Pedestrian risk analysis at uncontrolled midblock and unsignalised intersections
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摘要
Transportation is defined as port to port transfer of person or goods by a medium which can be a vehicle or a person. Pedestrians being the most neglected mode of transportation in terms of safety and facility, face difficult situations while crossing near intersections and midblock crossings. It becomes more of a risk when the place of crossing is uncontrolled.But if behaviour of pedestrians while crossing is analysed in such conditions, it might be possible to create suitable solution to lessen the risk and ensure safety. In most of the cities, accepting suitable gaps between vehicles in uncontrolled midblock and intersection crossings pose threat to pedestrians' safety. The present study examines the safety of pedestrian crossing behaviour at midblock and unsignalised intersection crossings.Crossing time, speed, stages of crossing, number of interruptions while crossing, and the type of vehicles for which pedestrians accept the gap were extracted from the video. The tendency to show rolling gap behavior was observed and examined for different age and gender groups to analyse the risk involved in such type of crossings. The risks analysed from the study in correlation with the pedestrian demand in such uncontrolled crossings will help in design of safer pedestrian facilities. It was observed that the size of the vehicle has a significant influence on gap acceptance and crossing behaviour of pedestrians. Male pedestrians take more risks than female pedestrians in crossing unsignalized intersections. Middle aged pedestrian category poses 60.1% more chances of interrupted crossing than the other elder and young age categories of pedestrians. Male pedestrian category and the middle aged pedestrian category are more tended to accept the smallest gap between the vehicles showing a risky nature of crossing.
Transportation is defined as port to port transfer of person or goods by a medium which can be a vehicle or a person. Pedestrians being the most neglected mode of transportation in terms of safety and facility, face difficult situations while crossing near intersections and midblock crossings. It becomes more of a risk when the place of crossing is uncontrolled.But if behaviour of pedestrians while crossing is analysed in such conditions, it might be possible to create suitable solution to lessen the risk and ensure safety. In most of the cities, accepting suitable gaps between vehicles in uncontrolled midblock and intersection crossings pose threat to pedestrians' safety. The present study examines the safety of pedestrian crossing behaviour at midblock and unsignalised intersection crossings.Crossing time, speed, stages of crossing, number of interruptions while crossing, and the type of vehicles for which pedestrians accept the gap were extracted from the video. The tendency to show rolling gap behavior was observed and examined for different age and gender groups to analyse the risk involved in such type of crossings. The risks analysed from the study in correlation with the pedestrian demand in such uncontrolled crossings will help in design of safer pedestrian facilities. It was observed that the size of the vehicle has a significant influence on gap acceptance and crossing behaviour of pedestrians. Male pedestrians take more risks than female pedestrians in crossing unsignalized intersections. Middle aged pedestrian category poses 60.1% more chances of interrupted crossing than the other elder and young age categories of pedestrians. Male pedestrian category and the middle aged pedestrian category are more tended to accept the smallest gap between the vehicles showing a risky nature of crossing.
Transportation is defined as port to port transfer of person or goods by a medium which can be a vehicle or a person. Pedestrians being the most neglected mode of transportation in terms of safety and facility, face difficult situations while crossing near intersections and midblock crossings. It becomes more of a risk when the place of crossing is uncontrolled.But if behaviour of pedestrians while crossing is analysed in such conditions, it might be possible to create suitable solution to lessen the risk and ensure safety. In most of the cities, accepting suitable gaps between vehicles in uncontrolled midblock and intersection crossings pose threat to pedestrians' safety. The present study examines the safety of pedestrian crossing behaviour at midblock and unsignalised intersection crossings.Crossing time, speed, stages of crossing, number of interruptions while crossing, and the type of vehicles for which pedestrians accept the gap were extracted from the video. The tendency to show rolling gap behavior was observed and examined for different age and gender groups to analyse the risk involved in such type of crossings. The risks analysed from the study in correlation with the pedestrian demand in such uncontrolled crossings will help in design of safer pedestrian facilities. It was observed that the size of the vehicle has a significant influence on gap acceptance and crossing behaviour of pedestrians. Male pedestrians take more risks than female pedestrians in crossing unsignalized intersections. Middle aged pedestrian category poses 60.1% more chances of interrupted crossing than the other elder and young age categories of pedestrians. Male pedestrian category and the middle aged pedestrian category are more tended to accept the smallest gap between the vehicles showing a risky nature of crossing.
引文
Brewer,M.,Fitzpatrick,K.,Whitacre,J.,2006.Exploration of pedestrian gap-acceptance behavior at selected locations.Transportation Research Record 1982,132e140.
Bullough,J.D.,Skinner,N.P.,2009.Pedestrian Safety Margins under Different Types of Head Lamp Illumination.Technical Report TLA2009-01.Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,Troy.
Chu,X.,Guttenplan,M.,Baltes,M.R.,2004.Why people cross where they do:the role of street environment.Transportation Research Record 1878,3e10.
Cui,Z.,Nambisan,S.,2003.Methodology for evaluating the safety of midblock pedestrian crossings.Transportation Research Record 1828,75e82.
Dewar,R.E.,1992.Driver and Pedestrian Characteristics,Traffic Engineering Handbook,fourth ed.Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs.
Dommes,A.,Cavalloa,V.,Oxley,J.,2013.Functional declines as predictors of risky street-crossing decisions in older pedestrians.Accident Analysis and Prevention 59,135e143.
Dunn,R.,Petty,R.,1984.Midblock pedestrian crossings:an examination of delay.In:12th Annual Australian Road Research Board Conference,Hobart,1984.
Fitzpatrick,K.,Brewer,M.,Turner,S.,2006a.Another look at pedestrian walking speed.Transportation Research Record1982,21e29.
Fitzpatrick,K.,Turner,S.,Brewer,M.,et al.,2006b.Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings.Transit Cooperative Research Program and National Cooperative Highway Research Program TCRP Report 112/NCHRP Report562.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Jain,A.,Gupta,A.,Rastogi,R.,2014.Pedestrian crossing behaviour analysis at intersections.International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering 4(1),103e116.
Kadali,R.B.,Rathi,N.,Perumal,V.,2014.Evaluation of pedestrian midblock road crossing behavior using an Artificial Neural Network(ANN).Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition)1(2),111e119.
Kadali,R.,Vedagiri,P.,2013.Modelling pedestrian road crossing behaviour under mixed traffic condition.European Transport55(3),1e17.
Koh,P.,Wong,Y.,2014.Gap acceptance of violators at signalised pedestrian crossings.Accident Analysis and Prevention 62,178e185.
Laxman,K.,Rastogi,R.,Chandra,S.,2010.Pedestrian flow characteristics in mixed traffic conditions.Journal of Urban Planning And Development 136(1),23e33.
Lavalette,B.C.,Tijus,C.,Poitrenaud,S.,et al.,2009.Pedestrian crossing decision making:a situational and behavioural approach.Safety Science 47(9),1248e1253.
Liu,Y.C.,Tung,Y.C.,2014.Risk analysis of pedestrians'road crossing decisions:effects of age,time gap,time of day,and vehicle speed.Safety Science 63,77e82.
Lobjois,R.,Cavallo,V.,2006.Age related difference in street crossing decisions:effect of vehicle speed and time constraints on gap selection in an estimation task.Accident Analysis and Prevention 39(5),934e943.
Montufar,J.,Arango,J.,Porter,M.,et al.,2007.The normal walking speed of pedestrians and how fast they walk when crossing the street.In:TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC,2007.
Rastogi,R.,Chandra,S.,Vamsheedhar,J.,et al.,2011a.Parametric study of pedestrian speeds at midblock crossings.Journal of Urban Planning and Development 137(4),381e389.
Rastogi,R.,Chandra,S.,Das Vivek,R.,2012.Parametric study of pedestrian speeds at midblock crossings.Traffic Engineering and Control 53(10),383e386.
Rastogi,R.,Thaniarasu,I.,Chandra,S.,2011b.Design implications of walking speed for pedestrian facilities.Journal of Transportation Engineering 137(10),687e696.
Shi,J.,Chen,Y.,Ren,F.,et al.,2007.Research on pedestrian behaviors and traffic characteristics at unsignalized midblock crosswalk:a case study in Beijing.Transportation Research Record 2038,23e33.
Thambiah,M.,Adechi,T.,Hagiwara,T.,et al.,2004.A study on evaluation of pedestrian level of service on sidewalks and crosswalks using conjoint analysis.Journal of Infrastructure and Planning 21(3),727e735.
TRB,2010.Highway Capacity Manual.TRB,Washington DC.
Varhelyi,A.,1998.Drivers'speed behaviour at a zebra crossing:a case study.Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(6),731e743.
WHO,2013.Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013:Supporting a Decade of Action.World Health Organization,Geneva.
Zhuang,X.,Wu,C.,2012.The safety margin and perceived safety of pedestrians at unmarked roadway.Transportation Research Part F:Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 15(2),119e131.
Bullough,J.D.,Skinner,N.P.,2009.Pedestrian Safety Margins under Different Types of Head Lamp Illumination.Technical Report TLA2009-01.Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,Troy.
Chu,X.,Guttenplan,M.,Baltes,M.R.,2004.Why people cross where they do:the role of street environment.Transportation Research Record 1878,3e10.
Cui,Z.,Nambisan,S.,2003.Methodology for evaluating the safety of midblock pedestrian crossings.Transportation Research Record 1828,75e82.
Dewar,R.E.,1992.Driver and Pedestrian Characteristics,Traffic Engineering Handbook,fourth ed.Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs.
Dommes,A.,Cavalloa,V.,Oxley,J.,2013.Functional declines as predictors of risky street-crossing decisions in older pedestrians.Accident Analysis and Prevention 59,135e143.
Dunn,R.,Petty,R.,1984.Midblock pedestrian crossings:an examination of delay.In:12th Annual Australian Road Research Board Conference,Hobart,1984.
Fitzpatrick,K.,Brewer,M.,Turner,S.,2006a.Another look at pedestrian walking speed.Transportation Research Record1982,21e29.
Fitzpatrick,K.,Turner,S.,Brewer,M.,et al.,2006b.Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings.Transit Cooperative Research Program and National Cooperative Highway Research Program TCRP Report 112/NCHRP Report562.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Jain,A.,Gupta,A.,Rastogi,R.,2014.Pedestrian crossing behaviour analysis at intersections.International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering 4(1),103e116.
Kadali,R.B.,Rathi,N.,Perumal,V.,2014.Evaluation of pedestrian midblock road crossing behavior using an Artificial Neural Network(ANN).Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition)1(2),111e119.
Kadali,R.,Vedagiri,P.,2013.Modelling pedestrian road crossing behaviour under mixed traffic condition.European Transport55(3),1e17.
Koh,P.,Wong,Y.,2014.Gap acceptance of violators at signalised pedestrian crossings.Accident Analysis and Prevention 62,178e185.
Laxman,K.,Rastogi,R.,Chandra,S.,2010.Pedestrian flow characteristics in mixed traffic conditions.Journal of Urban Planning And Development 136(1),23e33.
Lavalette,B.C.,Tijus,C.,Poitrenaud,S.,et al.,2009.Pedestrian crossing decision making:a situational and behavioural approach.Safety Science 47(9),1248e1253.
Liu,Y.C.,Tung,Y.C.,2014.Risk analysis of pedestrians'road crossing decisions:effects of age,time gap,time of day,and vehicle speed.Safety Science 63,77e82.
Lobjois,R.,Cavallo,V.,2006.Age related difference in street crossing decisions:effect of vehicle speed and time constraints on gap selection in an estimation task.Accident Analysis and Prevention 39(5),934e943.
Montufar,J.,Arango,J.,Porter,M.,et al.,2007.The normal walking speed of pedestrians and how fast they walk when crossing the street.In:TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC,2007.
Rastogi,R.,Chandra,S.,Vamsheedhar,J.,et al.,2011a.Parametric study of pedestrian speeds at midblock crossings.Journal of Urban Planning and Development 137(4),381e389.
Rastogi,R.,Chandra,S.,Das Vivek,R.,2012.Parametric study of pedestrian speeds at midblock crossings.Traffic Engineering and Control 53(10),383e386.
Rastogi,R.,Thaniarasu,I.,Chandra,S.,2011b.Design implications of walking speed for pedestrian facilities.Journal of Transportation Engineering 137(10),687e696.
Shi,J.,Chen,Y.,Ren,F.,et al.,2007.Research on pedestrian behaviors and traffic characteristics at unsignalized midblock crosswalk:a case study in Beijing.Transportation Research Record 2038,23e33.
Thambiah,M.,Adechi,T.,Hagiwara,T.,et al.,2004.A study on evaluation of pedestrian level of service on sidewalks and crosswalks using conjoint analysis.Journal of Infrastructure and Planning 21(3),727e735.
TRB,2010.Highway Capacity Manual.TRB,Washington DC.
Varhelyi,A.,1998.Drivers'speed behaviour at a zebra crossing:a case study.Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(6),731e743.
WHO,2013.Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013:Supporting a Decade of Action.World Health Organization,Geneva.
Zhuang,X.,Wu,C.,2012.The safety margin and perceived safety of pedestrians at unmarked roadway.Transportation Research Part F:Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 15(2),119e131.