荒漠草原沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)群落物种多样性和地上生物量对降雨量的响应
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摘要
利用野外降雨量增减试验平台,研究了荒漠草原沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)群落物种多样性和地上生物量对降雨量的响应特征。结果表明:降雨量增加或减少均能导致物种的改变,使物种多样性发生变化。处理中,4种物种多样性指数整体表现为8月高于6月。降雨量减少40%时,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势集中性指数和物种丰富度Patrick指数最低,减少20%时,Pielou均匀度指数最低。降雨量增减也能够导致盖度与生物量的响应。降雨量减少60%、40%、20%时,6月植被盖度高于8月;降雨量增加20%、40%、60%时,6月植被盖度低于8月。降雨量减少和增加对荒漠草原植被盖度都有累加效应,即随时间变化,增雨处理使植被盖度持续升高,反之亦然。随降雨量增加,地上现存生物量逐渐升高,且在降雨量增加60%时达最大。降雨量减少60%、40%、20%和增加20%,都会显著降低凋落物生物量(P<0.05)。随降雨量增加,地上现存生物量与凋落物生物量的比值增大。在荒漠草原沙生针茅群落中,降雨量增加,有利于地上现存生物量的积累和地上总生物量的提高。影响荒漠草原地区植物群落地上生物量和物种多样性的关键降雨量变化范围为减雨40%～20%和增雨40%～60%。超出该范围,植物群落地上生物量和物种多样性对降雨变化的响应都会减弱。增雨20%～40%对地上生物量和物种多样性的影响不显著。
Responses of the stipa glareosa community species diversity and above-ground biomass to precipitation variation was examined by an in situ experimental platform in desert-grassland region in northern China. The results indicated that plant species changed with precipitation variation and the four kinds of species diversity index in June were higher than that in August. The Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index and Patrick index were the lowest while rainfall decreased by 40%. Pielou index was at the lowest while rainfall decreased by 20%. Precipitation change also impacted the community coverage and biomass. The coverage in June was higher than that in August while rainfall decreased by 60%,40% and 20% and lower than that in August while rainfall increased 20%,40% and 60%. Precipitation change had a cumulative effect on vegetation coverage in the desert-grassland. Standing biomass increased with precipitation increase,and till the highest when precipitation increased by 60%. Litter biomass significantly reduced with precipitation increased 20%,40% and 60% or decreased 20%( P<0.05). The critical precipitation range for plant community above-ground biomass and species diversity was 40%-20% decreased and40%-60% increased,and precipitation increase by 20%-40% had no significant effects on the above-ground biomass and species diversity.
Responses of the stipa glareosa community species diversity and above-ground biomass to precipitation variation was examined by an in situ experimental platform in desert-grassland region in northern China. The results indicated that plant species changed with precipitation variation and the four kinds of species diversity index in June were higher than that in August. The Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index and Patrick index were the lowest while rainfall decreased by 40%. Pielou index was at the lowest while rainfall decreased by 20%. Precipitation change also impacted the community coverage and biomass. The coverage in June was higher than that in August while rainfall decreased by 60%,40% and 20% and lower than that in August while rainfall increased 20%,40% and 60%. Precipitation change had a cumulative effect on vegetation coverage in the desert-grassland. Standing biomass increased with precipitation increase,and till the highest when precipitation increased by 60%. Litter biomass significantly reduced with precipitation increased 20%,40% and 60% or decreased 20%( P<0.05). The critical precipitation range for plant community above-ground biomass and species diversity was 40%-20% decreased and40%-60% increased,and precipitation increase by 20%-40% had no significant effects on the above-ground biomass and species diversity.
引文
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[22]王少昆,赵学勇,贾昆峰,等.乌拉特荒漠草原小针茅(Stipa klemenzii)群落土壤细菌多样性及垂直分布特征[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1564-1570.
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[33]唐庄生,安慧,邓蕾,等.荒漠草原沙漠化植物群落及土壤物理变化[J].生态学报,2016,36(4):991-1000.
[34]陆婷婷,翟夏杰,刘晓娟,等.施肥、灌溉及火烧对荒漠草原土壤养分和植物群落特征的影响[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(3):57-60.
[35]王长庭,王启基,沈振西,等.高寒矮嵩草草甸群落植物多样性和初级生产力对模拟降水的响应[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(10):1713-1718.
[36]武建双,李晓佳,沈振西,等.藏北高寒草地样带物种多样性沿降水梯度的分布格局[J].草业学报,2012,21(3):17-25.
[37]赵哈林,大黑俊哉,李玉霖,等.人类放牧活动与气候变化对科尔沁沙质草地植物多样性的影响[J].草业学报,2008,17(5):1-8.
[38]朱凡,刘任涛,贺达汉.模拟增雨条件下沙质草地地表植被和节肢动物群落变化特征[J].草业科学,2014,31(12):2333-2341.
[39]曾勇.古尔班通古特沙漠植物多样性对降水变化的敏感性研究[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学,2015.
[2]Tilman D,Wedin D,Knops J.Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems[J].Nature,1996,379:718-720.
[3]Morin P J.Biodiversity’s ups and downs[J].Nature,2000,406:463-464.
[4]Li X E.Patterns of species diversity and functional diversity along a south-to north-facing slope in subalpine meadow[J].Community Ecology,2011,12(2):179-187.
[5]Bello F D,Jan L,SebastiàM T.Variation in species and functional plant diversity along climatic and grazing gradients[J].Ecography,2006,29(6):801-810.
[6]葛兆轩,孙国龙,袁业,等.河北省森林草原区草本植物物种多样性和功能多样性[J].草业学报,2017,26(7):35-44.
[7]Reynolds J F,Smith D M,Lambin E F,et al.Global desertification:building a science for dryland development[J].Science,2007,316:847-851.
[8]周培,韩国栋,王成杰,等.不同放牧强度对内蒙古荒漠草地生态系统含碳温室气体交换的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,32(4):59-64.
[9]Dasci M,Koc A,Comakli B,et al.Importance of annual and seasonal precipitation variations for the sustainable use of rangelands in semi-arid regions with high altitude[J].African Journal of Agricultural Research,2010,5(16):2184-2191.
[10]Cheng X L,An S Q,Li B,et al.Summer rain pulse size and rainwater uptake by three dominant desert plants in a desertified grassland ecosystem in northwestern China[J].Plant Ecology,2006,18(1):1-12.
[11]曲浩,赵学勇,王少昆,等.乌拉特荒漠草原不同植被群落对土壤碳、氮的影响[J].草业科学,2014,31(3):355-360.
[12]郑田,李建贵,李卫红,等.塔里木河下游绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤异质性及对植物群落的影响[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(1):128-134.
[13]解婷婷,苏培玺,周紫鹃,等.荒漠绿洲过渡带不同立地条件下物种多样性及其与土壤理化因子的关系[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(2):508-514.
[14]白玉锋,徐海量,张沛,等.塔里木河下游荒漠植物多样性、地上生物量与地下水埋深的关系[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(4):724-732.
[15]张婧,左小安,吕朋,等.科尔沁沙地草地植被对围封和放牧的响应[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(3):446-452.
[16]Knapp A K,Fay P A,Blair J M,et al.Rainfall variability,carbon cycling,and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland[J].Science,2002,298:2202-2205.
[17]何玉惠,刘新平,谢忠奎.氮素添加对黄土高原荒漠草原草本植物物种多样性和生产力的影响[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(1):66-71.
[18]金少红,刘彤,庞晓攀,等.高原鼠兔干扰对青海湖流域高山嵩草草甸植物多样性及地上生物量的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(5):29-39.
[19]干珠扎布,段敏杰,郭亚奇,等.喷灌对藏北高寒草地生产力和物种多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(22):7485-7493.
[20]陈芙蓉,程积民,刘伟,等.不同干扰对黄土区典型草原物种多样性和生物量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(9):2856-2866.
[21]赵丽娅,高丹丹,熊炳桥,等.科尔沁沙地恢复演替进程中群落物种多样性与地上生物量的关系[J].生态学报,2017,37(12):4108-4117.
[22]王少昆,赵学勇,贾昆峰,等.乌拉特荒漠草原小针茅(Stipa klemenzii)群落土壤细菌多样性及垂直分布特征[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1564-1570.
[23]赵学勇,刘良旭,王玮,等.降水波动对荒漠草原生产力的影响[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(6):1486-1495.
[24]张腊梅,刘新平,赵学勇,等.科尔沁固定沙地植被特征对降雨变化的响应[J].生态学报,2014,34(10):2737-2745.
[25]Easterling D R,Meehl G A,Parmesan C,et al.Climate extremes:observations,modeling,and impacts[J].Science,2000,289:2068-2074.
[26]张彬,朱建军,刘华民,等.极端降水和极端干旱事件对草原生态系统的影响[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(9):1008-1018.
[27]李长斌,彭云峰,赵殿智,等.降水变化和氮素添加对青藏高原高寒草原群落结构和物种多样性的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(6):185-191.
[28]Yang H J,Wu M Y,Liu W X,et al.Community structure and composition in response to climate change in a temperate steppe[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17(1):452-465.
[29]Meserve P L,Kelt D A,Milstead W B,et al.Thirteen years of shifting top-down and bottom-up control[J].Bio Science,2003,53(7):633-646.
[30]Munson S M,Webb R H,Belnap J,et al.Forecasting climate change impacts to plant community composition in the Sonoran Desert region[J].Global Change Biology,2012,18(3):1083-1095.
[31]李才才.水分和养分对内蒙古荒漠草原植被恢复及碳储量的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.
[32]常兆丰,韩福贵,仲生年.民勤荒漠植被对气候变化的响应[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(5):121-1218.
[33]唐庄生,安慧,邓蕾,等.荒漠草原沙漠化植物群落及土壤物理变化[J].生态学报,2016,36(4):991-1000.
[34]陆婷婷,翟夏杰,刘晓娟,等.施肥、灌溉及火烧对荒漠草原土壤养分和植物群落特征的影响[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(3):57-60.
[35]王长庭,王启基,沈振西,等.高寒矮嵩草草甸群落植物多样性和初级生产力对模拟降水的响应[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(10):1713-1718.
[36]武建双,李晓佳,沈振西,等.藏北高寒草地样带物种多样性沿降水梯度的分布格局[J].草业学报,2012,21(3):17-25.
[37]赵哈林,大黑俊哉,李玉霖,等.人类放牧活动与气候变化对科尔沁沙质草地植物多样性的影响[J].草业学报,2008,17(5):1-8.
[38]朱凡,刘任涛,贺达汉.模拟增雨条件下沙质草地地表植被和节肢动物群落变化特征[J].草业科学,2014,31(12):2333-2341.
[39]曾勇.古尔班通古特沙漠植物多样性对降水变化的敏感性研究[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学,2015.