Geochemical characteristics of mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Naga Hills Ophiolite, India:Implications for petrogenesis
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摘要
The Naga Hills Ophiolite(NHO) represents one of the fragments of Tethyan oceanic crust in the Himalayan Orogenic system which is exposed in the Phek and Kiphire districts of Nagaland, India. The NHO is composed of partially serpentinized dunite, peridotite, gabbro, basalt, minor plagiogranite,diorite dyke and marine sediments. The basalts are mainly composed of fine grained plagioclase feldspar, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene and show quenching and variolitic textures. The gabbros are characterized by medium to coarse grained plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene with ophitic to sub-ophitic textures. The ultramafic cumulates are represented by olivine, Cpx and Opx.Geochemically, the basalts and gabbros are sub-alkaline to alkaline and show tholeiitic features.The basalts are characterized by 44.1-45.6 wt.% of SiO_2 with 28-38 of Mg#, and the gabbros by38.7-43.7 wt.% of SiO_2, and 26-79 of Mg#. The ultramafic rocks are characterized by 37.4-52.2 wt.% of SiO_2, and 80-88 of Mg#. In multi-element diagrams(spidergrams) both basalts and gabbros show fractionated trends with strong negative anomalies of Zr. Nb. Sr and a gentle negative anomaly of P.However, the rare earth element(REE) plots of the basalts and gabbros show two distinct patterns. The first pattern, represented by light REE(LREE) depletion, suggests N-MORB features and can be interpreted as a signature of Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust. The second pattern, represented by LREE enrichment with negligible negative Eu anomaly, conforms to E-MORB, and may be related to an arc tectonic setting. In V vs. Ti/1000, Cr vs. Y and AFM diagrams, the basalts and gabbros plot within Island Arc Tholeiite(IAT) and MORB fields suggesting both ridge and arc related settings. The ultramafic rocks exhibit two distinct patterns both in spidergrams and in REE plots. In the spidergram, one group displays highly enriched pattern, whereas the other group shows near flat pattern compared to primordial mantle. In the REE plot, one group displays steeper slopes [(La/Yb)N = 4.340-4.341], whereas the other displays moderate to flat slopes [(La/Yb)N = 0.97-1.67] and negative Eu-anomalies. Our study suggests that the ultramafic rocks represent two possible mantle sources(fertile and refractory).
The Naga Hills Ophiolite(NHO) represents one of the fragments of Tethyan oceanic crust in the Himalayan Orogenic system which is exposed in the Phek and Kiphire districts of Nagaland, India. The NHO is composed of partially serpentinized dunite, peridotite, gabbro, basalt, minor plagiogranite,diorite dyke and marine sediments. The basalts are mainly composed of fine grained plagioclase feldspar, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene and show quenching and variolitic textures. The gabbros are characterized by medium to coarse grained plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene with ophitic to sub-ophitic textures. The ultramafic cumulates are represented by olivine, Cpx and Opx.Geochemically, the basalts and gabbros are sub-alkaline to alkaline and show tholeiitic features.The basalts are characterized by 44.1-45.6 wt.% of SiO_2 with 28-38 of Mg#, and the gabbros by38.7-43.7 wt.% of SiO_2, and 26-79 of Mg#. The ultramafic rocks are characterized by 37.4-52.2 wt.% of SiO_2, and 80-88 of Mg#. In multi-element diagrams(spidergrams) both basalts and gabbros show fractionated trends with strong negative anomalies of Zr. Nb. Sr and a gentle negative anomaly of P.However, the rare earth element(REE) plots of the basalts and gabbros show two distinct patterns. The first pattern, represented by light REE(LREE) depletion, suggests N-MORB features and can be interpreted as a signature of Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust. The second pattern, represented by LREE enrichment with negligible negative Eu anomaly, conforms to E-MORB, and may be related to an arc tectonic setting. In V vs. Ti/1000, Cr vs. Y and AFM diagrams, the basalts and gabbros plot within Island Arc Tholeiite(IAT) and MORB fields suggesting both ridge and arc related settings. The ultramafic rocks exhibit two distinct patterns both in spidergrams and in REE plots. In the spidergram, one group displays highly enriched pattern, whereas the other group shows near flat pattern compared to primordial mantle. In the REE plot, one group displays steeper slopes [(La/Yb)N = 4.340-4.341], whereas the other displays moderate to flat slopes [(La/Yb)N = 0.97-1.67] and negative Eu-anomalies. Our study suggests that the ultramafic rocks represent two possible mantle sources(fertile and refractory).
The Naga Hills Ophiolite(NHO) represents one of the fragments of Tethyan oceanic crust in the Himalayan Orogenic system which is exposed in the Phek and Kiphire districts of Nagaland, India. The NHO is composed of partially serpentinized dunite, peridotite, gabbro, basalt, minor plagiogranite,diorite dyke and marine sediments. The basalts are mainly composed of fine grained plagioclase feldspar, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene and show quenching and variolitic textures. The gabbros are characterized by medium to coarse grained plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene with ophitic to sub-ophitic textures. The ultramafic cumulates are represented by olivine, Cpx and Opx.Geochemically, the basalts and gabbros are sub-alkaline to alkaline and show tholeiitic features.The basalts are characterized by 44.1-45.6 wt.% of SiO_2 with 28-38 of Mg#, and the gabbros by38.7-43.7 wt.% of SiO_2, and 26-79 of Mg#. The ultramafic rocks are characterized by 37.4-52.2 wt.% of SiO_2, and 80-88 of Mg#. In multi-element diagrams(spidergrams) both basalts and gabbros show fractionated trends with strong negative anomalies of Zr. Nb. Sr and a gentle negative anomaly of P.However, the rare earth element(REE) plots of the basalts and gabbros show two distinct patterns. The first pattern, represented by light REE(LREE) depletion, suggests N-MORB features and can be interpreted as a signature of Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust. The second pattern, represented by LREE enrichment with negligible negative Eu anomaly, conforms to E-MORB, and may be related to an arc tectonic setting. In V vs. Ti/1000, Cr vs. Y and AFM diagrams, the basalts and gabbros plot within Island Arc Tholeiite(IAT) and MORB fields suggesting both ridge and arc related settings. The ultramafic rocks exhibit two distinct patterns both in spidergrams and in REE plots. In the spidergram, one group displays highly enriched pattern, whereas the other group shows near flat pattern compared to primordial mantle. In the REE plot, one group displays steeper slopes [(La/Yb)N = 4.340-4.341], whereas the other displays moderate to flat slopes [(La/Yb)N = 0.97-1.67] and negative Eu-anomalies. Our study suggests that the ultramafic rocks represent two possible mantle sources(fertile and refractory).
引文
Acharyya,S.K.,1986.Tectono-stratigraphic history of Naga Hills Ophiolites.Geological Survey of India Memoirs 119,94-103.
Acharyya,S.K.,2007.Collisional emplacement history of the Naga-Andaman Ophiolites and the position of the eastern Indian suture.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 29,229-242.
Acharyya,S.K.,Ray,K.K.,Sengupta,S.,1990.Tectonics of ophiolite belt from Naga Hills and Andaman Islands,India.In:Naha.K.,Ghosh,S.K.,Mukhopadhyay,D.(Eds.),Structure and Tectonics,the Indian Science,99.National Academy of Science India(Earth and Planetary Sciences),pp.187-199.
Acharyya,S.K.,Ray,K.K.,Sengupta,S.,1991.The Naga Hills and Andaman Ophiolite belt,their setting,nature and collisional emplacement history.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 18,293-315.
Agrawal,O.P.,Chose,N.C.,1986.Geology and stratigraphy of the Naga Hills Ophiolite between Meluri and Awankhoo,Phek district,Nagaland,India.In:Ghose,N.C.,Varadarajan,S.(Eds.),Ophiolites and Indian Plate Margin.Sumna Publishers,Patna,pp.163-195.
Agrawal,O.P.,Kakar,R.N.,1980.Nagaland Ophiolites,India-a subduction zone Ophiolite complex in Tethyan orogenic belt.In:Abstracts of the International Ophiolite Symposium,Cyprus,pp.454-461.
Aitchison,J.C.,Baxter,A.T.,Zyabrev,S.V.,Ali,J.R.,2011.Upper Jurassic radiolarians from the Naga Ophiolite,Nagaland,Northeast India.Gondwana Research 20,638-644.
Ao,A.,Bhowmik,S.K.,2014.Cold subduction of the Neotethys:the metamorphic record from finely banded lawsonite and epidote blueschists and associated metabasalts of the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex,India.Journal of Metamorphic Geology 32,829-860.
Beard,J.S.,1986.Characteristic mineralogy of arc-related cumulate gabbros:implications for the tectonic setting of gabbroic plutons and for andesite genesis.Geology 14,848-851.
Bhattacharjee,C.C.,1991.The ophiolites of northeast India-a subduction zone Ophiolite complex of the Indo-Myanmar Orogenic belt.Tectonophysics 191,213-222.
Chatterjee,N.,Ghose,N.C.,2010.Metamorphic evolution of the Naga Hills eclogite and blueschist,Northeast India:implications for early subduction of the Indian plate under the Burma microplate.Journal of Metamorphic Geology 28,209-225.
Chattopadhyay,B.,Venkataramana,P.,Roy,D.K.,Bhattacharyya,S.,Ghosh,S.,1983.Geology of Naga Hills Ophiolites.Geological Survey of India Records 112(2),59-115.
Chungkham,P.,Jafar,S.A.,1998.Late Ctretaceous(Santonian-Maastrichtian)integrated Coccolith-Globotruncanid biostratigraphy of pelagic limestone from the accretionary prism of Manipur,Northeastern India.Micropaleontology 44,68-83.
Dawoud,M.,Eliwa,H.A.,Traversa,G.,Attia,M.S.,Itaya,T.,2006.Geochemistry,mineral chemistry and petrogenesis of a Neoproterozoic dyke swarm in the north Eastern Desert,Egypt.Geological Magazine 143,115-135.
Dilek,Y.,Ahmed,Z.,2003.Proterozoic Ophiolites of the Arabian Shield and their significance in Precambrian tectonics.Geological Society,London,Special Publication 218,685-700.
Dilek,Y.,Newcomb,S.,2003.Ophiolite concept and the evolution.Geological thought.Geological Society of America Special Paper 373,1-16.
Dilek,Y.,Robinson,P.T.,2003.Ophiolites in earth history.Geological Society,London,Special Publications 218,1-8.
Dilek,Y.,Furnes,H.,2009.Structure and geochemistry of Tethyan Ophiolites and their petrogenesis in subduction rollback system.Lithos 113,1-20.
Ghosh,S.,Chattopadhyay,B.,Roy,D.K.,Venkataramana,P.,1984.On the Radiolariabearing rocks of Naga Hills Ophiolite.Records of the Geological Survey of India113,89-97.
Ghose,N.C.,Agrawal,O.P.,Chatterjee,N.,2010.Geological and mineralogical study of eclogite and glaucophane schists in the Naga Hills Ophiolite,Northeast India.Island Arc 19,336-356.
Hollings,P.,Kerrich,R.,2004.Geochemical systematics of tholeiites from the2.86 Ga pickle crow assemblages,Northwestern Ontario:arc basalts with positive and negative Nb-Hf anomalies.Precambrian Research 134,1-20.
Irvine,T.N.,Baragar,W.R.A.,1971.A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks.Canadian Journal of Earth Science 8,523-548.
Kakar,I.M.,Khalid,M.,Khan,M.,Kasi,A.K.,Manan,R.A.,2013.Petrology and geochemistry of gabbros from the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite:implications for their petrogenesis and tectonic setting.Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 46(1),19-30.
Middlemost,E.A.K.,1994.Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system.Earth Science Reviews 37,215-224.
Mitchell,A.H.G.,1993.Cretaceous-Cenozoic tectonic events in the western Myanmar(Burma)Assam region.Journal of Geological Society of London 150,1089-1102.
Mitra,et al.,1986.Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Naga Hills Ophiolite belt:in Ceology of Nagaland Ophiolite.Geological Survey of India Memoirs119-113.
Nandy,D.R.,2001.Geodynamics of Northeastern India and the Adjoining Regions.ACB Publications,Block-A Lake Town,Kolkata,India,p.757.
Ningthoujam,P.S.,Dubey,C.S.,Guillot,S.,Fagio,A.S.,Shukla,D.P.,2012.Origin and serpentinization of ultramafic rocks of Manipur Ophiolite Complex in the IndoMyanmar subduction zone,Northeast India.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 50,128-140.
Pearce,J.A.,1982.Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries.In:Thorpe,R.S.(Ed.),Andesites.John Wiley and Sons,pp.525-548.
Pearce,J.A.,1983.Role of sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins.In:Hawkesworth,C.J.,Nurry,M.J.(Eds.),Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths.Shiva Publishing,Nantwich,pp.230-249.
Pearce,J.A.,2008.Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to Ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust.Lithos 100,14-48.
Pearce,J.A.,Lippard,S.J.,Roberts,S.,1984.Characteristics and tectonic significance of supra-subduction ophiolites.In:Kokelaar,B.P.,Howells,M.F.(Eds.),Geological Society of London,Special Publication,vol.16,pp.777-794.
Pearce,J.A.,Norry,M.L.,1979.Petrogenetic implications of Ti,Zr,Y and Nb variations in volcanic rocks.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 69,33-47.
Saccani,E.,Padoa,E.,Photiades,A.,2003.Triassic mid-ocean ridge basalts from the Argolis Peninsula(Greece):new constraints for the early oceanization phases of the Neo-Tethyan Pindos basin.In:Dilek,Y.,Robinson,P.T.(Eds.).Ophiolites in Earth History,Geological Society of London Special Publication,vol.218.Blackwell,Oxford,pp.1-19.
Saini,N.K.,Mukherjee,P.K.,Khanna,P.P.,Purohit,K.K.,2007.A proposed amphibolite reference rock sample(AM-H)from Himachal Pradesh.Geological Society of India 69,799-802.
Saini,N.K.,Khanna,P.P.,Mukherjee,P.K.,Purohit,K.K.,2013.Preparation and characterisation of two geochemical reference materials:DG-H(granite)and AM-H(amphibolite)from the Himalayan orogenic belt.Geostandard and Geoanalytical Research 38,111-122.
Santosh,M.,Teng,X.M.,He,X.F.,Tang,L,Yang,Q.Y.,2016.Discovery of neoarchean suprasubduction zone ophiolite suite from Yishui complex in the North China Craton.Gondwana Research 38.1-27.
Saunders,A.D.,Norry,M.J.,Tarney,J.,1988.Origin of MORB and chemically-depleted mantle reservoirs:trace element constraints.Journal of Petrology.Special Lithosphere Issue 415-445.
Searle,M.P.,Noble,S.R.,Cottle,J.M.,et al.,2007.Tectonic evolution of the Mogok metamorphic belt,Burma(Myanmar)constrained by U-Th-Pb dating of metamorphic and magmatic rocks.Tectonics 26,TC3014.
Sengupta,S.,Acharyya,S.K.,Vander Hull,H.J.,Chattopadhyay,B.,1989.Geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Naga Hills Ophiolites,Northeast India and their inferred tectonic setting.Journal of Geological Society,London 146,491-498.
Sengupta,S.,Ray,K.K.,Acharyya,S.K.,de Smeth,J.B.,1990.Nature of Ophiolite occurrence along eastern margin of Indian plate and their tectonic significance.Geology 18,439-442.
Shervais,J.W.,1982.Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas.Earth and Planet Science Letter 59,101-118.
Singh,A.K.,Chung,S.L.,Bikramaditya,R.K.,Lee,H.Y.,2016.New U-Pb zircon ages of plagiogranites from the Nagaland-Manipur Ophiolites,Indo-Myanmar orogenic belt,NE India.Journal of Geological Society of London.http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2016-048.
Singh,R.N.,Ghose,N.C.,1981.Geology and stratigraphy of the Ophiolite belt of Naga Hills,East of Kiphire.N.E.India.Recent Researches in Geology 8,359-381.
Streckeisen,A.,1976.To each plutonic rock its proper name.Earth Science Reviews12,1-33.
Sun,S.S.,McDonough,W.F.,1989.Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts:implications for mantle composition and processes.In:Saunders,A.D.,Norry,M.J.(Eds.),Magmatism in the Ocean Basins.Geological Society of London,42(Special Publications),pp.313-345.
Venkataramana,P.,Dutta,A.K.,Acharyya,S.K.,1986.Petrography and petrochemistry of Naga Hills Ophiolite.Geological Survey of India 119,33-63.
Vidyadharan,K.T.,Srivastava,R.K.,Bhattacharyya,S.,Joshi,A.,Jena,S.K.,1986.Distribution and description of major rock types.In:Mitra,N.D.,et al.(Eds.),Geology of Nagaland Ophiolite:Geological Survey of India Memoirs,vol.119,pp.18-27.
Wallin,E.T.,Metcalf,V.,1998.Supra-subduction zone ophiolites formed in an extensional forearc:Trinity Terrae,Kalmath Mountains,California.The Journal of Geology 106,591-608.
Acharyya,S.K.,2007.Collisional emplacement history of the Naga-Andaman Ophiolites and the position of the eastern Indian suture.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 29,229-242.
Acharyya,S.K.,Ray,K.K.,Sengupta,S.,1990.Tectonics of ophiolite belt from Naga Hills and Andaman Islands,India.In:Naha.K.,Ghosh,S.K.,Mukhopadhyay,D.(Eds.),Structure and Tectonics,the Indian Science,99.National Academy of Science India(Earth and Planetary Sciences),pp.187-199.
Acharyya,S.K.,Ray,K.K.,Sengupta,S.,1991.The Naga Hills and Andaman Ophiolite belt,their setting,nature and collisional emplacement history.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 18,293-315.
Agrawal,O.P.,Chose,N.C.,1986.Geology and stratigraphy of the Naga Hills Ophiolite between Meluri and Awankhoo,Phek district,Nagaland,India.In:Ghose,N.C.,Varadarajan,S.(Eds.),Ophiolites and Indian Plate Margin.Sumna Publishers,Patna,pp.163-195.
Agrawal,O.P.,Kakar,R.N.,1980.Nagaland Ophiolites,India-a subduction zone Ophiolite complex in Tethyan orogenic belt.In:Abstracts of the International Ophiolite Symposium,Cyprus,pp.454-461.
Aitchison,J.C.,Baxter,A.T.,Zyabrev,S.V.,Ali,J.R.,2011.Upper Jurassic radiolarians from the Naga Ophiolite,Nagaland,Northeast India.Gondwana Research 20,638-644.
Ao,A.,Bhowmik,S.K.,2014.Cold subduction of the Neotethys:the metamorphic record from finely banded lawsonite and epidote blueschists and associated metabasalts of the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex,India.Journal of Metamorphic Geology 32,829-860.
Beard,J.S.,1986.Characteristic mineralogy of arc-related cumulate gabbros:implications for the tectonic setting of gabbroic plutons and for andesite genesis.Geology 14,848-851.
Bhattacharjee,C.C.,1991.The ophiolites of northeast India-a subduction zone Ophiolite complex of the Indo-Myanmar Orogenic belt.Tectonophysics 191,213-222.
Chatterjee,N.,Ghose,N.C.,2010.Metamorphic evolution of the Naga Hills eclogite and blueschist,Northeast India:implications for early subduction of the Indian plate under the Burma microplate.Journal of Metamorphic Geology 28,209-225.
Chattopadhyay,B.,Venkataramana,P.,Roy,D.K.,Bhattacharyya,S.,Ghosh,S.,1983.Geology of Naga Hills Ophiolites.Geological Survey of India Records 112(2),59-115.
Chungkham,P.,Jafar,S.A.,1998.Late Ctretaceous(Santonian-Maastrichtian)integrated Coccolith-Globotruncanid biostratigraphy of pelagic limestone from the accretionary prism of Manipur,Northeastern India.Micropaleontology 44,68-83.
Dawoud,M.,Eliwa,H.A.,Traversa,G.,Attia,M.S.,Itaya,T.,2006.Geochemistry,mineral chemistry and petrogenesis of a Neoproterozoic dyke swarm in the north Eastern Desert,Egypt.Geological Magazine 143,115-135.
Dilek,Y.,Ahmed,Z.,2003.Proterozoic Ophiolites of the Arabian Shield and their significance in Precambrian tectonics.Geological Society,London,Special Publication 218,685-700.
Dilek,Y.,Newcomb,S.,2003.Ophiolite concept and the evolution.Geological thought.Geological Society of America Special Paper 373,1-16.
Dilek,Y.,Robinson,P.T.,2003.Ophiolites in earth history.Geological Society,London,Special Publications 218,1-8.
Dilek,Y.,Furnes,H.,2009.Structure and geochemistry of Tethyan Ophiolites and their petrogenesis in subduction rollback system.Lithos 113,1-20.
Ghosh,S.,Chattopadhyay,B.,Roy,D.K.,Venkataramana,P.,1984.On the Radiolariabearing rocks of Naga Hills Ophiolite.Records of the Geological Survey of India113,89-97.
Ghose,N.C.,Agrawal,O.P.,Chatterjee,N.,2010.Geological and mineralogical study of eclogite and glaucophane schists in the Naga Hills Ophiolite,Northeast India.Island Arc 19,336-356.
Hollings,P.,Kerrich,R.,2004.Geochemical systematics of tholeiites from the2.86 Ga pickle crow assemblages,Northwestern Ontario:arc basalts with positive and negative Nb-Hf anomalies.Precambrian Research 134,1-20.
Irvine,T.N.,Baragar,W.R.A.,1971.A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks.Canadian Journal of Earth Science 8,523-548.
Kakar,I.M.,Khalid,M.,Khan,M.,Kasi,A.K.,Manan,R.A.,2013.Petrology and geochemistry of gabbros from the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite:implications for their petrogenesis and tectonic setting.Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 46(1),19-30.
Middlemost,E.A.K.,1994.Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system.Earth Science Reviews 37,215-224.
Mitchell,A.H.G.,1993.Cretaceous-Cenozoic tectonic events in the western Myanmar(Burma)Assam region.Journal of Geological Society of London 150,1089-1102.
Mitra,et al.,1986.Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Naga Hills Ophiolite belt:in Ceology of Nagaland Ophiolite.Geological Survey of India Memoirs119-113.
Nandy,D.R.,2001.Geodynamics of Northeastern India and the Adjoining Regions.ACB Publications,Block-A Lake Town,Kolkata,India,p.757.
Ningthoujam,P.S.,Dubey,C.S.,Guillot,S.,Fagio,A.S.,Shukla,D.P.,2012.Origin and serpentinization of ultramafic rocks of Manipur Ophiolite Complex in the IndoMyanmar subduction zone,Northeast India.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 50,128-140.
Pearce,J.A.,1982.Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries.In:Thorpe,R.S.(Ed.),Andesites.John Wiley and Sons,pp.525-548.
Pearce,J.A.,1983.Role of sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins.In:Hawkesworth,C.J.,Nurry,M.J.(Eds.),Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths.Shiva Publishing,Nantwich,pp.230-249.
Pearce,J.A.,2008.Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to Ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust.Lithos 100,14-48.
Pearce,J.A.,Lippard,S.J.,Roberts,S.,1984.Characteristics and tectonic significance of supra-subduction ophiolites.In:Kokelaar,B.P.,Howells,M.F.(Eds.),Geological Society of London,Special Publication,vol.16,pp.777-794.
Pearce,J.A.,Norry,M.L.,1979.Petrogenetic implications of Ti,Zr,Y and Nb variations in volcanic rocks.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 69,33-47.
Saccani,E.,Padoa,E.,Photiades,A.,2003.Triassic mid-ocean ridge basalts from the Argolis Peninsula(Greece):new constraints for the early oceanization phases of the Neo-Tethyan Pindos basin.In:Dilek,Y.,Robinson,P.T.(Eds.).Ophiolites in Earth History,Geological Society of London Special Publication,vol.218.Blackwell,Oxford,pp.1-19.
Saini,N.K.,Mukherjee,P.K.,Khanna,P.P.,Purohit,K.K.,2007.A proposed amphibolite reference rock sample(AM-H)from Himachal Pradesh.Geological Society of India 69,799-802.
Saini,N.K.,Khanna,P.P.,Mukherjee,P.K.,Purohit,K.K.,2013.Preparation and characterisation of two geochemical reference materials:DG-H(granite)and AM-H(amphibolite)from the Himalayan orogenic belt.Geostandard and Geoanalytical Research 38,111-122.
Santosh,M.,Teng,X.M.,He,X.F.,Tang,L,Yang,Q.Y.,2016.Discovery of neoarchean suprasubduction zone ophiolite suite from Yishui complex in the North China Craton.Gondwana Research 38.1-27.
Saunders,A.D.,Norry,M.J.,Tarney,J.,1988.Origin of MORB and chemically-depleted mantle reservoirs:trace element constraints.Journal of Petrology.Special Lithosphere Issue 415-445.
Searle,M.P.,Noble,S.R.,Cottle,J.M.,et al.,2007.Tectonic evolution of the Mogok metamorphic belt,Burma(Myanmar)constrained by U-Th-Pb dating of metamorphic and magmatic rocks.Tectonics 26,TC3014.
Sengupta,S.,Acharyya,S.K.,Vander Hull,H.J.,Chattopadhyay,B.,1989.Geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Naga Hills Ophiolites,Northeast India and their inferred tectonic setting.Journal of Geological Society,London 146,491-498.
Sengupta,S.,Ray,K.K.,Acharyya,S.K.,de Smeth,J.B.,1990.Nature of Ophiolite occurrence along eastern margin of Indian plate and their tectonic significance.Geology 18,439-442.
Shervais,J.W.,1982.Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas.Earth and Planet Science Letter 59,101-118.
Singh,A.K.,Chung,S.L.,Bikramaditya,R.K.,Lee,H.Y.,2016.New U-Pb zircon ages of plagiogranites from the Nagaland-Manipur Ophiolites,Indo-Myanmar orogenic belt,NE India.Journal of Geological Society of London.http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2016-048.
Singh,R.N.,Ghose,N.C.,1981.Geology and stratigraphy of the Ophiolite belt of Naga Hills,East of Kiphire.N.E.India.Recent Researches in Geology 8,359-381.
Streckeisen,A.,1976.To each plutonic rock its proper name.Earth Science Reviews12,1-33.
Sun,S.S.,McDonough,W.F.,1989.Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts:implications for mantle composition and processes.In:Saunders,A.D.,Norry,M.J.(Eds.),Magmatism in the Ocean Basins.Geological Society of London,42(Special Publications),pp.313-345.
Venkataramana,P.,Dutta,A.K.,Acharyya,S.K.,1986.Petrography and petrochemistry of Naga Hills Ophiolite.Geological Survey of India 119,33-63.
Vidyadharan,K.T.,Srivastava,R.K.,Bhattacharyya,S.,Joshi,A.,Jena,S.K.,1986.Distribution and description of major rock types.In:Mitra,N.D.,et al.(Eds.),Geology of Nagaland Ophiolite:Geological Survey of India Memoirs,vol.119,pp.18-27.
Wallin,E.T.,Metcalf,V.,1998.Supra-subduction zone ophiolites formed in an extensional forearc:Trinity Terrae,Kalmath Mountains,California.The Journal of Geology 106,591-608.