“区块链+”商业模式创新整合路径
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摘要
区块链应用领域的研究主要集中在区块链技术与传统行业的结合,也就是"区块链+"商业模式创新,这些研究成果存在大量相互矛盾之处。这是因为现有研究由区块链出发推演商业模式创新的过程中,混淆了区块链技术、区块链特征和区块链理念三个范畴。在梳理三者边界以及相互之间关系的基础上,本文通过对三种"区块链+"共享经济商业模式创新路径的对比分析,发现由区块链集成技术和发展阶段所形成的组态决定了其与具体领域结合时表现出的商业模式新特征。这些特征一般表现为数据权、隐私和数据成本等方面,即"区块链+"商业模式创新点。进一步研究发现,"区块链+"商业模式创新的方向,例如打破垄断、独立自主和合作共赢等,与区块链创生的理念相契合。由此得出"区块链+"商业模式创新的整合路径为,区块链技术组态到具体商业模式的优化创新,再到区块链理念与商业模式理念的双向影响。形成三者循环的动态变化。本研究为不同领域"区块链+"商业模式的研究提供了理论框架,也为区块链企业的发展指明了方向。
The researches in the application field of blockchain mainly focus on the combination of blockchain technology and traditional industry. It mainly discusses how blockchain can change the value creation mode of traditional industries,that is the "blockchain + " business model innovation. From the beginning of the upsurge of blockchain research in 2015,scholars have given it too much expectation and significance,abstracted many concepts that can be used to remedy the existing drawbacks of traditional industries from it,conceived the path to support business model innovation in various fields,and given it various legitimacy.There are a lot of contradictions in these research results,such as divergences in trend prediction of the same industry,conflicts in innovative ways of change in the same field,disputes over whetherblockchain can be applied in a certain business model and the necessity of their application. Specifically,after the " blockchain + " business model innovation of Internet platform,whether the platform still has value or not; in the process of " blockchain + " business model innovation in financial industry,whether it should adopt centralization,partial centralization or de-centralization mode; in the process of " blockchain + " business model innovation in big data industry,the privacy issues should be completely concealed,semi-public or selective public.The reason for the above phenomenon is that the research on " blockchain + " business model innovation is not clear about the development stage of blockchain technology,the concept characteristics of blockchain,the cycle stage of blockchain technology development and the direction of " blockchain + " business model change,which makes the whole research field disordered and difficult for the researchers to get further development. That is because in the process of deriving business model innovation from the blockchain perspective,the existing researches confused the three categories: blockchain technology,which supports blockchain network through program,coding and hardware,blockchain characteristics,which are different from traditional network construction protocols,and blockchain concepts,the humanistic thought that is contained in the application of blockchain.On the basis of sorting out the boundaries and relationships among these three concepts,this paper makes a comparative analysis of the innovation paths of the three " blockchain + " shared economic business models. It finds that block chain technology is a systematic integration of information technology,which contains a wide range of technologies,and the specific subdivision technologies under each type of technology are different,and the stages of technology development are also different. The effects of the combination and cooperation of the technologies applied in blockchain are also affected by a certain technology or the overall stage of technology development. It is the technical types of blockchain integration and the configuration formed during the development phase determined the new features of the business model that emerged when combined with specific areas. These characteristics are generally expressed as data rights,privacy,and data costs,those are the " blockchain + " business model innovation points.This paper chooses the different innovative paths or opposite innovative results in the study of " blockchain + " shared economy business model as the cases to discuss. By comparing the differences in the research on the role of Internet platform in the shared economy under blockchain,this paper explores the integration path of " blockchain + " business model innovation,and finds out the reasons for the contradictions through the integration path. Comparing with the business model of " blockchain + " shared economy,we can find that there are two kinds of drawbacks that are difficult to solve in shared economy: data rights and privacy. Based on this,there are obvious divergences in the research of " blockchain + " shared economy business model in the aspects of data rights,privacy rights and platform roles innovation path,which can be summarized as compensatory innovation path,substitutional innovation path and subversive innovation path. Compensatory innovation,in general,makes up for the deficiencies and loopholes in the existing shared economy business model through the technological advantages of blockchain; substitutional innovation,which weakens most of the role of Internet platform in the traditional shared economy,then evolves into a supply block of integrated services assisted by supervision,technical support and trade,whose value is mainly reflected in reducing the transaction of shared economy;subversive innovation,completely subverts the role of Internet platform as the central block. The value-creating parties of shared economy operate their own blocks independently. Other supporting assistants,such as search service,verification service and technical support service,also participate in the new shared economy in the mode of independent blocks.Further research found that the direction of"blockchain + "business model innovation,such as breaking monopoly,independence and win-win,the concepts that blockchain created fit with each other. It is concluded that the integration path of "blockchain + " business model innovation is to combine appropriate technology configuration of blockchain with business model in application field under specific circumstances,to optimize and innovate specific business model,and then to the two-way influence of blockchain concept and business model concept. In this process,the three factors evolve in the interaction,and finally form a dynamic change cycle.Finally,this paper makes an analysis from four aspects: technology,culture,ability and stakeholders. Firstly,it is the development of related technology,including the related technology of building blockchain and the software and hardware technology of supporting blockchain. Secondly,we need to consider the differences of cultural environment,that is,the consensus and law of the right of choice,data right,privacy right and so on. Thirdly,we need to consider the development level of basic social skills,such as the use of the Internet for searching,trading,communication and so on. It is common to take photos,navigate,and connect online and offline through mobile devices. Fourthly,the participation of stakeholders will affect the value creation orientation and value distribution mode of " blockchain + " business model innovation. It provides a theoretical framework for the study of"blockchain+ "business models in different fields,and also points the direction for the development of blockchain enterprises.
The researches in the application field of blockchain mainly focus on the combination of blockchain technology and traditional industry. It mainly discusses how blockchain can change the value creation mode of traditional industries,that is the "blockchain + " business model innovation. From the beginning of the upsurge of blockchain research in 2015,scholars have given it too much expectation and significance,abstracted many concepts that can be used to remedy the existing drawbacks of traditional industries from it,conceived the path to support business model innovation in various fields,and given it various legitimacy.There are a lot of contradictions in these research results,such as divergences in trend prediction of the same industry,conflicts in innovative ways of change in the same field,disputes over whetherblockchain can be applied in a certain business model and the necessity of their application. Specifically,after the " blockchain + " business model innovation of Internet platform,whether the platform still has value or not; in the process of " blockchain + " business model innovation in financial industry,whether it should adopt centralization,partial centralization or de-centralization mode; in the process of " blockchain + " business model innovation in big data industry,the privacy issues should be completely concealed,semi-public or selective public.The reason for the above phenomenon is that the research on " blockchain + " business model innovation is not clear about the development stage of blockchain technology,the concept characteristics of blockchain,the cycle stage of blockchain technology development and the direction of " blockchain + " business model change,which makes the whole research field disordered and difficult for the researchers to get further development. That is because in the process of deriving business model innovation from the blockchain perspective,the existing researches confused the three categories: blockchain technology,which supports blockchain network through program,coding and hardware,blockchain characteristics,which are different from traditional network construction protocols,and blockchain concepts,the humanistic thought that is contained in the application of blockchain.On the basis of sorting out the boundaries and relationships among these three concepts,this paper makes a comparative analysis of the innovation paths of the three " blockchain + " shared economic business models. It finds that block chain technology is a systematic integration of information technology,which contains a wide range of technologies,and the specific subdivision technologies under each type of technology are different,and the stages of technology development are also different. The effects of the combination and cooperation of the technologies applied in blockchain are also affected by a certain technology or the overall stage of technology development. It is the technical types of blockchain integration and the configuration formed during the development phase determined the new features of the business model that emerged when combined with specific areas. These characteristics are generally expressed as data rights,privacy,and data costs,those are the " blockchain + " business model innovation points.This paper chooses the different innovative paths or opposite innovative results in the study of " blockchain + " shared economy business model as the cases to discuss. By comparing the differences in the research on the role of Internet platform in the shared economy under blockchain,this paper explores the integration path of " blockchain + " business model innovation,and finds out the reasons for the contradictions through the integration path. Comparing with the business model of " blockchain + " shared economy,we can find that there are two kinds of drawbacks that are difficult to solve in shared economy: data rights and privacy. Based on this,there are obvious divergences in the research of " blockchain + " shared economy business model in the aspects of data rights,privacy rights and platform roles innovation path,which can be summarized as compensatory innovation path,substitutional innovation path and subversive innovation path. Compensatory innovation,in general,makes up for the deficiencies and loopholes in the existing shared economy business model through the technological advantages of blockchain; substitutional innovation,which weakens most of the role of Internet platform in the traditional shared economy,then evolves into a supply block of integrated services assisted by supervision,technical support and trade,whose value is mainly reflected in reducing the transaction of shared economy;subversive innovation,completely subverts the role of Internet platform as the central block. The value-creating parties of shared economy operate their own blocks independently. Other supporting assistants,such as search service,verification service and technical support service,also participate in the new shared economy in the mode of independent blocks.Further research found that the direction of"blockchain + "business model innovation,such as breaking monopoly,independence and win-win,the concepts that blockchain created fit with each other. It is concluded that the integration path of "blockchain + " business model innovation is to combine appropriate technology configuration of blockchain with business model in application field under specific circumstances,to optimize and innovate specific business model,and then to the two-way influence of blockchain concept and business model concept. In this process,the three factors evolve in the interaction,and finally form a dynamic change cycle.Finally,this paper makes an analysis from four aspects: technology,culture,ability and stakeholders. Firstly,it is the development of related technology,including the related technology of building blockchain and the software and hardware technology of supporting blockchain. Secondly,we need to consider the differences of cultural environment,that is,the consensus and law of the right of choice,data right,privacy right and so on. Thirdly,we need to consider the development level of basic social skills,such as the use of the Internet for searching,trading,communication and so on. It is common to take photos,navigate,and connect online and offline through mobile devices. Fourthly,the participation of stakeholders will affect the value creation orientation and value distribution mode of " blockchain + " business model innovation. It provides a theoretical framework for the study of"blockchain+ "business models in different fields,and also points the direction for the development of blockchain enterprises.
引文
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[19]Bughin J,Livingston J,Marwaha S.Seizing the potential of‘big data’[J].Mc Kinsey Quarterly,2011,4:103-109.
[2]Kiviat T I.Beyond bitcoin:Issues in regulating blockchain transactions[J].Duke Law Journal,2015,65.
[3]Peters G W,Panayi E,Chapelle A.Trends in crypto-currencies and blockchain technologies:A monetary theory and regulation perspective[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2015,3.
[4]Lamport,Leslie,Shostak,et al.The byzantine generals problem[J].Acm Transactions on Programming Languages&Systems,1982,4(3):382-401.
[5]Kraft D.Difficulty control for blockchain-based consensus systems[J].Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications,2016,9(2):397-413.
[6]Brito J,Shadab H B,Castillo A.Bitcoin financial regulation:Securities,derivatives,prediction markets,&gambling[J].Ssrn Electronic Journal,2014.
[7]Szydlo M.Merkle tree traversal in log space and time[J].Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2004,3027:541-554.
[8]金玉然,戢守峰,于江楠.商业模式创新的研究热点及其演化可视化分析[J].科研管理,2018,39(7):50-58.Jin Yuran,Ji Shoufeng,Yu Jiangnan.A visual analysis of hot spots and their evolution of business model innovation[J].Science Research Management,2018,39(7):50-58.
[9]Yermack D.Corporate governance and blockchains[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2015,21(1):07-31.
[10]张新香.商业模式动态演化机制:基于互联网业的多案例内容分析[J].科研管理,2018,39(3):110-121.Zhang Xinxiang.Dynamic evolution mechanism of business models:A multi-case content analysis based on the internet industry[J].Science Research Management,2018,39(3):110-121.
[11]Albinsson P A,Perera B Y.Alternative marketplaces in the21st century:Building community through sharing events[J].Journal of Consumer Behaviour,2012,11(4):303-315.
[12]Banning M E.Shared entanglements-Web 2.0,info-liberalism&digital sharing[J].Information Communication&Society,2016,19(4):489-503.
[13]Bardhi F,Eckhardt G M.Access-based consumption:The case of car sharing[J].Journal of Consumer Research,2012,39(4):881-898.
[14]Frenken K,Schor J.Putting the sharing economy into perspective[J].Environmental Innovation&Societal Transitions,2017.
[15]Katz V.Regulating the sharing economy[J].Berkeley Tech.LJ,2015,30:1067.
[16]Lamberton C P,Rose R L.When is ours better than mine?Aframework for understanding and altering participation in commercial sharing systems[J].Journal of Marketing,2012,76(4):109-125.
[17]蒋大兴,王首杰.共享经济的法律规制[J].中国社会科学,2017(9):141-162.Jiang Daxing,Wang Shoujie.Legal regulation of the sharing economy[J].Social Sciences in China,2017(9):141-162.
[18]李昊,张敏,冯登国,惠榛.大数据访问控制研究[J].计算机学报,2017,40(1):72-91.Li Hao,Zhang Min,Feng Dengguo,Hui Zheng.Research on access control of big data[J].Chinese Journal of Computers,2017,40(1):72-91.
[19]Bughin J,Livingston J,Marwaha S.Seizing the potential of‘big data’[J].Mc Kinsey Quarterly,2011,4:103-109.