGODA T K K,MOLDRUP P,SCHJ?NNING P,et al.Density-corrected models for gas diffusivity and air permeability in unsaturated soil[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2011,10(1):226-238.
[44]BALAINE N,CLOUGH T J,BEARE M H,et al.Changes in relative gas diffusivity explain soil nitrous oxide flux dynamics.Soil Science Society of America Journal[J],2013,77(5):1496-1505.
[45]OWENS J,CLOUGH T J,LAUBACH J,et al.Nitrous oxide fluxes,soil oxygen,and denitrification potential of urine-and non-urine-treated soil under different irrigation frequencies[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2016,45(4):1169-1177.
[46]MOLDRUP P,CHAMINDU DEEPAGODA T K K,HAMAMOTO S,et al.Structure-dependent water-induced linear reduction model for predicting gas diffusivity and tortuosity in repacked and intact soil[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2013,12(3).
[47]KRISTENSEN A H,HOSOI C,HENRIKSEN K,et al.Vadose zone biodegradation of benzene vapors in repacked and undisturbed soil cores[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2012,11(1).
[48]JONES S B,OR D,HEINSE R,et al.Beyond earth:Designing root zone environments for reduced gravity conditions[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2012,11(1),0-0.
[49]SCHJ?NNING P,THOMSEN I K,MOLDRUP P,et al.Linking soil microbial activity to water-and air-phase contents and diffusivities.[J]Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(1):156-165.
[50]STEPNIEWSKI W.Oxygen diffusion and strength as related to soil compaction.I.Oxygen diffusion coefficient(ODR)[J].Polish Journal of Soil Science,1980,13:3-13.
[51]STEPNIEWSKI W.Oxygen diffusion and strength as related to soil compaction.II.Oxygen diffusion coefficient[J].Polish Journal of Soil Science,1981,14(1):3-13.
[52]PETERSEN S O,AMBUS P,ELSGAARD L,et al.Long-term effects of cropping system on N2O emission potential[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,57:706-712.
[53]WRAGE N,VELTHOF G L,van BEUSICHEM M L,et al.Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2001,33:1723-1732.
[54]ZHU X,BURGER M,DOANE T A,et al.Ammonia oxidation pathways and nitrifier denitrification are significant sources of N2O and NO under low oxygen availability[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013,110(16):6328-6333.
[2]WAN S,WARD T L,ALTOSAAR I.Strategy and tactics of disarming GHG at the source:N2O reductase crops[J].Trends in Biotechnology,2012,30(8):410-415.
[3]REAY,D S,DAVIDSON,E A,SMITH K A,et al.Global agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions[J].Nature Climate Change,2012,2:410-416.
[4]WANY J Y.,XIONG Z Q,YAN X Y.Fertilizer-induced emission factors and background emissions of N2O from vegetable fields in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:6923-6929.
[5]LIU Q H,QIN Y M,ZOU J W,et al.Annual nitr ous oxide emissions from open-air and greenhouse vegetable cropping systems in China[J].Plant and Soil,2013,370(1-2):223-233.
[6]YAN Z J,CHEN S,LI J,et al.Manure and nitrogen application enhances soil phosphorus mobility in calcareous soil in greenhouses[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:26-35.
[7]DE ROSA D,ROWLINGS D W,BIALA J,et al.Effec t of organic and mineral N fertilizers on N2O emissions from an intensive vegetable rotation.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2016,1-14.
[8]ZHOU M H,ZHU B,WANG S J,et al.Stimulation of N2O emission by manure application to agricultural soils may largely offset carbon benefits:a global meta-analysis[J].Global Change Biology,2017.
[9]宋贺.设施蔬菜生产体系中氮素反硝化过程及环境效应研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2012.
[10]CUI F,YAN G X,ZHOU Z X,et al.Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from a wheat–maize cropping system on a silt loam calcareous soil in the North China Plain[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,48:10-19.
[11]KIM D G,VARGAS R,BOND-LAMBERTY B,et al.Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes:a review of current literature and suggestions for future research[J].Biogeosciences,2012,9(7):2459.
[12]MOLODOVSKAYA M,SINGURINDY O,RICHARDS B K,et al.Temporal variability of nitrous oxide from fertilized croplands:hot moment analysis[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(5):1728-1740.
[13]GROFFMAN P M,BUTTERBACH-BAHL K,FULWEILER R W,et al.Challenges to incorporating spatially and temporally explicit phenomena(hotspots and hot moments)in denitrification models[J].Biogeochemistry,2009,93(1-2):49-77.
[14]宋志鹏.不同水氮管理下设施番茄土壤氧化亚氮的排放特征[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[15]FAN Z B,LIN S,ZHANG X M,et al.Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production.Agricultural Water Management[J],2014,144:11-19.
[16]MOLSTAD L,DORSCH P,BAKKEN L R.Robotized incubation system for monitoring gases(O2,NO,N2O,N2)in denitrifying cultures.Journal of Microbiological Methods[J],2007,71(3):202-211.
[17]MCMILLAN A,PHILLIPS R,BERBEN P,et al.Automated N2O/N2analysis-a new tool for studying denitrification dynamics and testing mitigation strategies[C]//Nutrient Management for the Farm,Catchment and Community.27th Annual FLRC Workshop.Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre,Massey University,Palmerston North,New Zealand.2014,14.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[19]DEL GROSSO S J,PARTON W J,MOSIER A R,et al.General model for N2O and N2gas emissions from soils due to dentrification[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2000,14(4):1045-1060.
[20]TATTI E,GOYER,C.,ZEBARTH B J,et al.Over-winter dynamics of soil bacterial denitrifiers and nitrite ammonifiers influenced by crop residues with different carbon to nitrogen ratios[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2016,110:53-64.
[21]GOEK M,and OTTOW J C G.Effect of cellulose and straw incorporation in soil on total denitrification and nitrogen immobilization at initially aerobic and permanent anaerobic conditions[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1988,5(4):317-322.
[22]林淼,郭李萍,谢立勇,等.菜地土壤CO2与N2O排放特征及其规律[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012,(4),11-17.
[23]ZHU-BARKER X,DOANE T A,HORWATH W R.Role of green waste compost in the production of N2O from agricultural soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,83:57-65.
[24]CHENG Y,ZHANG J B,MULLER C,et al.15N tracing study to understand the N supply associated with organic amendments in a vineyard soil.Biology and Fertility of Soils[J],2015,51(8):983-993.
[25]HUANG Y,ZOU J W,ZHENG X H,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions as influenced by amendment of plant residues with different C:N ratios[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2004,36:973-981.
[26]HE J Z,SHEN J P,ZHANG L M,et al.Quantitative analyses of the abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea of a Chinese upland red soil under long-term fertilization practices[J].Environmental Microbiology,2007,9(9):2364-2374.
[27]MULLER,C.,STEVENS,R.J.,LAUGHLIN,R.J.,2003.Evidence of carbon stimulated N transformations in grassland soil after slurry application[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,35(2):285-293.
[28]CHU H Y,FUJII T,MORIMOTO S,et al.Population size and specific nitrification potential of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under long-term fertilizer management[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(7):1960-1963.
[29]PAUL J W,BEAUCHAMP E G,ZHANG X.Nitrous and nitric oxide emissions during nitrification and denitrification from manure-amended soil in the laboratory[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1993,73(4):539-553.
[30]BARAL K R,ARTHUR E,OLESEN J E,et al.Predicting nitrous oxide emissions from manure properties and soil moisture:An incubation experiment[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,97:112-120.
[31]曹文超,郭景恒,宋贺,等.设施菜田土壤p H和初始C/NO3-对反硝化产物比的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(5):1249-1257.
[32]SCHALK-OTTE S,SEVIOUR RJ,KUENEN JG,et al.Nitrous oxide(N2O)production by Alcaligenes faecalis during feast and famine regimes[J].Water Research,2000,34(7):2080-2088.
[33]ZHU TB,ZHANG JB,YANG WY,et al.Effects of organic material amendment and water content on NO,N2O,and N2emissions in a nitrate-rich vegetable soil[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2013,49(2):153-163.
[34]BREMNER JM,BLACKMER AM.Nitrous oxide:emission from soils during nitrification of fertilizer nitrogen[J].Science,1978,199(4326):295-296.
[35]VAN DER WEERDEN T J,KELLIHER F M,DE KLEIN C A.Influence of pore size distribution and soil water content on nitrous oxide emissions[J].Soil Research,2012,50(2):125-135.
[36]PETERSEN S O,SCHJ?NNING P,THOMSEN I K,et al.Nitrous oxide evolution from structurally intact soil as influenced by tillage and soil water content[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(4):967-977.
[37]RUSER R,FLESSA H,RUSSOW R,et al.Emission of N2O,N2and CO2from soil fertilized with nitrate:effect of compaction,soil moisture and rewetting.Soil Biology and Biochemistry[J],2006,38(2):263-274.
[38]BATEMAN E J,BAGGS E M.Contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions from soil at different water-filled pore space[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2005,41:379-388.
[39]DRURY C F,FINDLAY W I,Mc KENNEY D J.Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide production from soil:Water and oxygen effects[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56(3):766-770.
[40]FARQUHARSON R,BALDOCK J.Concepts in modelling N2O emissions from land use[J].Plant and Soil,2008,309(1-2):147-167.
[41]MOLDRUP P,OLESEN T,YOSHIKAWA S,et al.Three-porosity model for predicting the gas diffusion coefficient in undisturbed soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(3):750-759.
[42]MOLDRUP P,OLESEN T,YOSHIKAWA S,et al.Predictive-descriptive models for gas and solute diffusion coefficients in variably saturated porous media coupled to pore-size distribution:I.gas diffusivity in repacked soil[J].Soil Science,2005,170:843-853.
[43]DEEPAGODA T K K,MOLDRUP P,SCHJ?NNING P,et al.Density-corrected models for gas diffusivity and air permeability in unsaturated soil[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2011,10(1):226-238.
[44]BALAINE N,CLOUGH T J,BEARE M H,et al.Changes in relative gas diffusivity explain soil nitrous oxide flux dynamics.Soil Science Society of America Journal[J],2013,77(5):1496-1505.
[45]OWENS J,CLOUGH T J,LAUBACH J,et al.Nitrous oxide fluxes,soil oxygen,and denitrification potential of urine-and non-urine-treated soil under different irrigation frequencies[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2016,45(4):1169-1177.
[46]MOLDRUP P,CHAMINDU DEEPAGODA T K K,HAMAMOTO S,et al.Structure-dependent water-induced linear reduction model for predicting gas diffusivity and tortuosity in repacked and intact soil[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2013,12(3).
[47]KRISTENSEN A H,HOSOI C,HENRIKSEN K,et al.Vadose zone biodegradation of benzene vapors in repacked and undisturbed soil cores[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2012,11(1).
[48]JONES S B,OR D,HEINSE R,et al.Beyond earth:Designing root zone environments for reduced gravity conditions[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2012,11(1),0-0.
[49]SCHJ?NNING P,THOMSEN I K,MOLDRUP P,et al.Linking soil microbial activity to water-and air-phase contents and diffusivities.[J]Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(1):156-165.
[50]STEPNIEWSKI W.Oxygen diffusion and strength as related to soil compaction.I.Oxygen diffusion coefficient(ODR)[J].Polish Journal of Soil Science,1980,13:3-13.
[51]STEPNIEWSKI W.Oxygen diffusion and strength as related to soil compaction.II.Oxygen diffusion coefficient[J].Polish Journal of Soil Science,1981,14(1):3-13.
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