中外青少年体质健康测评体系对比研究
|
摘要
通过分析当前青少年体质健康问题,对中国、美国、欧洲、加拿大和日本等国家和地区青少年体质健康测评体系的历史、发展、内容和现状等进行梳理与对比研究。现状:1)青少年超重/肥胖、近视已成为严峻的全球性公共卫生问题,其发生率逐年上升且低龄化趋势明显,我国青少年耐力、力量和脊柱健康水平持续下降;2)相较于我国统一的学生体质健康测试体系,国外测评更加多样化,且不同时期的测评系统各不相同,政府、学校和社会机构多维联动促进青少年体质健康发展;3)各国青少年体质健康测评关注重点经历了"身体形态-身体素质与运动能力-兼顾机能-身体健康"的演变过程,目前国外测评体系侧重于身体素质全面提升与基本动作技能发展,以及久坐不动引发的各类青少年体质健康问题;4)新时期国外现行体质健康测评系统与互联网、移动终端结合,运用在线工具综合评估青少年体质健康状况;5)我国学生体质健康测试指标经过2次修订,测试内容由繁到简,顺应了青少年体质健康发展需要,但指标设置并未全面反映青少年体质健康水平,仍存在完善空间。问题:我国学生体质健康测试标准中,1)低年级缺乏力量指标,全学龄段力量指标设置不均衡,初中以上女生缺乏上肢力量测试指标;2)缺乏反映平衡能力的测试指标;3) 1 000 m/800 m长距离跑测试未能全面反映心肺适能;4)当前青少年脊柱形态不良问题日趋严重,但未能纳入测试评估范畴;5)忽视了青少年基本运动技能的发展。建议:1)力量方面,建议增加握力测试,耐力方面,建议用节奏卷腹测试替换仰卧起坐来评估腹部力量耐力,可将平板支撑测试作为选测项以评估核心力量;2)心肺适能方面,建议使用PACER(progressiveaerobic cardiovascular endurance run),即节律20 m往返跑测试替换长距离跑;3)建议增加脊柱形态测试以评估青少年脊柱健康状况;4)建议增加闭眼单脚站立以评估青少年平衡能力;5)建议将反映基本运动技能的项目作为选测项,如单脚跳、滑行、接球、投掷、踢球等。
Learned the experience from the other countries or regions by comparing the history,development, content and present situation of the adolescent physical fitness assessment systems in China, United States, Europe, Canada and Japan. Current situation: 1) Overweight/obesity and myopia among adolescents have become serious public health problems globally. The incidence of the problems is increasing year by year and the trend of younger age is obvious. The endurance, strength, and spinal health of adolescents in China are declining continuously; 2)Compared with Chinese physical fitness testing standards, the physical fitness assessment of adolescent in foreign countries is more diversified, and the government, schools and social organizations work together to promote the healthy development of adolescent's physical fitness;3) The focus of the physical fitness assessment system in various countries has gone through the evolution process of "body composition, physical fitness, athletic ability, taking into account function and physical health". The foreign systems mainly focus on all kinds of physical fitness problems of adolescent, which caused by sedentariness. The assessments concentrate on the comprehensive improvement and development of basic motor skills for adolescent; 4) Using the internet, mobile terminals and online assessment tools, the foreign physical fitness assessment systems evaluate adolescent's physical fitness in the new era; 5) The assessment index of students' physical fitness in our country has been revised twice, and the contents are from complex to simple, which meets the needs of the development of teenagers' physical fitness. But the index does not fully reflect the level of adolescent physical fitness, and there is still room for improvement. Problems: In Chinese student physical fitness test standards, 1) There is a lack of strength index in the lower grades, the strength index of the whole school age is not balanced,and the upper-body strength test index is lack for the girls above middle school; 2) There is lack of index for reflecting the balance ability; 3) The test of long distance running failed to fully re-flect cardiopulmonary fitness; 4) Insufficient attention was paid to the problem of spine morphology; 5) Neglect the development of basic sports skills. Advices: 1) It is suggested to increase the grip strength test in all grades, and replace sit-ups with rhythmic belly roll test to evaluate abdominal strength endurance, as well as integrate the plank support test into the test system to evaluate core strength; 2) PACER testing is recommended to replace long-distance running; 3)It is recommended to increase the spine test to evaluate the shape of the spine; 4) It is recommended to set one-foot standing with eyes closed to assess balance; 5) It is suggested to set basic motor skills as options, such as one-foot jump, sliding, catching, throwing, kicking etc.
Learned the experience from the other countries or regions by comparing the history,development, content and present situation of the adolescent physical fitness assessment systems in China, United States, Europe, Canada and Japan. Current situation: 1) Overweight/obesity and myopia among adolescents have become serious public health problems globally. The incidence of the problems is increasing year by year and the trend of younger age is obvious. The endurance, strength, and spinal health of adolescents in China are declining continuously; 2)Compared with Chinese physical fitness testing standards, the physical fitness assessment of adolescent in foreign countries is more diversified, and the government, schools and social organizations work together to promote the healthy development of adolescent's physical fitness;3) The focus of the physical fitness assessment system in various countries has gone through the evolution process of "body composition, physical fitness, athletic ability, taking into account function and physical health". The foreign systems mainly focus on all kinds of physical fitness problems of adolescent, which caused by sedentariness. The assessments concentrate on the comprehensive improvement and development of basic motor skills for adolescent; 4) Using the internet, mobile terminals and online assessment tools, the foreign physical fitness assessment systems evaluate adolescent's physical fitness in the new era; 5) The assessment index of students' physical fitness in our country has been revised twice, and the contents are from complex to simple, which meets the needs of the development of teenagers' physical fitness. But the index does not fully reflect the level of adolescent physical fitness, and there is still room for improvement. Problems: In Chinese student physical fitness test standards, 1) There is a lack of strength index in the lower grades, the strength index of the whole school age is not balanced,and the upper-body strength test index is lack for the girls above middle school; 2) There is lack of index for reflecting the balance ability; 3) The test of long distance running failed to fully re-flect cardiopulmonary fitness; 4) Insufficient attention was paid to the problem of spine morphology; 5) Neglect the development of basic sports skills. Advices: 1) It is suggested to increase the grip strength test in all grades, and replace sit-ups with rhythmic belly roll test to evaluate abdominal strength endurance, as well as integrate the plank support test into the test system to evaluate core strength; 2) PACER testing is recommended to replace long-distance running; 3)It is recommended to increase the spine test to evaluate the shape of the spine; 4) It is recommended to set one-foot standing with eyes closed to assess balance; 5) It is suggested to set basic motor skills as options, such as one-foot jump, sliding, catching, throwing, kicking etc.
引文
陈思同,刘阳,2016.加拿大体育素养测评研究及启示[J].体育科学,36(3):44-51.
崔浩宇,赫忠慧,2014.中、日、美三国青少年体质健康测评制度及相关政策的比较研究[C]//体育社会学与社会变革中的挑战:2014年世界体育社会学大会暨中国体育社会科学年会论文集.北京大学:北京大学体育教研部:3.
杜冬琴,2008.中日体质健康测定标准的比较研究[D].南京:南京师范大学.
教育部,2014.关于印发《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》的通知[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://old.moe.gov.cn/public-files/business/htmlfiles/moe/s3273/201407/171692.html.
李卫东,王健,黄睿,等,2017.国外青少年体质健康促进政策的经验与启示[J].武汉体育学院学报,51(10):13-17.
刘岩,2018.小学生脊柱形态异常矫正运动处方的研制与效果评价[D].北京:北京体育大学.
蒲西安,2014.国内外国民体质监测研究现状[J].浙江体育科学,36(5):61-65.
任玉红,乙广贤,扈盛,2018.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯筛查方法的比较[J].湖北体育科技,37(10):893-895,936.
邵朋飞,2017.加拿大中小学生体育素养测评工具CAPL的修订研究[D].上海:华东师范大学.
宋逸,雷园婷,胡佩瑾,等,2018.2014年全国汉族中小学生身体素质现况分析[J].北京大学学报(医学版),50(3):436-442.
王利飞,张智海,李海啸,等,2010.脊柱动态测量仪对正常人和腰痛患者脊柱运动能力的量化测量[J].航空航天医学杂志,21(7):1110-1113.
王烁,董彦会,王政和,等,2017.1985-2014年中国7~18岁学生超重与肥胖流行趋势[J].中华预防医学杂志,51(4):300-305.
王政和,董彦会,宋逸,等,2017.中国2014年9~22岁学生体育锻炼时间不足1小时的流行现状与影响因素分析[J].中华流行病学杂志,38(3):341-345.
徐志标,2014.PACER测试预测初中生最大摄氧量的可靠性研究与应用研究[D].上海:上海师范大学.
杨红涛,2017.爬行运动对小学生脊柱形态影响的实验研究[D].石家庄:河北师范大学.
尹晓峰,刘志民,2017.德国儿童与青少年健康访查调研项目(KiGGS)的构建与启示[J].中国体育科技,53(5):12-21.
应一帆,张锋,2017.美国与日本学生体质健康测试研究[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),16(2):28-33.
于姣,于可红,2017.美国、日本青少年体质研究综述[J].浙江体育科学,39(2):80-84.
于可红,母顺碧,2004.中国、美国、日本体质研究比较[J].体育科学,24(7):51-54.
赵雅萍,孙晋海,2018a.加拿大青少年体育素养测评体系PLAY解读及启示[J].首都体育学院学报,30(2):145-150.
赵雅萍,孙晋海,2018b.加拿大青少年体育素养测评体系“生命护照”研究及启示[J].成都体育学院学报,(4):92-97,102.
郑小凤,张朋,刘新民,2017.我国中小学学生体质测试政策演进及政策完善研究[J].体育科学,(10):13-20.
中国学生体质与健康研究组,2018.2014年中国学生体质与健康研究报告[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
AAHPERD,1976.AAPHER Youth Fitness Test Manual,Revised 1976Edition[M].Reston,VA:AAHPERD.
AILEEN C,1941.An analysis of the relationships of the factors of velocity,strength,and dead weight to athletic performance[J].Res QExerc Sport,12(1):34-39.
AINSWORTH B,CORBETT D,HOWLEY E,2006.The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports:The First 50 Years:1956-2006[M].Washington,D.C:HHS.
BARRETT E,MCCREESH K,LEWIS J,2014.Reliability and validity of non-radiographic methods of thoracic kyphosis measurement:Asystematic review[J].Man Ther,19(1):10-17.
BOURNE R R A,STEVENS G A,WHITE R A,et al.,2013.Causes of vision loss worldwide,1990-2010:A systematic analysis[J].Lancet Glob Health,1(6):e339-e449.
BOYER C,TREMBLAY M,SAUNDERS T J,et al.,2013.Feasibility,validity and reliability of the plank isometric hold as afield-based assessment of torso muscular endurance for children 8-12 years of age[J].Pediatr Exerc Sci,25(3):407-422.
BURDEN A M,REDMOND C G.2013.Abdominal and hip flexor muscle activity during 2 minutes of sit-ups and curl-ups[J].Strength Cond Res,27(8):2119-2128.
BüRGI F,MEYER U,GRANACHER U,et al.,2011.Relationship of physical activity with motor skills,aerobic fitness and body fat in preschool children:A cross-sectional and longitudinal study(Ballabeina)[J].Int J Obes,35(7):937-944.
CAHPER,1966.The CAHPER fitness-performance test manual for boys and girls 7 to 17 years of age[M].Ottawa,Ont.:Canadian Association for Health,Physical Education,and Recreation:48.
CASTROPI?ERO J,ARTERO E G,ESPA?AROMERO V,et al.,2010.Criterion-related validity offield-basedfitness tests in youth:A systematic review[J].Br J Sports Med,44(44):934-943.
CHENG T O,2007.Fat kids grow up to be fat adults:A lesson to be learned from China[J].Int J Cardiol,117(1):133-135.
CHRYSLER FAPFP,STATES AAUOTU,1993.1992-1993 testing packet:Chrysler fund-AAU physicalfitness program[M].Bloomington,IN:Amateur Athletic Union.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE,1993.Eurofit:Handbook for the Eurofit test on physicalfitness[M].Strasbourg:Council of Europe.
CANADIAN SPORT FOR LIFE,2017.Long-Term Athlete Development 2.1[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://sportforlife.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/LTAD-2.1-EN_web.pdf.
CUMMING G R,KEYNES R,1967.A fitness performance test for school children and its correlation with physical working capacity and maximal oxygen uptake[J].Can Med Assoc J,96(18):1262-1269.
CURETON T K,LARSON L A,1941.Strength as an Approach to Physical Fitness[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,12(2):391-406.
DING B Y,SHIH Y F,LIN L L,et al.,2017.Myopia among schoolchildren in East Asia and Singapore[J].Surv Ophthalmol,62(5):677-697.
DOMANGUE E,SOLMON M,2010.Motivational responses tofitness testing by award status and gender[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,81(3):310-318.
GARZoN M J C,2012.The ALPHA Health-Related Fitness Test Battery for Children and Adolescents Test Manual[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://www.ugr.es/ES/documents/ALPHA-FitnessTestManualforChildren-Adolescents.pdf.
GOVERNMENT OF CANADA,2002.The Canadian sport policy[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].Ottawa:Canadian Heritage.http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/pch/CH24-46-2002-eng.pdf.
HALO,2014.Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy Manual for Test Administration[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].Ottawa.https://www.capl-ecsfp.ca/wp-content/uploads/capl-manual-english.pdf.
HHS,2018.Physical activity guidelines for Americans-2nd edition[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/pdf/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf.
HOLDEN B A,FRICKE T R,WILSON D A,et al.,2016.Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000through 2050[J].Ophthalmology,123(5):1036-1042.
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE,2012.Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth[M].Washington,DC:The National Academies Press.
KELLIS E,ADAMOU G,TZILIOS G,et al.,2008.Reliability of spinal range of motion in healthy boys using a skin-surface device[J].J Manipulative Physiol Ther,31(8):570-576.
LARSON L A,1941.A Factor Analysis of Motor Ability Variables and Tests,with Tests for College Men[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,12(3):499-517.
LEONG D P,TEO K K,RANGARAJAN S,et al.,2015.Prognostic value of grip strength:Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology(PURE)study[J].Lancet,386(9990):266-273.
LIEMOHN W,SNODGRASS L B,SHARPE G L,1988.Unresolved controversies in back management:A review[J].J Orthop Sports Phys,9(7):239-244.
MACSWEGIN P,1989.Physical best:The AAHPERD guide to physical fitness,education,and assessment[M].Reston,VA:AAH-PERD.
MALINA R M,KATZMARZYK P T,2006.Physical activity andfitness in an international growth standard for preadolescent and adolescent children[J].Food Nutr Bull,27(4 suppl5):S295-S313.
MCCLOY C H,1934.The measurement of general motor capacity and general motor ability[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,5(Supp 1):46-61.
MCCLOY C H,1941.The Factor Analysis as a Research Technique[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,12(1):22-33.
MORROW J R,JAMES R,EDE A,2009.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport lecture Statewide physicalfitness testing:a big waist or a big waste?[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,80(4):696-701.
NASPE,2004.Physical Activity for Children:A statement of guidelines for children ages 5-12[M].(2nd edition)Reston,VA:NASPEPublications.
NEGRINI S,DONZELLI S,AULISA A G,et al.,2018.2016 SOSORTguidelines:Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth[J].Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders,13(1):3.
NORRIS C M,1993.Abdominal muscle training in sport[J].Br JSports Med,27(1):19-27.
NORRIS S R,2010.Long-term athlete development Canada:attempting system change and multi-agency cooperation[J].Curr Sports Med Rep,9(6):379-382.
OKADA T,NAKAZATO K,IWAI K,et al.,2007.Body mass,nonspecific low back pain,and anatomical changes in the lumbar spine in judo athletes[J].J Orthop Sports Phys Ther,37(11):688-693.
PARK R J,1989.Measurement of physical fitness:A historical perspective[M].Washington,DC:US Dept of Human Services,Public Health Service.
PCPFS,2010.The President’s Challenge-Physical Activity&Fitness Guide[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://www.newton.k12.in.us/hs/pe/images/physical-fitness-guide.pdf.
PHYSICAL&HEALTH EDUCATION CANADA,2013.Passport for Life[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].https://passportforlife.ca/home/printable-guides.
PLOWMAN S A,MEREDITH M D,2013.Fitnessgram/Activitygram Reference Guide[M].(4th Edition)Dallas,TX:The Cooper Institute.
RAND R F,1925.Physical capacity tests in the administration of physical education[M].New York:Teachers College,Columbia University.
RILEY M,BLUHM B,2012.High blood pressure in children and adolescents[J].Am Fam Physician,85(7):693.
ROBERTS K C,YAO X,CARSON V,et al.,2017.Meeting the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth[J].Health Rep,28(10):3-7.
ROSS R,BLAIR S N,ARENA R,et al.,2016.Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice:A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign:A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association[J].Circulation,134(24):e653.
RUIZ J R,CASTROPI?ERO J,ESPA?AROMERO V,et al.,2011.Field-based fitness assessment in young people:The ALPHAhealth-relatedfitness test battery for children and adolescents[J].Br J Sports Med,45(6):518.
SHINGO N,TAKEO M,2002.The educational experiments of school health promotion for the youth in Japan:Analysis of the‘sport test’over the past 34 years[J].Health Promot Int,17(2):147-160.
SILVERMAN S,KEATING X D,PHILLIPS S R,2008.A lasting impression:A pedagogical perspective on youthfitness testing[J].Measur Physic Educ Exerc Sci,12(3):146-166.
SMITH J R,SCIUBBA D M,SAMDANI A F,2008.Scoliosis:Astraightforward approach to diagnosis and management[J].JAA-PA,21(11):40-5.
SMOLIANOV P,2016.Experimental practices of high performance sport and holisticfitness:Experiences of Eastern Europe[C]//proceedings of The North Central National Strength and Conditioning Association Regional Conference.Iowa:University of Northern Iowa.
SPARLING P B,MILLARDSTAFFORD M,SNOW T K,1997.Development of a cadence curl-up test for college students[J].Res QExerc Sport,68(4):309-316.
SPORT FOR LIFE SOCIETY,2016.PLAYfun workbook[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://physicalliteracy.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/PLAYfun_workbook.pdf.
TAN K J,MOE M M,VAITHINATHAN R,et al.,2009.Curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis:Follow-up study to skeletal maturity[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),34(7):697-700.
THOMPSON P,1975.North York Fall Norms for Boys and Girls Age 12-14 for:CAHPER Tests;Measures of Aerobic Fitness;Peak Flow;Muscle Strength;Percent Body Fat[J].Cardiovascular System,33.
TOMKINSON G R,LANG J J,TREMBLAY M S,et al.,2017.International normative 20 m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries[J].Br J Sports Med,51(21):1545-1554.
TOMKINSON G R,LéGER L A,OLDS T S,et al.,2003.Secular trends in the performance of children and adolescents(1980-2000):An analysis of 55 studies of the 20m shuttle run test in 11countries[J].Sports Med,33(4):285-300.
TOMKINSON G R,MACFARLANE D,NOI S,et al.,2012.Temporal changes in long-distance running performance of Asian children between 1964 and 2009[J].Sports Med,42(4):267-279.
TOMKINSON G R,OLDS T S,2007.Secular changes in pediatric aerobicfitness test performance:The global picture[J].Pediatric Fit,50:46-66.
WARD Z J,LONG M W,RESCH S C,et al.,2017.Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood[J].New England J Med,377(22):2145-2153.
WEINSTEIN S L,DOLAN L A,SPRATT K F,et al.,2003.Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis:A 50-year natural history study[J].JAMA,289(5):559-67.
WHO,2017.Country Report:Canada[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].https://www.paho.org/saludenlas americas 2017/?page_id=101.
崔浩宇,赫忠慧,2014.中、日、美三国青少年体质健康测评制度及相关政策的比较研究[C]//体育社会学与社会变革中的挑战:2014年世界体育社会学大会暨中国体育社会科学年会论文集.北京大学:北京大学体育教研部:3.
杜冬琴,2008.中日体质健康测定标准的比较研究[D].南京:南京师范大学.
教育部,2014.关于印发《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》的通知[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://old.moe.gov.cn/public-files/business/htmlfiles/moe/s3273/201407/171692.html.
李卫东,王健,黄睿,等,2017.国外青少年体质健康促进政策的经验与启示[J].武汉体育学院学报,51(10):13-17.
刘岩,2018.小学生脊柱形态异常矫正运动处方的研制与效果评价[D].北京:北京体育大学.
蒲西安,2014.国内外国民体质监测研究现状[J].浙江体育科学,36(5):61-65.
任玉红,乙广贤,扈盛,2018.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯筛查方法的比较[J].湖北体育科技,37(10):893-895,936.
邵朋飞,2017.加拿大中小学生体育素养测评工具CAPL的修订研究[D].上海:华东师范大学.
宋逸,雷园婷,胡佩瑾,等,2018.2014年全国汉族中小学生身体素质现况分析[J].北京大学学报(医学版),50(3):436-442.
王利飞,张智海,李海啸,等,2010.脊柱动态测量仪对正常人和腰痛患者脊柱运动能力的量化测量[J].航空航天医学杂志,21(7):1110-1113.
王烁,董彦会,王政和,等,2017.1985-2014年中国7~18岁学生超重与肥胖流行趋势[J].中华预防医学杂志,51(4):300-305.
王政和,董彦会,宋逸,等,2017.中国2014年9~22岁学生体育锻炼时间不足1小时的流行现状与影响因素分析[J].中华流行病学杂志,38(3):341-345.
徐志标,2014.PACER测试预测初中生最大摄氧量的可靠性研究与应用研究[D].上海:上海师范大学.
杨红涛,2017.爬行运动对小学生脊柱形态影响的实验研究[D].石家庄:河北师范大学.
尹晓峰,刘志民,2017.德国儿童与青少年健康访查调研项目(KiGGS)的构建与启示[J].中国体育科技,53(5):12-21.
应一帆,张锋,2017.美国与日本学生体质健康测试研究[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),16(2):28-33.
于姣,于可红,2017.美国、日本青少年体质研究综述[J].浙江体育科学,39(2):80-84.
于可红,母顺碧,2004.中国、美国、日本体质研究比较[J].体育科学,24(7):51-54.
赵雅萍,孙晋海,2018a.加拿大青少年体育素养测评体系PLAY解读及启示[J].首都体育学院学报,30(2):145-150.
赵雅萍,孙晋海,2018b.加拿大青少年体育素养测评体系“生命护照”研究及启示[J].成都体育学院学报,(4):92-97,102.
郑小凤,张朋,刘新民,2017.我国中小学学生体质测试政策演进及政策完善研究[J].体育科学,(10):13-20.
中国学生体质与健康研究组,2018.2014年中国学生体质与健康研究报告[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
AAHPERD,1976.AAPHER Youth Fitness Test Manual,Revised 1976Edition[M].Reston,VA:AAHPERD.
AILEEN C,1941.An analysis of the relationships of the factors of velocity,strength,and dead weight to athletic performance[J].Res QExerc Sport,12(1):34-39.
AINSWORTH B,CORBETT D,HOWLEY E,2006.The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports:The First 50 Years:1956-2006[M].Washington,D.C:HHS.
BARRETT E,MCCREESH K,LEWIS J,2014.Reliability and validity of non-radiographic methods of thoracic kyphosis measurement:Asystematic review[J].Man Ther,19(1):10-17.
BOURNE R R A,STEVENS G A,WHITE R A,et al.,2013.Causes of vision loss worldwide,1990-2010:A systematic analysis[J].Lancet Glob Health,1(6):e339-e449.
BOYER C,TREMBLAY M,SAUNDERS T J,et al.,2013.Feasibility,validity and reliability of the plank isometric hold as afield-based assessment of torso muscular endurance for children 8-12 years of age[J].Pediatr Exerc Sci,25(3):407-422.
BURDEN A M,REDMOND C G.2013.Abdominal and hip flexor muscle activity during 2 minutes of sit-ups and curl-ups[J].Strength Cond Res,27(8):2119-2128.
BüRGI F,MEYER U,GRANACHER U,et al.,2011.Relationship of physical activity with motor skills,aerobic fitness and body fat in preschool children:A cross-sectional and longitudinal study(Ballabeina)[J].Int J Obes,35(7):937-944.
CAHPER,1966.The CAHPER fitness-performance test manual for boys and girls 7 to 17 years of age[M].Ottawa,Ont.:Canadian Association for Health,Physical Education,and Recreation:48.
CASTROPI?ERO J,ARTERO E G,ESPA?AROMERO V,et al.,2010.Criterion-related validity offield-basedfitness tests in youth:A systematic review[J].Br J Sports Med,44(44):934-943.
CHENG T O,2007.Fat kids grow up to be fat adults:A lesson to be learned from China[J].Int J Cardiol,117(1):133-135.
CHRYSLER FAPFP,STATES AAUOTU,1993.1992-1993 testing packet:Chrysler fund-AAU physicalfitness program[M].Bloomington,IN:Amateur Athletic Union.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE,1993.Eurofit:Handbook for the Eurofit test on physicalfitness[M].Strasbourg:Council of Europe.
CANADIAN SPORT FOR LIFE,2017.Long-Term Athlete Development 2.1[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://sportforlife.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/LTAD-2.1-EN_web.pdf.
CUMMING G R,KEYNES R,1967.A fitness performance test for school children and its correlation with physical working capacity and maximal oxygen uptake[J].Can Med Assoc J,96(18):1262-1269.
CURETON T K,LARSON L A,1941.Strength as an Approach to Physical Fitness[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,12(2):391-406.
DING B Y,SHIH Y F,LIN L L,et al.,2017.Myopia among schoolchildren in East Asia and Singapore[J].Surv Ophthalmol,62(5):677-697.
DOMANGUE E,SOLMON M,2010.Motivational responses tofitness testing by award status and gender[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,81(3):310-318.
GARZoN M J C,2012.The ALPHA Health-Related Fitness Test Battery for Children and Adolescents Test Manual[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://www.ugr.es/ES/documents/ALPHA-FitnessTestManualforChildren-Adolescents.pdf.
GOVERNMENT OF CANADA,2002.The Canadian sport policy[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].Ottawa:Canadian Heritage.http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/pch/CH24-46-2002-eng.pdf.
HALO,2014.Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy Manual for Test Administration[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].Ottawa.https://www.capl-ecsfp.ca/wp-content/uploads/capl-manual-english.pdf.
HHS,2018.Physical activity guidelines for Americans-2nd edition[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/pdf/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf.
HOLDEN B A,FRICKE T R,WILSON D A,et al.,2016.Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000through 2050[J].Ophthalmology,123(5):1036-1042.
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE,2012.Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth[M].Washington,DC:The National Academies Press.
KELLIS E,ADAMOU G,TZILIOS G,et al.,2008.Reliability of spinal range of motion in healthy boys using a skin-surface device[J].J Manipulative Physiol Ther,31(8):570-576.
LARSON L A,1941.A Factor Analysis of Motor Ability Variables and Tests,with Tests for College Men[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,12(3):499-517.
LEONG D P,TEO K K,RANGARAJAN S,et al.,2015.Prognostic value of grip strength:Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology(PURE)study[J].Lancet,386(9990):266-273.
LIEMOHN W,SNODGRASS L B,SHARPE G L,1988.Unresolved controversies in back management:A review[J].J Orthop Sports Phys,9(7):239-244.
MACSWEGIN P,1989.Physical best:The AAHPERD guide to physical fitness,education,and assessment[M].Reston,VA:AAH-PERD.
MALINA R M,KATZMARZYK P T,2006.Physical activity andfitness in an international growth standard for preadolescent and adolescent children[J].Food Nutr Bull,27(4 suppl5):S295-S313.
MCCLOY C H,1934.The measurement of general motor capacity and general motor ability[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,5(Supp 1):46-61.
MCCLOY C H,1941.The Factor Analysis as a Research Technique[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,12(1):22-33.
MORROW J R,JAMES R,EDE A,2009.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport lecture Statewide physicalfitness testing:a big waist or a big waste?[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,80(4):696-701.
NASPE,2004.Physical Activity for Children:A statement of guidelines for children ages 5-12[M].(2nd edition)Reston,VA:NASPEPublications.
NEGRINI S,DONZELLI S,AULISA A G,et al.,2018.2016 SOSORTguidelines:Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth[J].Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders,13(1):3.
NORRIS C M,1993.Abdominal muscle training in sport[J].Br JSports Med,27(1):19-27.
NORRIS S R,2010.Long-term athlete development Canada:attempting system change and multi-agency cooperation[J].Curr Sports Med Rep,9(6):379-382.
OKADA T,NAKAZATO K,IWAI K,et al.,2007.Body mass,nonspecific low back pain,and anatomical changes in the lumbar spine in judo athletes[J].J Orthop Sports Phys Ther,37(11):688-693.
PARK R J,1989.Measurement of physical fitness:A historical perspective[M].Washington,DC:US Dept of Human Services,Public Health Service.
PCPFS,2010.The President’s Challenge-Physical Activity&Fitness Guide[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://www.newton.k12.in.us/hs/pe/images/physical-fitness-guide.pdf.
PHYSICAL&HEALTH EDUCATION CANADA,2013.Passport for Life[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].https://passportforlife.ca/home/printable-guides.
PLOWMAN S A,MEREDITH M D,2013.Fitnessgram/Activitygram Reference Guide[M].(4th Edition)Dallas,TX:The Cooper Institute.
RAND R F,1925.Physical capacity tests in the administration of physical education[M].New York:Teachers College,Columbia University.
RILEY M,BLUHM B,2012.High blood pressure in children and adolescents[J].Am Fam Physician,85(7):693.
ROBERTS K C,YAO X,CARSON V,et al.,2017.Meeting the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth[J].Health Rep,28(10):3-7.
ROSS R,BLAIR S N,ARENA R,et al.,2016.Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice:A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign:A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association[J].Circulation,134(24):e653.
RUIZ J R,CASTROPI?ERO J,ESPA?AROMERO V,et al.,2011.Field-based fitness assessment in young people:The ALPHAhealth-relatedfitness test battery for children and adolescents[J].Br J Sports Med,45(6):518.
SHINGO N,TAKEO M,2002.The educational experiments of school health promotion for the youth in Japan:Analysis of the‘sport test’over the past 34 years[J].Health Promot Int,17(2):147-160.
SILVERMAN S,KEATING X D,PHILLIPS S R,2008.A lasting impression:A pedagogical perspective on youthfitness testing[J].Measur Physic Educ Exerc Sci,12(3):146-166.
SMITH J R,SCIUBBA D M,SAMDANI A F,2008.Scoliosis:Astraightforward approach to diagnosis and management[J].JAA-PA,21(11):40-5.
SMOLIANOV P,2016.Experimental practices of high performance sport and holisticfitness:Experiences of Eastern Europe[C]//proceedings of The North Central National Strength and Conditioning Association Regional Conference.Iowa:University of Northern Iowa.
SPARLING P B,MILLARDSTAFFORD M,SNOW T K,1997.Development of a cadence curl-up test for college students[J].Res QExerc Sport,68(4):309-316.
SPORT FOR LIFE SOCIETY,2016.PLAYfun workbook[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].http://physicalliteracy.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/PLAYfun_workbook.pdf.
TAN K J,MOE M M,VAITHINATHAN R,et al.,2009.Curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis:Follow-up study to skeletal maturity[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),34(7):697-700.
THOMPSON P,1975.North York Fall Norms for Boys and Girls Age 12-14 for:CAHPER Tests;Measures of Aerobic Fitness;Peak Flow;Muscle Strength;Percent Body Fat[J].Cardiovascular System,33.
TOMKINSON G R,LANG J J,TREMBLAY M S,et al.,2017.International normative 20 m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries[J].Br J Sports Med,51(21):1545-1554.
TOMKINSON G R,LéGER L A,OLDS T S,et al.,2003.Secular trends in the performance of children and adolescents(1980-2000):An analysis of 55 studies of the 20m shuttle run test in 11countries[J].Sports Med,33(4):285-300.
TOMKINSON G R,MACFARLANE D,NOI S,et al.,2012.Temporal changes in long-distance running performance of Asian children between 1964 and 2009[J].Sports Med,42(4):267-279.
TOMKINSON G R,OLDS T S,2007.Secular changes in pediatric aerobicfitness test performance:The global picture[J].Pediatric Fit,50:46-66.
WARD Z J,LONG M W,RESCH S C,et al.,2017.Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood[J].New England J Med,377(22):2145-2153.
WEINSTEIN S L,DOLAN L A,SPRATT K F,et al.,2003.Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis:A 50-year natural history study[J].JAMA,289(5):559-67.
WHO,2017.Country Report:Canada[EB/OL].[2019-01-01].https://www.paho.org/saludenlas americas 2017/?page_id=101.