Assessment of water body change and sedimentation rate in Moulay Bousselham wetland, Morocco, using geospatial technologies
|
摘要
Coastal lagoons have significant biodiversity and ecologic and socio-economic interest. Several resident and migratory birds live in coastal lagoons as well as fish and other aquatic biota. Over the years, lagoons worldwide have been subject to considerable sediment deposition coming especially from soil erosion due of agricultural activities, and the lagoon's inflows have resulted in an accelerated sedimentation which can drastically affect the aquatic ecosystem balance. A new, fast, and cost-effective approach was developed, using water surface change as a proxy, to evaluate the sediment deposition rate. In the current research, this methodology was applied in the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon in Morocco, and a combination of Landsat 8 and Landsat 5 imagery acquired at four points in time over 30 years(1985-2015) was used. Following geometric correction and enhancement, the interpretation of the acquired images provided important insight on the current conditions of the water surface change using the Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI). Several iterations were done to determine a suitable threshold for effective water surface detection. In order to validate the automatically extracted water surface features, many band combinations of Landsat and Sentinel 2 were used as references to run the accuracy assessment. The results show that the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon lost 17.60%(106 ha) of its water surface area, and 530,000 m~3 to 1,060,000 m~3 of its water volume during the last three decades.Converting water surface loss into sedimentation returned a rate of 0.58 cm/yr. These results have been confirmed by previous field work using sedimentological approaches. Proper management should be applied to sustain the vitality of this lagoon environment.
Coastal lagoons have significant biodiversity and ecologic and socio-economic interest. Several resident and migratory birds live in coastal lagoons as well as fish and other aquatic biota. Over the years, lagoons worldwide have been subject to considerable sediment deposition coming especially from soil erosion due of agricultural activities, and the lagoon's inflows have resulted in an accelerated sedimentation which can drastically affect the aquatic ecosystem balance. A new, fast, and cost-effective approach was developed, using water surface change as a proxy, to evaluate the sediment deposition rate. In the current research, this methodology was applied in the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon in Morocco, and a combination of Landsat 8 and Landsat 5 imagery acquired at four points in time over 30 years(1985-2015) was used. Following geometric correction and enhancement, the interpretation of the acquired images provided important insight on the current conditions of the water surface change using the Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI). Several iterations were done to determine a suitable threshold for effective water surface detection. In order to validate the automatically extracted water surface features, many band combinations of Landsat and Sentinel 2 were used as references to run the accuracy assessment. The results show that the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon lost 17.60%(106 ha) of its water surface area, and 530,000 m~3 to 1,060,000 m~3 of its water volume during the last three decades.Converting water surface loss into sedimentation returned a rate of 0.58 cm/yr. These results have been confirmed by previous field work using sedimentological approaches. Proper management should be applied to sustain the vitality of this lagoon environment.
Coastal lagoons have significant biodiversity and ecologic and socio-economic interest. Several resident and migratory birds live in coastal lagoons as well as fish and other aquatic biota. Over the years, lagoons worldwide have been subject to considerable sediment deposition coming especially from soil erosion due of agricultural activities, and the lagoon's inflows have resulted in an accelerated sedimentation which can drastically affect the aquatic ecosystem balance. A new, fast, and cost-effective approach was developed, using water surface change as a proxy, to evaluate the sediment deposition rate. In the current research, this methodology was applied in the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon in Morocco, and a combination of Landsat 8 and Landsat 5 imagery acquired at four points in time over 30 years(1985-2015) was used. Following geometric correction and enhancement, the interpretation of the acquired images provided important insight on the current conditions of the water surface change using the Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI). Several iterations were done to determine a suitable threshold for effective water surface detection. In order to validate the automatically extracted water surface features, many band combinations of Landsat and Sentinel 2 were used as references to run the accuracy assessment. The results show that the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon lost 17.60%(106 ha) of its water surface area, and 530,000 m~3 to 1,060,000 m~3 of its water volume during the last three decades.Converting water surface loss into sedimentation returned a rate of 0.58 cm/yr. These results have been confirmed by previous field work using sedimentological approaches. Proper management should be applied to sustain the vitality of this lagoon environment.
引文
Affian, K., Robin, M.. Maanan, M., Digbehi, B., Djagoua, E. V.,&Kouame, F.(2009).Heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ebrie Lagoon sediments,Cote d'Ivoire. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 159(1-4), 531-541.
Ahmed, M. H., El Leithy, B. M., Thompson, J. R., Flower, R. J., Ramdani, M., Ayache, F.,&Hassan, S. M.(2009). Application of remote sensing to site characterisation and environmental change analysis of North African coastal lagoons. Hydrobiologia, 622(1), 147-171.
Alaoui, A.M.(2009). Environnement et paleoenvironnement d'un ecosysteme cotier:la lagune de Moulay Bousselham, cote atlantique marocaine(Doctoral dissertation, Bordeaux 1).
Alaoui, A. M., Choura, M., Maanan, M., Zourarah, B., Robin, M., Conceicao, M. F.,Andrade, C., Khalid, M.,&Carruesco, C.(2010). Metal fluxes to the sediments of the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon, Morocco. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61(2),275-286.
Appleby, P. G., Birks, H. H., Flower, R. J., Rose, N., Peglar, S. M., Ramdani, M., Kra?em,M. M.,&Fathi, A. A.(2001). Radiometrically determined dates and sedimentation rates for recent sediments in nine North African wetland lakes(the CASSARINA Project). Aquatic Ecology, 35(3-4), 347-367.
Ayache, F., Thompson, J. R., Flower, R. J., Boujarra, A., Rouatbi, F.,&Makina, H.(2009). Environmental characteristics, landscape history and pressures on three coastal lagoons in the Southern Mediterranean Region:Merja Zerga(Morocco),Ghar El Melh(Tunisia)and Lake Manzala(Egypt). Hydrobiologia, 622(1), 15-43.
Ayadi, H., Le Bars, M.. Le Grusse, P., Mandart, E., Fabre, J., Bouaziz, A.,&Bord, J. P.(2014). SimPhy:A simulation game to lessen the impact of phytosanitaries on health and the environment-The case of Merja Zerga in Morocco. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(7), 4950-4963.
Beaubrum, P. C.(1976). La lagune de Moulay Bousselham:Etude hydrographique et sedimentologique. Bulletin Institut Scientifique Rabat, 1,5-38.
Benhoussa, A., Dakki, M., Qninba, A.,&El Agbani, M. A.(1999). Habitats d'un site Ramsar cotier du Maroc, la Merja Zerga:Approches typologiques et cartographique. Humedales Mediterraneos, 1(1999), 75-82(SEHUMED, Valencia(Spain)(, pp.75-82).
Berthot, A.,&Pattiaratchi, C.(2005). Maintenance of headland-associated linear sandbanks:Modelling the secondary flows and sediment transport. Ocean Dynamics, 55(5-6), 526-540.
Bowen, M. W.,&Johnson, W. C.(2017). Anthropogenically accelerated sediment accumulation within playa wetlands as a result of land cover change on the High Plains of the central United States. Geomorphology, 294(1), 135-145.
Brivio, P. A.,&Zilioli, E.(2014). Assessing wetland changes in the Venice Lagoon by means of satellite remote sensing data. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 2(1),23-32.
Carruesco, C.(1989). Genese et evolution de trois lagunes du littoral Atlantique depuis I'holocene:Oualidia, Moulay Bou Salham(Maroc)et Arcachon(France)(Doctoral dissertation, Bordeaux 1).
Congalton, R. G.(1991). A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 37(1), 35-46.
Davidson, N. C.(2014). How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area. Marine and Freshwater Research, 65(10), 934.
Dinis, J. L, Henriques, V., Freitas, M. C.,Andrade, C.,&Costa, P.(2006). Natural to anthropogenic forcing in the Holocene evolution of three coastal lagoons(Caldas da Rainha valley, western Portugal). Quaternary International, 150(1).41-51.
El-Asmar, H. M., Hereher, M. E.,&El Kafrawy, S. B.(2013). Surface area change detection of the Burullus Lagoon, north of the Nile Delta, Egypt, using water indices:A remote sensing approach. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 16(1), 119-123.
Flower, R. J.(2001). Change, stress, sustainability and aquatic ecosystem resilience in North African wetland lakes during the 20th century:An introduction to integrated biodiversity studies within the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic Ecology,35(3-4), 261-280.
Flower, R. J.,&Thompson, J. R.(2009). An overview of integrated hydro-ecological studies in the MELMARINA Project:Monitoring and modelling coastal lagoonsmaking management tools for aquatic resources in North Africa. Hydrobiologia,622(1), 3-14.
Frihy, O. E., Dewidar, K. M., Nasr, S. M.,&El Raey, M. M.(1998). Change detection of the northeastern Nile Delta of Egypt:Shoreline changes, spit evolution, margin changes of Manzala Lagoon and its islands. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19(10), 1901-1912.
Gautam, V. K., Gaurav, P. K., Murugan, P.,&Annadurai, M.(2015). Assessment of surface water dynamics in Bangalore using WRI, NDWI, MNDWI, supervised classification and K-T transformation. Aquatic Procedia, 4, 739-746(Icwrcoe).
Han, X., Chen, X.,&Feng, L(2015). Four decades of winter wetland changes in Poyang Lake based on Landsat observations between 1973 and 2013. Remote Sensing of Environment, 156, 426-437.
Hatvany, M. G.(2009). Wetlands and reclamation In:International Encyclopedia of Human Geography(pp. 241-246). Amsterdam Elsevier.
Hu, S., Niu, Z., Chen, Y., Li, L.,&Zhang, H.(2017). Global wetlands:Potential distribution, wetland loss, and status. Science of the Total Environment, 586,319-327.
Hui, F., Xu, B., Huang. H., Yu, Q.,&Gong, P.(2008). Modelling spatial-temporal change of Poyang Lake using multitemporal Landsat imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(20).
Ibara, B. O., Dakki, M., Hakdaoui, M.,&El Hamoumi, R.(2015). Contribution of hybrid classification on Ikonos Satellite Imagery In Mapping Of Wetland Habitats:Merja Zerga(Morocco). International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 12(4), 9324.
Kalloul, S., Hamid, W., Maanan, M., Robin, M., Sayouty, E. H.,&Zourarah, B.(2012).Source contributions to heavy metal fluxes into the Loukous Estuary(Moroccan Atlantic Coast). Journal of Coastal Research, 279,174-183.
Kilcher, L F.,&Nash, J. D.(2010). Structure and dynamics of the Columbia River tidal plume front. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(C5), C05S90.
Kraiem, M. M., Chouba, L, Ramdani, M., Ahmed, M. H., Thompson, J. R.,&Flower, R.J.(2009). The fish fauna of three North African lagoons:Specific inventories,ecological status and production. Hydrobiologia, 622(1), 133-146.
Kra?em, M. M., Hamza, C., Ben, Ramdani, M., Fathi, A. A., Abdelzaher, H. M. A.,&Flower, R. J.(2001). Some observations on the age and growth of thin-lipped grey mullet, Liza Ramada Risso, 1826(Pisces, Mugilidae)in three North African wetland lakes:Merja Zerga(Morocco), Garaat Ichkeul(Tunisia)and Edku lake(Egypt). Aquatic Ecology, 35(3-4), 335-345.
Labbardi, H., Ettahiri, O., Lazar, S.. Massik, Z.,&El Antri, S.(2005). Etude de la variation spatio-temporelle des parametres physico-chimiques caracterisant la qualite des eaux d'une lagune cotiere et ses zonations ecologiques:Cas de Moulay Bousselham, Maroc. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 337(5), 505-514.
Luo, H. R., Smith, L M., Allen. B. L,&Haukos, D. A.(1997). Effects of sedimentation on playa wetland volume. Ecological Applications, 7(1), 247-252.
Maanan, M., Landesman, C., Maanan, M., Zourarah, B., Fattal. P.,&Sahabi, M.(2013).Evaluation of the anthropogenic influx of metal and metalloid contaminants into the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon, Morocco, using chemometric methods coupled to geographical information systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(7), 4729-4741.
Maanan, M., Ruiz-Fernandez. A. C, Maanan, M., Fattal. P., Zourarah. B.,&Sahabi, M.(2014). A long-term record of land use change impacts on sediments in Oualidia Lagoon, Morocco. International Journal of Sediment Research, 29(1), 1-10.
Mateus, M., Almeida, D., Simonson, W., Felgueiras, M., Banza, P.,&Batty, L(2016).Conflictive uses of coastal areas:A case study in a southern European coastal lagoon(Ria de Alvor, Portugal). Ocean Coastal Management, 132, 90-100.
McFeeters, S.(2013). Using the normalized difference water index(NDWI)within a Geographic Information System to Detect Swimming Pools for Mosquito Abatement:A Practical Approach. Remote Sensing, 5(7), 3544-3561.
McFeeters, S. K.(1996). The use of the normalized difference water index(NDWI)in the delineation of open water features. International Journal of Remote Sensing,17(7), 1425-1432.
Munyati, C.(2000). Wetland change detection on the Kafue Flats, Zambia, by classification of a multitemporal remote sensing image dataset. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21(9), 1787-1806.
Ozesmi, S. L,&Bauer, M. E.(2002). Satellite remote sensing of wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 10(5), 381-402.
Perez-Ruzafa, A.,&Marcos, C.(2012). Fisheries in coastal lagoons:An assumed but poorly researched aspect of the ecology and functioning of coastal lagoons.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 110, 15-31.
Perez-Ruzafa. A., Marcos, C., P6rez-Ruzafa, I. M.,&Perez-Marcos, M.(2013). Are coastal lagoons physically or biologically controlled ecosystems? Revisiting r vs.K strategies in coastal lagoons and estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,132, 17-33.
Peters, A. J., Jones, K. C., Flower, R. J., Appleby, P. G., Ramdani, M., Kra?em, M. M.,&Fathi, A. A.(2001). Recent environmental change in North African wetland lakes:A baseline study of organochlorine contaminant residues in sediments from nine sites in the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic Ecology, 35(3-4), 449-459.
Ramdani. M., Elkhiati, N., Flower, R. J., Thompson, J. R., Chouba, L., Kraiem, M. M.,Ayache, F.,&Ahmed, M. H.(2009). Environmental influences on the qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton in North African coastal lagoons. Hydrobiologia, 622(1), 113-131.
Ramdani, M.. Flower, R. J., Elkhiati, N., Kra?em, M. M., Fathi, A. A., Birks, H. H.,&Patrick, S. T.(2001). North African wetland lakes:Characterization of nine sites included in the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic Ecology, 35(3-4), 281-302.
Rebelo, L M., Finlayson, C. M.,&Nagabhatla, N.(2009). Remote sensing and GIS for wetland inventory, mapping and change analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(7), 2144-2153.
Rokni, K., Ahmad, A., Selamat, A.,&Hazini, S.(2014). Water feature extraction and change detection using multitemporal Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing, 6(5),4173-4189.
Shukla, S., Jain, S. K., Kansal, M. L,&Kumar, S.(2017). Assessment of sedimentation in Pong and Bhakra reservoirs in Himachal Pradesh, India, using geospatial technique. Remote Sensing Applications:Society and Environment, 8, 148-156.
Singh, K. V., Setia, R., Sahoo, S., Prasad, A.,&Pateriya, B.(2015). Evaluation of NDWI and MNDWI for assessment of waterlogging by integrating digital elevation model and groundwater level. Geocarto International, 30(6), 650-661.
Sun, C., Zhen, L,&Giashuddin Miah, M.(2017). Comparison of the ecosystem services provided by China's Poyang Lake wetland and Bangladesh's Tanguar Haor wetland. Ecosystem Services(2016), 0-1.
Thompson, J. R., Flower, R. J., Ramdani, M., Ayache, F., Ahmed, M. H., Rasmussen, E.K.,&Petersen, O. S.(2009). Hydrological characteristics of three North African coastal lagoons:Insights from the MELMARINA project. Hydrobiologia, 622(1),45-84.
Tsai, J.-S., Venne, L S., McMurry, S. T.,&Smith, L M.(2010). Vegetation and land use impact on water loss rate in playas of the southern high plains, USA. Wetlands,30(6), 1107-1116.
University College London(1994). Hydrology, vegetation and human use of Merja Zerga, Morocco. M.Sc. conservation course. London:Departments of Biology and Geography.
Verhoeven, J. T. A., Laanbroek, H. J., Rains. M. C.,&Whigham, D. F.(2014). Effects of increased summer flooding on nitrogen dynamics in impounded mangroves.Journal of Environmental Management, 139, 217-226.
Wilson, E. H..&Sader, S. A.(2002). Detection of forest harvest type using multiple dates of Landsat TM imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 80(3), 385-396.
Xiao, X., Wdowinski, S.,&Wu, Y.(2014). Improved water classification using an application-oriented processing of Landsat ETM+and ALOS PALSAR. International Journal of Control and Automation, 7(11), 373-388.
Xu, H.(2006). Modification of normalised difference water index(NDWI)to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(14), 3025-3033.
Yuan, F., Sawaya, K. E., Loeffelholz, B. C.,&Bauer, M. E.(2005). Land cover classification and change analysis of the Twin Cities(Minnesota)Metropolitan Area by multitemporal Landsat remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment, 98(2-3), 317-328.
Zedler, J. B.,&Kercher, S.(2005). Wetland resources:Status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30(1).39-74.
Zhang, B., Shi, Y., Liu, J., Xu, J.,&Xie, G.(2017). Economic values and dominant providers of key ecosystem services of wetlands in Beijing, China. Ecological Indicators, 77, 48-58.
Zhang, F. F., Zhang, B., Li, J. S., Shen, Q., Wu, Y.,&Song, Y.(2011). Comparative analysis of automatic water identification method based on multispectral remote sensing. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 11, 1482-1487.
1 Ramsar is an intergovernmental convention providing a framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources
Ahmed, M. H., El Leithy, B. M., Thompson, J. R., Flower, R. J., Ramdani, M., Ayache, F.,&Hassan, S. M.(2009). Application of remote sensing to site characterisation and environmental change analysis of North African coastal lagoons. Hydrobiologia, 622(1), 147-171.
Alaoui, A.M.(2009). Environnement et paleoenvironnement d'un ecosysteme cotier:la lagune de Moulay Bousselham, cote atlantique marocaine(Doctoral dissertation, Bordeaux 1).
Alaoui, A. M., Choura, M., Maanan, M., Zourarah, B., Robin, M., Conceicao, M. F.,Andrade, C., Khalid, M.,&Carruesco, C.(2010). Metal fluxes to the sediments of the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon, Morocco. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61(2),275-286.
Appleby, P. G., Birks, H. H., Flower, R. J., Rose, N., Peglar, S. M., Ramdani, M., Kra?em,M. M.,&Fathi, A. A.(2001). Radiometrically determined dates and sedimentation rates for recent sediments in nine North African wetland lakes(the CASSARINA Project). Aquatic Ecology, 35(3-4), 347-367.
Ayache, F., Thompson, J. R., Flower, R. J., Boujarra, A., Rouatbi, F.,&Makina, H.(2009). Environmental characteristics, landscape history and pressures on three coastal lagoons in the Southern Mediterranean Region:Merja Zerga(Morocco),Ghar El Melh(Tunisia)and Lake Manzala(Egypt). Hydrobiologia, 622(1), 15-43.
Ayadi, H., Le Bars, M.. Le Grusse, P., Mandart, E., Fabre, J., Bouaziz, A.,&Bord, J. P.(2014). SimPhy:A simulation game to lessen the impact of phytosanitaries on health and the environment-The case of Merja Zerga in Morocco. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(7), 4950-4963.
Beaubrum, P. C.(1976). La lagune de Moulay Bousselham:Etude hydrographique et sedimentologique. Bulletin Institut Scientifique Rabat, 1,5-38.
Benhoussa, A., Dakki, M., Qninba, A.,&El Agbani, M. A.(1999). Habitats d'un site Ramsar cotier du Maroc, la Merja Zerga:Approches typologiques et cartographique. Humedales Mediterraneos, 1(1999), 75-82(SEHUMED, Valencia(Spain)(, pp.75-82).
Berthot, A.,&Pattiaratchi, C.(2005). Maintenance of headland-associated linear sandbanks:Modelling the secondary flows and sediment transport. Ocean Dynamics, 55(5-6), 526-540.
Bowen, M. W.,&Johnson, W. C.(2017). Anthropogenically accelerated sediment accumulation within playa wetlands as a result of land cover change on the High Plains of the central United States. Geomorphology, 294(1), 135-145.
Brivio, P. A.,&Zilioli, E.(2014). Assessing wetland changes in the Venice Lagoon by means of satellite remote sensing data. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 2(1),23-32.
Carruesco, C.(1989). Genese et evolution de trois lagunes du littoral Atlantique depuis I'holocene:Oualidia, Moulay Bou Salham(Maroc)et Arcachon(France)(Doctoral dissertation, Bordeaux 1).
Congalton, R. G.(1991). A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 37(1), 35-46.
Davidson, N. C.(2014). How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area. Marine and Freshwater Research, 65(10), 934.
Dinis, J. L, Henriques, V., Freitas, M. C.,Andrade, C.,&Costa, P.(2006). Natural to anthropogenic forcing in the Holocene evolution of three coastal lagoons(Caldas da Rainha valley, western Portugal). Quaternary International, 150(1).41-51.
El-Asmar, H. M., Hereher, M. E.,&El Kafrawy, S. B.(2013). Surface area change detection of the Burullus Lagoon, north of the Nile Delta, Egypt, using water indices:A remote sensing approach. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 16(1), 119-123.
Flower, R. J.(2001). Change, stress, sustainability and aquatic ecosystem resilience in North African wetland lakes during the 20th century:An introduction to integrated biodiversity studies within the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic Ecology,35(3-4), 261-280.
Flower, R. J.,&Thompson, J. R.(2009). An overview of integrated hydro-ecological studies in the MELMARINA Project:Monitoring and modelling coastal lagoonsmaking management tools for aquatic resources in North Africa. Hydrobiologia,622(1), 3-14.
Frihy, O. E., Dewidar, K. M., Nasr, S. M.,&El Raey, M. M.(1998). Change detection of the northeastern Nile Delta of Egypt:Shoreline changes, spit evolution, margin changes of Manzala Lagoon and its islands. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19(10), 1901-1912.
Gautam, V. K., Gaurav, P. K., Murugan, P.,&Annadurai, M.(2015). Assessment of surface water dynamics in Bangalore using WRI, NDWI, MNDWI, supervised classification and K-T transformation. Aquatic Procedia, 4, 739-746(Icwrcoe).
Han, X., Chen, X.,&Feng, L(2015). Four decades of winter wetland changes in Poyang Lake based on Landsat observations between 1973 and 2013. Remote Sensing of Environment, 156, 426-437.
Hatvany, M. G.(2009). Wetlands and reclamation In:International Encyclopedia of Human Geography(pp. 241-246). Amsterdam Elsevier.
Hu, S., Niu, Z., Chen, Y., Li, L.,&Zhang, H.(2017). Global wetlands:Potential distribution, wetland loss, and status. Science of the Total Environment, 586,319-327.
Hui, F., Xu, B., Huang. H., Yu, Q.,&Gong, P.(2008). Modelling spatial-temporal change of Poyang Lake using multitemporal Landsat imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(20).
Ibara, B. O., Dakki, M., Hakdaoui, M.,&El Hamoumi, R.(2015). Contribution of hybrid classification on Ikonos Satellite Imagery In Mapping Of Wetland Habitats:Merja Zerga(Morocco). International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 12(4), 9324.
Kalloul, S., Hamid, W., Maanan, M., Robin, M., Sayouty, E. H.,&Zourarah, B.(2012).Source contributions to heavy metal fluxes into the Loukous Estuary(Moroccan Atlantic Coast). Journal of Coastal Research, 279,174-183.
Kilcher, L F.,&Nash, J. D.(2010). Structure and dynamics of the Columbia River tidal plume front. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(C5), C05S90.
Kraiem, M. M., Chouba, L, Ramdani, M., Ahmed, M. H., Thompson, J. R.,&Flower, R.J.(2009). The fish fauna of three North African lagoons:Specific inventories,ecological status and production. Hydrobiologia, 622(1), 133-146.
Kra?em, M. M., Hamza, C., Ben, Ramdani, M., Fathi, A. A., Abdelzaher, H. M. A.,&Flower, R. J.(2001). Some observations on the age and growth of thin-lipped grey mullet, Liza Ramada Risso, 1826(Pisces, Mugilidae)in three North African wetland lakes:Merja Zerga(Morocco), Garaat Ichkeul(Tunisia)and Edku lake(Egypt). Aquatic Ecology, 35(3-4), 335-345.
Labbardi, H., Ettahiri, O., Lazar, S.. Massik, Z.,&El Antri, S.(2005). Etude de la variation spatio-temporelle des parametres physico-chimiques caracterisant la qualite des eaux d'une lagune cotiere et ses zonations ecologiques:Cas de Moulay Bousselham, Maroc. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 337(5), 505-514.
Luo, H. R., Smith, L M., Allen. B. L,&Haukos, D. A.(1997). Effects of sedimentation on playa wetland volume. Ecological Applications, 7(1), 247-252.
Maanan, M., Landesman, C., Maanan, M., Zourarah, B., Fattal. P.,&Sahabi, M.(2013).Evaluation of the anthropogenic influx of metal and metalloid contaminants into the Moulay Bousselham Lagoon, Morocco, using chemometric methods coupled to geographical information systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(7), 4729-4741.
Maanan, M., Ruiz-Fernandez. A. C, Maanan, M., Fattal. P., Zourarah. B.,&Sahabi, M.(2014). A long-term record of land use change impacts on sediments in Oualidia Lagoon, Morocco. International Journal of Sediment Research, 29(1), 1-10.
Mateus, M., Almeida, D., Simonson, W., Felgueiras, M., Banza, P.,&Batty, L(2016).Conflictive uses of coastal areas:A case study in a southern European coastal lagoon(Ria de Alvor, Portugal). Ocean Coastal Management, 132, 90-100.
McFeeters, S.(2013). Using the normalized difference water index(NDWI)within a Geographic Information System to Detect Swimming Pools for Mosquito Abatement:A Practical Approach. Remote Sensing, 5(7), 3544-3561.
McFeeters, S. K.(1996). The use of the normalized difference water index(NDWI)in the delineation of open water features. International Journal of Remote Sensing,17(7), 1425-1432.
Munyati, C.(2000). Wetland change detection on the Kafue Flats, Zambia, by classification of a multitemporal remote sensing image dataset. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21(9), 1787-1806.
Ozesmi, S. L,&Bauer, M. E.(2002). Satellite remote sensing of wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 10(5), 381-402.
Perez-Ruzafa, A.,&Marcos, C.(2012). Fisheries in coastal lagoons:An assumed but poorly researched aspect of the ecology and functioning of coastal lagoons.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 110, 15-31.
Perez-Ruzafa. A., Marcos, C., P6rez-Ruzafa, I. M.,&Perez-Marcos, M.(2013). Are coastal lagoons physically or biologically controlled ecosystems? Revisiting r vs.K strategies in coastal lagoons and estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,132, 17-33.
Peters, A. J., Jones, K. C., Flower, R. J., Appleby, P. G., Ramdani, M., Kra?em, M. M.,&Fathi, A. A.(2001). Recent environmental change in North African wetland lakes:A baseline study of organochlorine contaminant residues in sediments from nine sites in the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic Ecology, 35(3-4), 449-459.
Ramdani. M., Elkhiati, N., Flower, R. J., Thompson, J. R., Chouba, L., Kraiem, M. M.,Ayache, F.,&Ahmed, M. H.(2009). Environmental influences on the qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton in North African coastal lagoons. Hydrobiologia, 622(1), 113-131.
Ramdani, M.. Flower, R. J., Elkhiati, N., Kra?em, M. M., Fathi, A. A., Birks, H. H.,&Patrick, S. T.(2001). North African wetland lakes:Characterization of nine sites included in the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic Ecology, 35(3-4), 281-302.
Rebelo, L M., Finlayson, C. M.,&Nagabhatla, N.(2009). Remote sensing and GIS for wetland inventory, mapping and change analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(7), 2144-2153.
Rokni, K., Ahmad, A., Selamat, A.,&Hazini, S.(2014). Water feature extraction and change detection using multitemporal Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing, 6(5),4173-4189.
Shukla, S., Jain, S. K., Kansal, M. L,&Kumar, S.(2017). Assessment of sedimentation in Pong and Bhakra reservoirs in Himachal Pradesh, India, using geospatial technique. Remote Sensing Applications:Society and Environment, 8, 148-156.
Singh, K. V., Setia, R., Sahoo, S., Prasad, A.,&Pateriya, B.(2015). Evaluation of NDWI and MNDWI for assessment of waterlogging by integrating digital elevation model and groundwater level. Geocarto International, 30(6), 650-661.
Sun, C., Zhen, L,&Giashuddin Miah, M.(2017). Comparison of the ecosystem services provided by China's Poyang Lake wetland and Bangladesh's Tanguar Haor wetland. Ecosystem Services(2016), 0-1.
Thompson, J. R., Flower, R. J., Ramdani, M., Ayache, F., Ahmed, M. H., Rasmussen, E.K.,&Petersen, O. S.(2009). Hydrological characteristics of three North African coastal lagoons:Insights from the MELMARINA project. Hydrobiologia, 622(1),45-84.
Tsai, J.-S., Venne, L S., McMurry, S. T.,&Smith, L M.(2010). Vegetation and land use impact on water loss rate in playas of the southern high plains, USA. Wetlands,30(6), 1107-1116.
University College London(1994). Hydrology, vegetation and human use of Merja Zerga, Morocco. M.Sc. conservation course. London:Departments of Biology and Geography.
Verhoeven, J. T. A., Laanbroek, H. J., Rains. M. C.,&Whigham, D. F.(2014). Effects of increased summer flooding on nitrogen dynamics in impounded mangroves.Journal of Environmental Management, 139, 217-226.
Wilson, E. H..&Sader, S. A.(2002). Detection of forest harvest type using multiple dates of Landsat TM imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 80(3), 385-396.
Xiao, X., Wdowinski, S.,&Wu, Y.(2014). Improved water classification using an application-oriented processing of Landsat ETM+and ALOS PALSAR. International Journal of Control and Automation, 7(11), 373-388.
Xu, H.(2006). Modification of normalised difference water index(NDWI)to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(14), 3025-3033.
Yuan, F., Sawaya, K. E., Loeffelholz, B. C.,&Bauer, M. E.(2005). Land cover classification and change analysis of the Twin Cities(Minnesota)Metropolitan Area by multitemporal Landsat remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment, 98(2-3), 317-328.
Zedler, J. B.,&Kercher, S.(2005). Wetland resources:Status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30(1).39-74.
Zhang, B., Shi, Y., Liu, J., Xu, J.,&Xie, G.(2017). Economic values and dominant providers of key ecosystem services of wetlands in Beijing, China. Ecological Indicators, 77, 48-58.
Zhang, F. F., Zhang, B., Li, J. S., Shen, Q., Wu, Y.,&Song, Y.(2011). Comparative analysis of automatic water identification method based on multispectral remote sensing. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 11, 1482-1487.
1 Ramsar is an intergovernmental convention providing a framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources