基于Noah陆面过程模型模拟青藏高原植被和土壤特征对多年冻土的影响
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摘要
针对青藏高原植被稀疏、土壤颗粒较粗糙的特征,基于Noah陆面过程模型(LSM),模拟了植被和土壤对整个高原多年冻土分布和关键属性特征(包括活动层厚度和年平均地温)的影响,并通过野外调查数据对模拟结果进行了评估。结果表明:在考虑稀疏植被和粗糙土壤后,改进的Noah LSM对青藏高原多年冻土分布和属性的模拟性能都有所改善;多年冻土面积由原始Noah模型模拟的1.216×10~6km~2减少到1.113×10~6km~2,模拟的空间差异主要出现在多年冻土与季节冻土的过渡区及高原南部的岛状多年冻土区;模拟的高原平均活动层厚度由原始Noah模型模拟的2.55 m增加到2.92 m,年平均地温也由-2.17℃增加到-1.65℃。总之,青藏高原稀疏植被和粗糙土壤对多年冻土有重要影响。
The sparse vegetation and coarse soils are widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau. In this study,the impacts of vegetation and soil characteristics on permafrost distribution were simulated,as well as the key characteristics including active layer thickness and mean annual ground temperature on the entire plateau,based on the Noah land surface model(LSM). The simulation results were assessed by comparing with field survey data. The results showed that the Noah LSM,taking the sparse vegetation and coarse soil into account,is capable of modelling permafrost over the plateau. The permafrost area was reduced from 1. 216 × 106 km~2 to 1. 113 × 10~6 km~2 after considering the impacts of sparse vegetation and coarse soils. The simulated spatial differences mainly appeared in the transitional areas between permafrost and seasonally frozen soil and the patchy permafrost areas in the southern part of the plateau. The simulated active layer thickness averaged over the plateau and mean annual ground temperature were increased from 2. 55 m to 2. 92 m and from -2. 17 ℃ to-1. 65 ℃,respectively.These results indicate that the sparse vegetation and coarse soils have great impact on permafrost over the plateau.
The sparse vegetation and coarse soils are widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau. In this study,the impacts of vegetation and soil characteristics on permafrost distribution were simulated,as well as the key characteristics including active layer thickness and mean annual ground temperature on the entire plateau,based on the Noah land surface model(LSM). The simulation results were assessed by comparing with field survey data. The results showed that the Noah LSM,taking the sparse vegetation and coarse soil into account,is capable of modelling permafrost over the plateau. The permafrost area was reduced from 1. 216 × 106 km~2 to 1. 113 × 10~6 km~2 after considering the impacts of sparse vegetation and coarse soils. The simulated spatial differences mainly appeared in the transitional areas between permafrost and seasonally frozen soil and the patchy permafrost areas in the southern part of the plateau. The simulated active layer thickness averaged over the plateau and mean annual ground temperature were increased from 2. 55 m to 2. 92 m and from -2. 17 ℃ to-1. 65 ℃,respectively.These results indicate that the sparse vegetation and coarse soils have great impact on permafrost over the plateau.
引文
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[2]Zhou Jian,Wang Genxu,Li Xin,et al.Energy-water balance of meadowecosystem in cold frozen soil areas[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(3):398-406.[周剑,王根绪,李新,等.高寒冻土地区草甸草地生态系统的能量-水分平衡分析[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(3):398-406.]
[3]Sun Yongfu.Permafrost engineering in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway:research and practice[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(2):153-162.[孙永福.青藏铁路多年冻土工程的研究与实践[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(2):153-162.]
[4]Cheng Guodong.Problems on zonation of high-altitude permafrost[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1984,39(2):185-193.[程国栋.我国高海拔多年冻土地带性规律之探讨[J].地理学报,1984,39(2):185-193.]
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[6]Liu Guangsheng,Wang Genxu,Hu Hongchang,et al.Influence of vegetation coverage on water and heat processes of the active layer in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(1):89-95.[刘光生,王根绪,胡宏昌,等.青藏高原多年冻土区植被盖度变化对活动层水热过程的影响[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(1):89-95.]
[7]Pang Qiangqiang,Zhao Lin,Li Shuxun.Influences of local factors on ground temperatures in permafrost regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(2):349-356.[庞强强,赵林,李述训.局地因素对青藏公路沿线多年冻土区地温影响分析[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(2):349-356.]
[8]Zhao Shuping,Nan Zhuotong,Huang Yingbing,et al.The application and evaluation of simple permafrost distribution models on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,2017,28(2):391-404.
[9]He Yujie,Yi Shuhua,Guo Xinlei.Experimental study on thermal conductivity of soil with gravel on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(2):343-350.[何玉洁,宜树华,郭新磊.青藏高原含砂砾石土壤导热率实验研究[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(2):343-350.]
[10]Dankers R,Burke E J,Price J.Simulation of permafrost and seasonal thawdepth in the JULES land surface scheme[J].The Cryosphere,2011,5(3):773-790.
[11]Barman R,Jain A K.Comparison of effects of cold-region soil/snowprocesses and the uncertainties from model forcing data on permafrost physical characteristics[J].Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems,2016,8(1):453-466.
[12]Yue Guangyang,Zhao Lin,Zhao Yonghua,et al.Relationship between soil properties in permafrost active layer and surface vegetation in Xidatan on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(3):565-573.[岳广阳,赵林,赵拥华,等.青藏高原西大滩多年冻土活动层土壤性状与地表植被的关系[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(3):565-573.]
[13]Pan Yongjie,LüShihua,Gao Yanhong,et al.Simulation of influence of gravel on soil thermal and hydraulic properties on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2015,34(5):1224-1236.[潘永洁,吕世华,高艳红,等.砾石对青藏高原土壤水热特性影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,2015,34(5):1224-1236.]
[14]Li Jing,Sheng Yu,Jiao Shixing.Progress in mapping and modeling the distribution of alpine permafrost in China and abroad[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(4):679-687.[李静,盛煜,焦士兴.高山多年冻土分布模型与制图研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(4):679-687.]
[15]Riseborough D,Shiklomanov N,Etzelmuller B,et al.Recent advances in permafrost modelling[J].Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,2008,19(2):137-156.
[16]Li Xin,Cheng Guodong.A GIS-aided response model of highaltitude permafrost to global change[J].Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,1999,42(1):72-79.[李新,程国栋.高海拔多年冻土对全球变化的响应模型[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,1999,29(2):185-192.]
[17]Nan Zhuotong,Li Shuxun,Liu Yongzhi.Mean annual ground temperature distribution on the Tibetan Plateau:permafrost distribution mapping and further application[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(2):142-148.[南卓铜,李述训,刘永智.基于年平均地温的青藏高原冻土分布制图及应用[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(2):142-148.]
[18]Wu Qingbai,Zhu Yuanlin,Liu Yongzhi.Application of the permafrost table temperature and thermal offset forecast model in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(5):614-617.[吴青柏,朱元林,刘永智.青藏高原多年冻土顶板温度和温度位移预报模型的应用[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(5):614-617.]
[19]Chen Hao,Nan Zhuotong,Zhao Lin,et al.Noah modelling of the permafrost distribution and characteristics in the West Kunlun area,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China[J].Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,2015,26(2):160-174.
[20]Xiao Yao,Zhao Lin,Dai Yongjiu,et al.Representing permafrost properties in Co LMfor the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2013,87:68-77.
[21]Wu X D,Zhao L,Fang H B,et al.Environmental controls on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in the high-altitude arid western Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2016,121(1):176-187.
[22]Wang W,Rinke A,Moore J C,et al.Diagnostic and model dependent uncertainty of simulated Tibetan permafrost area[J].The Cryosphere,2016,10(1):287-306.
[23]Ma Qimin,Huang Yingbing,Nan Zhuotong,et al.Simulating one dimensional water-heat processes in a typical permafrost region in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(2):341-350.[马启民,黄滢冰,南卓铜,等.青藏高原典型多年冻土区的一维水热过程模拟研究[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(2):341-350.]
[24]Liu Yang,Zhao Lin,Li Ren.Simulation of the soil waterthermal features within the active layer in Tanggula region,Tibetan Plateau,by using SHAW model[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(2):280-290.[刘杨,赵林,李韧.基于SHAW模型的青藏高原唐古拉地区活动层土壤水热特征模拟[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(2):280-290.]
[25]Chinese Editorial Board of Vegetation Map.Vegetation atlas of China(1∶1 000 000)[M].Beijing:Science Press,2001.[中国植被图编辑委员会.1∶100万中国植被类型图[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.]
[26]Wu Xiaobo,Nan Zhuotong.A multilayer soil texture dataset for permafrost modeling over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[C]//Proceedings of 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.NewYork:IEEE,2016:4917-4920.
[27]Chen Yingying,Yang Kun,He Jie,et al.Improving land surface temperature modeling for dry land of China[J/OL].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2011,116(D20)[2018-01-05].http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011JD015921/full.
[28]Chen J,Zhao L,Sheng Y,et al.Some characteristics of permafrost and its distribution in the Gaize area on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China[J].Arctic,Antarctic and Alpine Research,2016,48(2):395-409.
[29]Liu Guangyue,Wang Wu,Zhao Lin,et al.Using transient electromagnetic method to sound permafrost depth in the West Kunlun Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):38-48.[刘广岳,王武,赵林,等.基于瞬变电磁法(TEM)的西昆仑地区多年冻土厚度探测与研究[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):38-48.]
[30]Wu Qingbai,Zhang Tingjun,Liu Yongzhi.Thermal state of the active layer and permafrost along the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Railway from 2006 to 2010[J].The Cryosphere,2012,6(3):607-612.
[31]Ek MB,Mitchell K E,Lin Y,et al.Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the national centers for environmental prediction operational mesoscale Eta model[J/OL].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(D22)[2018-01-05].http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JD003296/full.
[32]Yang K,Koike T,Ishikawa H,et al.Turbulent flux transfer over bare-soil surfaces:characteristics and parameterization[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,2008,47(1):276-290.
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