Structural geometry of orogenic gold deposits: Implications for exploration of world-class and giant deposits
|
摘要
With very few exceptions, orogenic gold deposits formed in subduction-related tectonic settings in accretionary to collisional orogenic belts from Archean to Tertiary times. Their genesis, including metal and fluid source, fluid pathways, depositional mechanisms, and timing relative to regional structural and metamorphic events, continues to be controversial. However, there is now general agreement that these deposits formed from metamorphic fluids, either from metamorphism of intra-basinal rock sequences or de-volatilization of a subducted sediment wedge, during a change from a compressional to transpressional, less commonly transtensional, stress regime, prior to orogenic collapse. In the case of Archean and Paleoproterozoic deposits, the formation of orogenic gold deposits was one of the last events prior to cratonization. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits within the structural evolution of the host orogen implies that any earlier structures may be mineralized and that the current structural geometry of the gold deposits is equivalent to that at the time of their formation provided that there has been no significant post-gold orogenic overprint. Within the host volcano-sedimentary sequences at the province scale, world-class orogenic gold deposits are most commonly located in second-order structures adjacent to crustal scale faults and shear zones, representing the first-order ore-forming fluid pathways, and whose deep lithospheric connection is marked by lamprophyre intrusions which, however, have no direct genetic association with gold deposition. More specifically, the gold deposits are located adjacent to ～10°-25° district-scale jogs in these crustal-scale faults. These jogs are commonly the site of arrays of ～70° cross faults that accommodate the bending of the more rigid components, for example volcanic rocks and intrusive sills, of the host belts. Rotation of blocks between these accommodation faults causes failure of more competent units and/or reactivation and dilation of pre-existing structures, leading to deposit-scale focussing of ore-fluid and gold deposition.Anticlinal or antiformal fold hinges, particularly those of 'locked-up' folds with ～30° apical angles and overturned back limbs, represent sites of brittle-ductile rock failure and provide one of the more robust parameters for location of orogenic gold deposits.In orogenic belts with abundant pre-gold granitic intrusions, particularly Precambrian granitegreenstone terranes, the boundaries between the rigid granitic bodies and more ductile greenstone sequences are commonly sites of heterogeneous stress and inhomogeneous strain. Thus, contacts between granitic intrusions and volcano-sedimentary sequences are common sites of ore-fluid infiltration and gold deposition. For orogenic gold deposits at deeper crustal levels, ore-forming fluids are commonly focused along strain gradients between more compressional zones where volcano-sedimentary sequences are thinned and relatively more extensional zones where they are thickened. World-class orogenic gold deposits are commonly located in the deformed volcano-sedimentary sequences in such strain gradients adjacent to triple-point junctions defined by the granitic intrusions, or along the zones of assembly of micro-blocks on a regional scale. These repetitive province to district-scale geometrical patterns of structures within the orogenic belts are clearly critical parameters in geology-based exploration targeting for orogenic gold deposits.
With very few exceptions, orogenic gold deposits formed in subduction-related tectonic settings in accretionary to collisional orogenic belts from Archean to Tertiary times. Their genesis, including metal and fluid source, fluid pathways, depositional mechanisms, and timing relative to regional structural and metamorphic events, continues to be controversial. However, there is now general agreement that these deposits formed from metamorphic fluids, either from metamorphism of intra-basinal rock sequences or de-volatilization of a subducted sediment wedge, during a change from a compressional to transpressional, less commonly transtensional, stress regime, prior to orogenic collapse. In the case of Archean and Paleoproterozoic deposits, the formation of orogenic gold deposits was one of the last events prior to cratonization. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits within the structural evolution of the host orogen implies that any earlier structures may be mineralized and that the current structural geometry of the gold deposits is equivalent to that at the time of their formation provided that there has been no significant post-gold orogenic overprint. Within the host volcano-sedimentary sequences at the province scale, world-class orogenic gold deposits are most commonly located in second-order structures adjacent to crustal scale faults and shear zones, representing the first-order ore-forming fluid pathways, and whose deep lithospheric connection is marked by lamprophyre intrusions which, however, have no direct genetic association with gold deposition. More specifically, the gold deposits are located adjacent to ～10°-25° district-scale jogs in these crustal-scale faults. These jogs are commonly the site of arrays of ～70° cross faults that accommodate the bending of the more rigid components, for example volcanic rocks and intrusive sills, of the host belts. Rotation of blocks between these accommodation faults causes failure of more competent units and/or reactivation and dilation of pre-existing structures, leading to deposit-scale focussing of ore-fluid and gold deposition.Anticlinal or antiformal fold hinges, particularly those of 'locked-up' folds with ～30° apical angles and overturned back limbs, represent sites of brittle-ductile rock failure and provide one of the more robust parameters for location of orogenic gold deposits.In orogenic belts with abundant pre-gold granitic intrusions, particularly Precambrian granitegreenstone terranes, the boundaries between the rigid granitic bodies and more ductile greenstone sequences are commonly sites of heterogeneous stress and inhomogeneous strain. Thus, contacts between granitic intrusions and volcano-sedimentary sequences are common sites of ore-fluid infiltration and gold deposition. For orogenic gold deposits at deeper crustal levels, ore-forming fluids are commonly focused along strain gradients between more compressional zones where volcano-sedimentary sequences are thinned and relatively more extensional zones where they are thickened. World-class orogenic gold deposits are commonly located in the deformed volcano-sedimentary sequences in such strain gradients adjacent to triple-point junctions defined by the granitic intrusions, or along the zones of assembly of micro-blocks on a regional scale. These repetitive province to district-scale geometrical patterns of structures within the orogenic belts are clearly critical parameters in geology-based exploration targeting for orogenic gold deposits.
With very few exceptions, orogenic gold deposits formed in subduction-related tectonic settings in accretionary to collisional orogenic belts from Archean to Tertiary times. Their genesis, including metal and fluid source, fluid pathways, depositional mechanisms, and timing relative to regional structural and metamorphic events, continues to be controversial. However, there is now general agreement that these deposits formed from metamorphic fluids, either from metamorphism of intra-basinal rock sequences or de-volatilization of a subducted sediment wedge, during a change from a compressional to transpressional, less commonly transtensional, stress regime, prior to orogenic collapse. In the case of Archean and Paleoproterozoic deposits, the formation of orogenic gold deposits was one of the last events prior to cratonization. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits within the structural evolution of the host orogen implies that any earlier structures may be mineralized and that the current structural geometry of the gold deposits is equivalent to that at the time of their formation provided that there has been no significant post-gold orogenic overprint. Within the host volcano-sedimentary sequences at the province scale, world-class orogenic gold deposits are most commonly located in second-order structures adjacent to crustal scale faults and shear zones, representing the first-order ore-forming fluid pathways, and whose deep lithospheric connection is marked by lamprophyre intrusions which, however, have no direct genetic association with gold deposition. More specifically, the gold deposits are located adjacent to ～10°-25° district-scale jogs in these crustal-scale faults. These jogs are commonly the site of arrays of ～70° cross faults that accommodate the bending of the more rigid components, for example volcanic rocks and intrusive sills, of the host belts. Rotation of blocks between these accommodation faults causes failure of more competent units and/or reactivation and dilation of pre-existing structures, leading to deposit-scale focussing of ore-fluid and gold deposition.Anticlinal or antiformal fold hinges, particularly those of 'locked-up' folds with ～30° apical angles and overturned back limbs, represent sites of brittle-ductile rock failure and provide one of the more robust parameters for location of orogenic gold deposits.In orogenic belts with abundant pre-gold granitic intrusions, particularly Precambrian granitegreenstone terranes, the boundaries between the rigid granitic bodies and more ductile greenstone sequences are commonly sites of heterogeneous stress and inhomogeneous strain. Thus, contacts between granitic intrusions and volcano-sedimentary sequences are common sites of ore-fluid infiltration and gold deposition. For orogenic gold deposits at deeper crustal levels, ore-forming fluids are commonly focused along strain gradients between more compressional zones where volcano-sedimentary sequences are thinned and relatively more extensional zones where they are thickened. World-class orogenic gold deposits are commonly located in the deformed volcano-sedimentary sequences in such strain gradients adjacent to triple-point junctions defined by the granitic intrusions, or along the zones of assembly of micro-blocks on a regional scale. These repetitive province to district-scale geometrical patterns of structures within the orogenic belts are clearly critical parameters in geology-based exploration targeting for orogenic gold deposits.
引文
Alexander,K.R.,Kavanagh,M.E.,Rolfe,G.I.,1990.The Cosmopoliton Howley mine,14.Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph,pp.751-753.
Bateman,R.J.,Hagemann,S.G.,2004.Gold mineralisation throughout about 45 Ma of Archaean orogenesis:protracted flux of gold in the Golden Mile,Yilgarn craton,Western Australia.Mineralium Deposita 39,536-559.
Bateman,R.J.,Hagemann,S.G.,McCuaig,T.C.,Swager,C.P.,2001.Protracted gold mineralization throughout Archean orogenesis in the Kalgoorlie camp,Yilgarn craton,Western Australia:structural,mineralogical,and geochemical evolution.Geological Survey of Western Australia Record 2001/17 63-98.
Blewett,R.S.,Czarnota,K.,Henson,P.A.,2010.Structural-event framework for the eastern Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia,and its implications for orogenic gold.Precambrian Research 183,203-229.
Bloem,E.J.M.,Dalstra,H.,Groves,D.I.,Ridley,J.R.,1994.Metamorphic and structural setting of Archaean amphibolite-hosted gold deposits near Southern Cross,Southern Cross Province,Yilgarn Block,Western Australia.Ore Geology Reviews9,183-208.
Boulter,C.A.,Fotios,M.G.,Phillips,G.N.,1987.The Golden Mile,Kalgoorlie:a giant gold deposit localized in ductile shear zones by structurally induced infiltration of auriferous metamorphic fluids.Economic Geology 82,1661-1678.
Caddy,S.W.,Bachman,R.L.,Campbell,J.J.,Reid,R.R.,Otto,R.P.,1995.The Homestake gold mine,an early Proterozoic iron-formation-hosted gold deposit,Lawrence County,South Dakota.United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1857 J.
Colvine,A.C.,Andrews,A.J.,Cherry,M.E.,Durocher,M.E.,Fyon,J.A.,Lavigne,M.J.,MacDonald,A.J.,Marmont,S.,et al.,1984.Ontario Geological Survey Open-File Report.An Integrated Model for for the Origin of Archean Lode-gold Deposits,vol.5524,98p.
Cooke,D.P.,Ramsey,T.,Miller,J.M.,Bath,A.B.,2017.Kundana Goldfield.In:Phillips,G.N.(Ed.),Australian Ore Deposits,vol.32.Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph,pp.199-206.
Cox,S.F.,2005.Coupling between Deformation,Fluid Pressures,and Fluid Flow in Ore-producing Hydrothermal Systems at Depth in the Crust.Economic Geology100th Anniversary Volume,pp.39-75.
Cox,S.F.,Knackstedt,M.A.,Braun,J.,2001.Principles of Structural Control on Permeability and Fluid Flow in Hydrothermal Systems,vol.14.Society of Economic Geologists Reviews,pp.1-24.
Cox,S.F.,Sun,S.S.,Etheridge,M.A.,Wall,V.J.,1995.Structural and geochemical controls on the development of turbidite-hosted gold quartz vein deposits,Wattle Gully mine,central Victoria,Australia.Economic Geology 90,1722-1786.
Cox,S.F.,Wall,V.J.,Etheridge,M.A.,Potter,T.F.,1991.Deformational and metamorphic processes in the formation of mesothermal vein-hosted gold deposits-examples from the Lachlan Fold Belt in central Victoria,Australia.Ore Geology Reviews 6,391-423.
Deng,J.,Liu,X.F.,Wang,Q,F.,Dilek,Y.,Liang,Y.Y.,2017.Isotopic characterization and petrogenetic modelling of early Cretaceous mafic diking-lithospheric extension in the North China Craton,eastern Asia.The Geological Society of America Bulletin 129,1379-1407.
Deng,J.,Wang,C.M.,Bagas,L.,Carranza,E.J.M.,Lu,Y.j.,2015.Cretaceous-Cenozoic tectonic history of the Jiaojia Fault and gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula,China:constraints from zircon U-Pb,illite K-Ar,and apatite fission track thermochronometry.Mineralium Deposita 50,987-1006.
De Ronde,C.E.J.,de Wit,M.J.,1994.The tectonothermal evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt,South Africa:490 million years of crustal evolution.Tectonics13,983-1005.
Edwards,M.J.,Hitchman,S.P.,2017.Pine Creek gold province including Cosmo and Maud Creek.In:Phillips,G.N.(Ed.),Australian Ore Deposits,vol.32.Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph,pp.467-472.
Gauthier,L.,Hagemann,S.G.,Robert,F.,Pickens,G.,2004.New constraints on the architecture and timing of the giant Golden Mile gold deposit,Kalgoorlie,Western Australia.In:Groves,D.I.(Ed.),SEG2004:Predictive Mineral Discovery under Cover,Extended Abstracts.Society of Economic Geologists,Conference Series,pp.353-356.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Groves,D.I.,2015.Orogenic gold:common or evolving fluid and metal sources through time.Lithos 233,2-26.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Baker,T.,Dube,B.,Groves,D.I.,Hart,C.J.R.,Gosselin,P.,2005.Distribution,Character,and Genesis of Gold Deposits in Metamorphic Belts.Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume,pp.407-150.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Leach,D.I.,Miller,M.L.,Pickthorn,W.A.,1986.Geology,metamorphic setting,and genetic constraints of epigenetic lode-gold mineralization within the Cretaceous Valdez Group,South-central Alaska.Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 32,87-105.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Leach,D.I.,Pickthorn,W.A.,Paterson,C.J.,1988.Origin of lodegold deposits of the Juneau gold deposit,southeast Alaska.Geology 16,440-443.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Snee,L.W.,Miller,L.D.,Newberry,R.J.,1991.Rapid dewatering of the crust deduced from ages of mesothermal gold deposits.Nature 354,296-298.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Santosh,M.,2014.The dilemma of the Jiaodong gold deposits:are they unique?Geoscience Frontiers 5,139-153.
Groves,D.I.,Santosh,M.,2015.The giant Jiaodong gold province:the key to a unified model for orogenic gold deposits.Geoscience Frontiers 7,409-417.
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Gebre-Mariam,M.,Hagemann,S.G.,Robert,F.,1998.Orogenic gold deposits-a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types.Ore Geology Reviews 13,7-27.
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,RJ.,Knox-Robinson,C.M.,Ojala,J.,Gardoll,S.,Yun,G.Y.,Holyland,P.,2000.Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn Block,Western Australia.Ore Geology Reviews 17,1-38.
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Santosh,M.,2016.The conjunction of factors that lead to formation of giant gold provinces and deposits in non-arc settings.Geoscience Frontiers 7,303-314.
Groves,D.I.,Phillips,G.N.,Ho,S.E.,Houstoun,S.M.,Standing,C.A.,1987.Craton-scale distribution of Archaean greenstone gold deposits:predictive capacity of the metamorphic model.Economic Geology 82,2045-2058.
Groves,D.I.,Ridley,J.R.,Bloem,E.J.M.,Gebre-Mariam,M.,Hronsky,J.M.A.,Knight,J.T.,McNaughton,N.J.,Ojala,V.J.,Vielreicher,R.M.,Holyland,P.W.,McCuaig,T.C.,1995.Lode-gold deposits of the Yilgarn Block:products of lateArchaean crustal-scale overpressured hydrothermal systems.In:Coward,M.P.,Ries,A.C.(Eds.),Early Precambrian Processes,Journal of the Geological Society of London,Special Publication,vol.95,pp.155-172.
Harlan,S.S.,Vielreicher,R.M.,Mortensen,J.M.,Bradley,D.C.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Snee,L.W.,Till,A.B.,2017.Geology and timing of ore formation in the Willow Creek gold district,Talkeetna Mountains,southern Alaska.Economic Geology112.
Hronsky,J.M.A.,Groves,D.I.,2008.Science of targeting.Definition,strategies,targeting and performance measurement.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 55,3-12.
Hodkiewiecz,P.F.,Weinberg,R.F.,Gardoll,S.J.,Groves,D.I.,2005.Complexity gradients in the Yilgarn Craton:fundamental controls on crustal-scale fluid flow and formation of world-class orogenic gold deposits.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 52,831-841.
Jackson,J.,Molnar,P.,1990.Active faulting and block rotations in the western Transverse Ranges,California.Tectonics 5,629-648.
Jones,S.A.,2014.Contrasting structural style of gold deposits in the Leonora Domain:evidence for early gold deposition,Eastern Goldfields,Western Australia.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 61,881-917.
Knight,J.T.,Groves,D.I.,Ridley,J.R.,1993.District-scale structural and metamorphic controls on Archaean lode-gold mineralization in the amphibolites facies Coolgardie Goldfield,Western Australia.Mineralium Deposita 28,436-456.
Large,R.R.,Bull,S.W.,Maslennikov,V.V.,2011.A carbonaceous sedimentary sourcerock model for Carlin-type and orogenic gold deposits.Economic Geology 106,331-358.
Leader,L.D.,Robinson,J.A.,Wilson,C.J.L.,2010.Role of faults and folding in controlling gold mineralization at Fosterville,Victoria.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 57,259-277.
Leader,L.D.,Wilson,C.J.L.,Robinson,J.A.,2013.Structural constraints and numerical simulation of strain localization in the Bendigo Goldfield,Victoria,Australia.Economic Geology 108,279-307.
Li,S.R.,Santosh,M.,2017.Geodynamics of heterogeneous gold mineralization in the North China Craton and its relationship to lithospheric destruction.Gondwana Research 50,267-292.
Lobato,L.M.,Ribeiro-Rodrigues,L.C.,Zuccheyi,M.,Noce,C.M.,Baltazar,O.F.,da Silva,L.C.,Pinto,C.P.,2001.Brazil's premier gold province.Part 1:the tectonic,magmatic,and structural setting of the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt,Quadrilatero Ferrifero.Mineralium Deposita 36,228-248.
Mueller,A.G.,Harris,L.B.,Lungan,A.,1988.Structural control on greenstonehosted gold mineralization by transcurrent shearing:a new interpretation of the Kalgoorlie mining district,Western Australia.Ore Geology Reviews 3,359-387.
Nicholson,C.,Seeber,L.,Williams,P.,Sykes,L.R.,1986.Seismic evidence for conjugate slip and block rotation within the San Andreas Fault system,California.Tectonics 5,629-648.
Ojala,V.J.,Ridley,J.R.,Groves,D.I.,Hall,G.C.,1993.The Granny Smith gold deposit:the role of heterogeneous stress distribution at an irregular granitoid contact in a greenschist facies terrane.Mineralium Deposita 28,409-419.
Page,R.A.,Plafker,G.,Pulpan,H.,1995.Block rotations in east-central Alaska:a framework for evaluating earthquake potential?Geology 23,629-632.
Perring,C.S.,Barley,M.E.,Cassidy,K.F.,Groves,D.I.,McNaughton,N.J.,Rock,N.M.S.,Bettenay,L.F.,Golding,S.D.,Hallberg,J.A.,1989.The association of linear mobilebelts,mantle-crustal magmatism and Archean gold mineralization in the eastern Yilgarn Block of Western Australia.Economic Geology Monograph 6,571-584.
Phillips,G.N.,Groves,D.I.,Kerrich,R.,1996.Factors in the formation of the giant Kalgoorlie gold deposit.Ore Geology Reviews 10,295-317.
Ridley,J.R.,1993.The relations between mean rock stress and fluid flow in the crust:with reference to vein-and lode-style gold deposits.Ore Geology Reviews 8,23-37.
Ridley,J.R.,Mengler,F.,2000.Lithological and structural controls on the form and setting of vein stockwork ore bodies at the Mt Charlotte gold deposit,Kalgoorlie.Economic Geology 95,85-98.
Robert,F.,Poulson,H.K.,Cassidy,K.F.,Hodgson,J.C.,2005.Gold Metallogeny of the Superior and Yilgarn Cratons.Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume,pp.1001-1033.
Rock,N.M.S.,Groves,D.I.,Perring,C.S.,Golding,S.D.,1989.Gold,lamprophyres,and porphyries:what does their association mean?Economic Geology Monograph6,609-625.
Sanchez,M.G.,Allan,M.M.,Hart,C.J.R.,Mortensen,J.K.,2014.Structural and tectonic control on mineralization by magnetite-destructive faults in western Yukon and eastern Alaska.Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 46(6),462.
Sibson,R.H.,2004.Controls on maximum fluid overpressure defining conditions for mezozonal mineralization.Journal of Structural Geology 26,1127-1136.
Taylor,R.D.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Monecke,T.,Fletcher,I.R.,Cosca,M.A.,Kelly,N.M.,2015.Application of U-Th-Pb phosphate dating to young orogenic gold deposits:new age constraints on the formation of the Grass Valley gold district,Sierra Foothills province,California.Economic Geology 110,1313-1337.
Tripp,G.,2014.How Neoarchean Stratigraphy and Structural Geology Determine the Timing and Controls of World-class Greenstone Gold Camps in the Eastern Goldfields Province:Key Factors for Gold Exploration.Gold'14 Extended Abstracts,AIG Bulletin 59-2014,pp.124-128.
Vielreicher,N.M.,Groves,D.I.,Snee,L.W.,Fletcher,I.R.,McNaughton,N.J.,2010.Broad synchroneity of three gold mineralization styles in the Kalgoorlie Gold Field:SHRIMP U-Pb and Ar/Ar geochronological evidence.Economic Geology105,187-227.
Vielreicher,N.M.,Groves,D.I.,McNaughton,N.J.,2015.The timing of gold mineralization across the eastern Yilgarn craton using U-Pb geochronology of hydrothermal phosphate minerals.Mineralium Deposita 50,391-428.
Vielreicher,N.M.,Groves,D.I.,McNaughton,N.J.,2016.The giant Kalgoorlie Goldfield revisited.Geoscience Frontiers 7,359-374.
Viljoen,M.J.,Viljoen,R.P.,1969.An introduction to the geology of the Barberton Granite-Greenstone terrain.Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication 2,9-28.
Weinberg,R.F.,Hodkiewitcz,P.F.,Groves,D.I.,2004.What controls gold distribution in Archean terranes?Geology 32,545-548.
Weinberg,R.F.,van der Borgh,P.,Bateman,R.J.,Groves,D.I.,2006.Kinematic history of the Boulder-Lefroy Shear Zone system and controls on associated gold mineralization,Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia.Economic Geology 100,1407-1426.
White,A.J.R.,Waters,D.J.,Robb,L.J.,2015.Exhumation-driven devolatilization as a fluid source for orogenic gold mineralization at the Damang deposit,Ghana.Economic Geology 110,1009-1025.
Wilkinson,H.E.,Cherry,D.P.,King,R.L.,Malone,M.P.,Williams,C.E.,Byrne,D.R.,1995.Bendigo,and Part of Mitiamo.1-100,000 Geological Map.Geological Survey of Victoria.
Wyman,D.,Kerrich,R.,1989.Archaean shoshonitic lamprophyres associated with Superior Province gold deposits:distribution,tectonic setting,nobel metal abundances and significance to gold mineralization.Economic Geology Monograph 6,651-667 x and implications for gold mineralization:a case study of th.
Yang,L.Q.,Deng,J.,Wang,Z.I.,Zhang,1.,Goldfarb,R.j.,Yuan,W.M.,Weinberg,R.F.,Zhang,R.Z.,2016.Thermochronologic constraints on evolution of the Linglong metamorphic core Complex:a case study from the Xiadian gold deposit,Jiaodong Peninsula,eastern China.Ore Geology Reviews 72,165-178.
Yang,L.Q.,Deng,J.,Wang,Z.I.,Zhang,L.,Guo,L.N.,Song,M.C.,Zheng,X.L.,2014.Mesozoic gold metallogenic system of the Jiaodong gold province,Mesozoic gold metallogenic system of the Jiaodong gold province,eastern China.Acta Petrologica Sinica 30,2447-2467(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,Q.Y.,Santosh,M.,2017.The building of an Archean microcontinent:evidence from the North China Craton.Gondwana Research 50,3-37.
Yousefi,M.,Nykanen,V.,2016.Data-driven logistic-based weighting of geochemical and geological evidence layers in mineral prospectivity mapping.Journal of Geochemical Exploration 164,94-106.
Zhai,M.G.,Santosh,M.,2011.The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton:a synoptic overview.Gondwana Research 20,6-25.
Bateman,R.J.,Hagemann,S.G.,2004.Gold mineralisation throughout about 45 Ma of Archaean orogenesis:protracted flux of gold in the Golden Mile,Yilgarn craton,Western Australia.Mineralium Deposita 39,536-559.
Bateman,R.J.,Hagemann,S.G.,McCuaig,T.C.,Swager,C.P.,2001.Protracted gold mineralization throughout Archean orogenesis in the Kalgoorlie camp,Yilgarn craton,Western Australia:structural,mineralogical,and geochemical evolution.Geological Survey of Western Australia Record 2001/17 63-98.
Blewett,R.S.,Czarnota,K.,Henson,P.A.,2010.Structural-event framework for the eastern Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia,and its implications for orogenic gold.Precambrian Research 183,203-229.
Bloem,E.J.M.,Dalstra,H.,Groves,D.I.,Ridley,J.R.,1994.Metamorphic and structural setting of Archaean amphibolite-hosted gold deposits near Southern Cross,Southern Cross Province,Yilgarn Block,Western Australia.Ore Geology Reviews9,183-208.
Boulter,C.A.,Fotios,M.G.,Phillips,G.N.,1987.The Golden Mile,Kalgoorlie:a giant gold deposit localized in ductile shear zones by structurally induced infiltration of auriferous metamorphic fluids.Economic Geology 82,1661-1678.
Caddy,S.W.,Bachman,R.L.,Campbell,J.J.,Reid,R.R.,Otto,R.P.,1995.The Homestake gold mine,an early Proterozoic iron-formation-hosted gold deposit,Lawrence County,South Dakota.United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1857 J.
Colvine,A.C.,Andrews,A.J.,Cherry,M.E.,Durocher,M.E.,Fyon,J.A.,Lavigne,M.J.,MacDonald,A.J.,Marmont,S.,et al.,1984.Ontario Geological Survey Open-File Report.An Integrated Model for for the Origin of Archean Lode-gold Deposits,vol.5524,98p.
Cooke,D.P.,Ramsey,T.,Miller,J.M.,Bath,A.B.,2017.Kundana Goldfield.In:Phillips,G.N.(Ed.),Australian Ore Deposits,vol.32.Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph,pp.199-206.
Cox,S.F.,2005.Coupling between Deformation,Fluid Pressures,and Fluid Flow in Ore-producing Hydrothermal Systems at Depth in the Crust.Economic Geology100th Anniversary Volume,pp.39-75.
Cox,S.F.,Knackstedt,M.A.,Braun,J.,2001.Principles of Structural Control on Permeability and Fluid Flow in Hydrothermal Systems,vol.14.Society of Economic Geologists Reviews,pp.1-24.
Cox,S.F.,Sun,S.S.,Etheridge,M.A.,Wall,V.J.,1995.Structural and geochemical controls on the development of turbidite-hosted gold quartz vein deposits,Wattle Gully mine,central Victoria,Australia.Economic Geology 90,1722-1786.
Cox,S.F.,Wall,V.J.,Etheridge,M.A.,Potter,T.F.,1991.Deformational and metamorphic processes in the formation of mesothermal vein-hosted gold deposits-examples from the Lachlan Fold Belt in central Victoria,Australia.Ore Geology Reviews 6,391-423.
Deng,J.,Liu,X.F.,Wang,Q,F.,Dilek,Y.,Liang,Y.Y.,2017.Isotopic characterization and petrogenetic modelling of early Cretaceous mafic diking-lithospheric extension in the North China Craton,eastern Asia.The Geological Society of America Bulletin 129,1379-1407.
Deng,J.,Wang,C.M.,Bagas,L.,Carranza,E.J.M.,Lu,Y.j.,2015.Cretaceous-Cenozoic tectonic history of the Jiaojia Fault and gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula,China:constraints from zircon U-Pb,illite K-Ar,and apatite fission track thermochronometry.Mineralium Deposita 50,987-1006.
De Ronde,C.E.J.,de Wit,M.J.,1994.The tectonothermal evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt,South Africa:490 million years of crustal evolution.Tectonics13,983-1005.
Edwards,M.J.,Hitchman,S.P.,2017.Pine Creek gold province including Cosmo and Maud Creek.In:Phillips,G.N.(Ed.),Australian Ore Deposits,vol.32.Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph,pp.467-472.
Gauthier,L.,Hagemann,S.G.,Robert,F.,Pickens,G.,2004.New constraints on the architecture and timing of the giant Golden Mile gold deposit,Kalgoorlie,Western Australia.In:Groves,D.I.(Ed.),SEG2004:Predictive Mineral Discovery under Cover,Extended Abstracts.Society of Economic Geologists,Conference Series,pp.353-356.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Groves,D.I.,2015.Orogenic gold:common or evolving fluid and metal sources through time.Lithos 233,2-26.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Baker,T.,Dube,B.,Groves,D.I.,Hart,C.J.R.,Gosselin,P.,2005.Distribution,Character,and Genesis of Gold Deposits in Metamorphic Belts.Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume,pp.407-150.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Leach,D.I.,Miller,M.L.,Pickthorn,W.A.,1986.Geology,metamorphic setting,and genetic constraints of epigenetic lode-gold mineralization within the Cretaceous Valdez Group,South-central Alaska.Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 32,87-105.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Leach,D.I.,Pickthorn,W.A.,Paterson,C.J.,1988.Origin of lodegold deposits of the Juneau gold deposit,southeast Alaska.Geology 16,440-443.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Snee,L.W.,Miller,L.D.,Newberry,R.J.,1991.Rapid dewatering of the crust deduced from ages of mesothermal gold deposits.Nature 354,296-298.
Goldfarb,R.J.,Santosh,M.,2014.The dilemma of the Jiaodong gold deposits:are they unique?Geoscience Frontiers 5,139-153.
Groves,D.I.,Santosh,M.,2015.The giant Jiaodong gold province:the key to a unified model for orogenic gold deposits.Geoscience Frontiers 7,409-417.
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Gebre-Mariam,M.,Hagemann,S.G.,Robert,F.,1998.Orogenic gold deposits-a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types.Ore Geology Reviews 13,7-27.
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,RJ.,Knox-Robinson,C.M.,Ojala,J.,Gardoll,S.,Yun,G.Y.,Holyland,P.,2000.Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn Block,Western Australia.Ore Geology Reviews 17,1-38.
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Santosh,M.,2016.The conjunction of factors that lead to formation of giant gold provinces and deposits in non-arc settings.Geoscience Frontiers 7,303-314.
Groves,D.I.,Phillips,G.N.,Ho,S.E.,Houstoun,S.M.,Standing,C.A.,1987.Craton-scale distribution of Archaean greenstone gold deposits:predictive capacity of the metamorphic model.Economic Geology 82,2045-2058.
Groves,D.I.,Ridley,J.R.,Bloem,E.J.M.,Gebre-Mariam,M.,Hronsky,J.M.A.,Knight,J.T.,McNaughton,N.J.,Ojala,V.J.,Vielreicher,R.M.,Holyland,P.W.,McCuaig,T.C.,1995.Lode-gold deposits of the Yilgarn Block:products of lateArchaean crustal-scale overpressured hydrothermal systems.In:Coward,M.P.,Ries,A.C.(Eds.),Early Precambrian Processes,Journal of the Geological Society of London,Special Publication,vol.95,pp.155-172.
Harlan,S.S.,Vielreicher,R.M.,Mortensen,J.M.,Bradley,D.C.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Snee,L.W.,Till,A.B.,2017.Geology and timing of ore formation in the Willow Creek gold district,Talkeetna Mountains,southern Alaska.Economic Geology112.
Hronsky,J.M.A.,Groves,D.I.,2008.Science of targeting.Definition,strategies,targeting and performance measurement.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 55,3-12.
Hodkiewiecz,P.F.,Weinberg,R.F.,Gardoll,S.J.,Groves,D.I.,2005.Complexity gradients in the Yilgarn Craton:fundamental controls on crustal-scale fluid flow and formation of world-class orogenic gold deposits.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 52,831-841.
Jackson,J.,Molnar,P.,1990.Active faulting and block rotations in the western Transverse Ranges,California.Tectonics 5,629-648.
Jones,S.A.,2014.Contrasting structural style of gold deposits in the Leonora Domain:evidence for early gold deposition,Eastern Goldfields,Western Australia.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 61,881-917.
Knight,J.T.,Groves,D.I.,Ridley,J.R.,1993.District-scale structural and metamorphic controls on Archaean lode-gold mineralization in the amphibolites facies Coolgardie Goldfield,Western Australia.Mineralium Deposita 28,436-456.
Large,R.R.,Bull,S.W.,Maslennikov,V.V.,2011.A carbonaceous sedimentary sourcerock model for Carlin-type and orogenic gold deposits.Economic Geology 106,331-358.
Leader,L.D.,Robinson,J.A.,Wilson,C.J.L.,2010.Role of faults and folding in controlling gold mineralization at Fosterville,Victoria.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 57,259-277.
Leader,L.D.,Wilson,C.J.L.,Robinson,J.A.,2013.Structural constraints and numerical simulation of strain localization in the Bendigo Goldfield,Victoria,Australia.Economic Geology 108,279-307.
Li,S.R.,Santosh,M.,2017.Geodynamics of heterogeneous gold mineralization in the North China Craton and its relationship to lithospheric destruction.Gondwana Research 50,267-292.
Lobato,L.M.,Ribeiro-Rodrigues,L.C.,Zuccheyi,M.,Noce,C.M.,Baltazar,O.F.,da Silva,L.C.,Pinto,C.P.,2001.Brazil's premier gold province.Part 1:the tectonic,magmatic,and structural setting of the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt,Quadrilatero Ferrifero.Mineralium Deposita 36,228-248.
Mueller,A.G.,Harris,L.B.,Lungan,A.,1988.Structural control on greenstonehosted gold mineralization by transcurrent shearing:a new interpretation of the Kalgoorlie mining district,Western Australia.Ore Geology Reviews 3,359-387.
Nicholson,C.,Seeber,L.,Williams,P.,Sykes,L.R.,1986.Seismic evidence for conjugate slip and block rotation within the San Andreas Fault system,California.Tectonics 5,629-648.
Ojala,V.J.,Ridley,J.R.,Groves,D.I.,Hall,G.C.,1993.The Granny Smith gold deposit:the role of heterogeneous stress distribution at an irregular granitoid contact in a greenschist facies terrane.Mineralium Deposita 28,409-419.
Page,R.A.,Plafker,G.,Pulpan,H.,1995.Block rotations in east-central Alaska:a framework for evaluating earthquake potential?Geology 23,629-632.
Perring,C.S.,Barley,M.E.,Cassidy,K.F.,Groves,D.I.,McNaughton,N.J.,Rock,N.M.S.,Bettenay,L.F.,Golding,S.D.,Hallberg,J.A.,1989.The association of linear mobilebelts,mantle-crustal magmatism and Archean gold mineralization in the eastern Yilgarn Block of Western Australia.Economic Geology Monograph 6,571-584.
Phillips,G.N.,Groves,D.I.,Kerrich,R.,1996.Factors in the formation of the giant Kalgoorlie gold deposit.Ore Geology Reviews 10,295-317.
Ridley,J.R.,1993.The relations between mean rock stress and fluid flow in the crust:with reference to vein-and lode-style gold deposits.Ore Geology Reviews 8,23-37.
Ridley,J.R.,Mengler,F.,2000.Lithological and structural controls on the form and setting of vein stockwork ore bodies at the Mt Charlotte gold deposit,Kalgoorlie.Economic Geology 95,85-98.
Robert,F.,Poulson,H.K.,Cassidy,K.F.,Hodgson,J.C.,2005.Gold Metallogeny of the Superior and Yilgarn Cratons.Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume,pp.1001-1033.
Rock,N.M.S.,Groves,D.I.,Perring,C.S.,Golding,S.D.,1989.Gold,lamprophyres,and porphyries:what does their association mean?Economic Geology Monograph6,609-625.
Sanchez,M.G.,Allan,M.M.,Hart,C.J.R.,Mortensen,J.K.,2014.Structural and tectonic control on mineralization by magnetite-destructive faults in western Yukon and eastern Alaska.Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 46(6),462.
Sibson,R.H.,2004.Controls on maximum fluid overpressure defining conditions for mezozonal mineralization.Journal of Structural Geology 26,1127-1136.
Taylor,R.D.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Monecke,T.,Fletcher,I.R.,Cosca,M.A.,Kelly,N.M.,2015.Application of U-Th-Pb phosphate dating to young orogenic gold deposits:new age constraints on the formation of the Grass Valley gold district,Sierra Foothills province,California.Economic Geology 110,1313-1337.
Tripp,G.,2014.How Neoarchean Stratigraphy and Structural Geology Determine the Timing and Controls of World-class Greenstone Gold Camps in the Eastern Goldfields Province:Key Factors for Gold Exploration.Gold'14 Extended Abstracts,AIG Bulletin 59-2014,pp.124-128.
Vielreicher,N.M.,Groves,D.I.,Snee,L.W.,Fletcher,I.R.,McNaughton,N.J.,2010.Broad synchroneity of three gold mineralization styles in the Kalgoorlie Gold Field:SHRIMP U-Pb and Ar/Ar geochronological evidence.Economic Geology105,187-227.
Vielreicher,N.M.,Groves,D.I.,McNaughton,N.J.,2015.The timing of gold mineralization across the eastern Yilgarn craton using U-Pb geochronology of hydrothermal phosphate minerals.Mineralium Deposita 50,391-428.
Vielreicher,N.M.,Groves,D.I.,McNaughton,N.J.,2016.The giant Kalgoorlie Goldfield revisited.Geoscience Frontiers 7,359-374.
Viljoen,M.J.,Viljoen,R.P.,1969.An introduction to the geology of the Barberton Granite-Greenstone terrain.Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication 2,9-28.
Weinberg,R.F.,Hodkiewitcz,P.F.,Groves,D.I.,2004.What controls gold distribution in Archean terranes?Geology 32,545-548.
Weinberg,R.F.,van der Borgh,P.,Bateman,R.J.,Groves,D.I.,2006.Kinematic history of the Boulder-Lefroy Shear Zone system and controls on associated gold mineralization,Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia.Economic Geology 100,1407-1426.
White,A.J.R.,Waters,D.J.,Robb,L.J.,2015.Exhumation-driven devolatilization as a fluid source for orogenic gold mineralization at the Damang deposit,Ghana.Economic Geology 110,1009-1025.
Wilkinson,H.E.,Cherry,D.P.,King,R.L.,Malone,M.P.,Williams,C.E.,Byrne,D.R.,1995.Bendigo,and Part of Mitiamo.1-100,000 Geological Map.Geological Survey of Victoria.
Wyman,D.,Kerrich,R.,1989.Archaean shoshonitic lamprophyres associated with Superior Province gold deposits:distribution,tectonic setting,nobel metal abundances and significance to gold mineralization.Economic Geology Monograph 6,651-667 x and implications for gold mineralization:a case study of th.
Yang,L.Q.,Deng,J.,Wang,Z.I.,Zhang,1.,Goldfarb,R.j.,Yuan,W.M.,Weinberg,R.F.,Zhang,R.Z.,2016.Thermochronologic constraints on evolution of the Linglong metamorphic core Complex:a case study from the Xiadian gold deposit,Jiaodong Peninsula,eastern China.Ore Geology Reviews 72,165-178.
Yang,L.Q.,Deng,J.,Wang,Z.I.,Zhang,L.,Guo,L.N.,Song,M.C.,Zheng,X.L.,2014.Mesozoic gold metallogenic system of the Jiaodong gold province,Mesozoic gold metallogenic system of the Jiaodong gold province,eastern China.Acta Petrologica Sinica 30,2447-2467(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,Q.Y.,Santosh,M.,2017.The building of an Archean microcontinent:evidence from the North China Craton.Gondwana Research 50,3-37.
Yousefi,M.,Nykanen,V.,2016.Data-driven logistic-based weighting of geochemical and geological evidence layers in mineral prospectivity mapping.Journal of Geochemical Exploration 164,94-106.
Zhai,M.G.,Santosh,M.,2011.The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton:a synoptic overview.Gondwana Research 20,6-25.