Subsurface accumulation of CaCO_3 and Cl~- from groundwater under black locust and poplar plantations
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摘要
When conditions are similar,more water evaporates from forest plantations than herbaceous vegetation,thereby affecting hydrological fluxes and ion transport in the soil.The vertical distribution of CaCO_3 and Cl~-ions shifts due to afforestation.The effect of groundwater depth and clay content were studied in the Great Hungarian Plain where forest area has been increasing for decades by analyzing soil and groundwater samples from stands of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia,11 plots) and poplar (Populus spp.,11 plots).All study sites contained one herbaceous(control) and one or more forested plots.CaCO_3 and Cl~- ions accumulated in the soil profile in greater quantities under tree cover than in the controls.The scale of this process largely depended on the species and on soil and ion properties.Under black locust,Cl~-accumulated between 1.3 and 6.3 m,with a maximum difference of 0.3 pCl unit(pCl is Cl~-activity,the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the concentration of the chloride ion,determined using an ion-selective electrode,it is a dimensionless quantity.),while the difference in CaCO_3 accumulation was at most 3.5% in some layers,compared to control plots.This result may be explained by the difference in the mobility of Ca~+ and Cl~-ions.Different mechanisms were noticeable under poplar plantations due to their higher water uptake:Cl-accumulation was detected below 0.9 m to the groundwater with a maximum difference of 0.5 pCl units,while CaCO_3 accumulation was continuous at depths of 2.3–6.8 m with a maximum difference of 8.4%,compared to the controls.With increasing clay content,there was a discernible effect on CaCO_3 and Cl~-accumulation under black locust,but not observed under poplars.These differences were explained by the differences in water uptake mechanisms and root patterns of the two species and the different mobility of Ca~(2+) and Cl~-ions.
When conditions are similar,more water evaporates from forest plantations than herbaceous vegetation,thereby affecting hydrological fluxes and ion transport in the soil.The vertical distribution of CaCO_3 and Cl~-ions shifts due to afforestation.The effect of groundwater depth and clay content were studied in the Great Hungarian Plain where forest area has been increasing for decades by analyzing soil and groundwater samples from stands of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia,11 plots) and poplar (Populus spp.,11 plots).All study sites contained one herbaceous(control) and one or more forested plots.CaCO_3 and Cl~- ions accumulated in the soil profile in greater quantities under tree cover than in the controls.The scale of this process largely depended on the species and on soil and ion properties.Under black locust,Cl~-accumulated between 1.3 and 6.3 m,with a maximum difference of 0.3 pCl unit(pCl is Cl~-activity,the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the concentration of the chloride ion,determined using an ion-selective electrode,it is a dimensionless quantity.),while the difference in CaCO_3 accumulation was at most 3.5% in some layers,compared to control plots.This result may be explained by the difference in the mobility of Ca~+ and Cl~-ions.Different mechanisms were noticeable under poplar plantations due to their higher water uptake:Cl-accumulation was detected below 0.9 m to the groundwater with a maximum difference of 0.5 pCl units,while CaCO_3 accumulation was continuous at depths of 2.3–6.8 m with a maximum difference of 8.4%,compared to the controls.With increasing clay content,there was a discernible effect on CaCO_3 and Cl~-accumulation under black locust,but not observed under poplars.These differences were explained by the differences in water uptake mechanisms and root patterns of the two species and the different mobility of Ca~(2+) and Cl~-ions.
When conditions are similar,more water evaporates from forest plantations than herbaceous vegetation,thereby affecting hydrological fluxes and ion transport in the soil.The vertical distribution of CaCO_3 and Cl~-ions shifts due to afforestation.The effect of groundwater depth and clay content were studied in the Great Hungarian Plain where forest area has been increasing for decades by analyzing soil and groundwater samples from stands of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia,11 plots) and poplar (Populus spp.,11 plots).All study sites contained one herbaceous(control) and one or more forested plots.CaCO_3 and Cl~- ions accumulated in the soil profile in greater quantities under tree cover than in the controls.The scale of this process largely depended on the species and on soil and ion properties.Under black locust,Cl~-accumulated between 1.3 and 6.3 m,with a maximum difference of 0.3 pCl unit(pCl is Cl~-activity,the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the concentration of the chloride ion,determined using an ion-selective electrode,it is a dimensionless quantity.),while the difference in CaCO_3 accumulation was at most 3.5% in some layers,compared to control plots.This result may be explained by the difference in the mobility of Ca~+ and Cl~-ions.Different mechanisms were noticeable under poplar plantations due to their higher water uptake:Cl-accumulation was detected below 0.9 m to the groundwater with a maximum difference of 0.5 pCl units,while CaCO_3 accumulation was continuous at depths of 2.3–6.8 m with a maximum difference of 8.4%,compared to the controls.With increasing clay content,there was a discernible effect on CaCO_3 and Cl~-accumulation under black locust,but not observed under poplars.These differences were explained by the differences in water uptake mechanisms and root patterns of the two species and the different mobility of Ca~(2+) and Cl~-ions.
引文
Andrasevits Z,G Buzas,Schiberna E(2005)Current afforestation practices and expected trends on family farms in West Hungary.J Cent Eur Agric 5:297-302
Calder IR(1998)Water use by forests,limits and controls.Tree Physiol 18:625-631
Cox G,Fischer D,Hart SC,Whitham TG(2005)Nonresponse of native cottonwood trees to water additions during summer drought.West North Am Nat 65(2):175-185
Di Gleria J,Klimes-Szmik A,Dvoracsek M(1962)Bodenphysik und Bodenkolloidik.Budapest,Hungary:Akademiai Kiado,H-1516,PO Box 245,p 301
Fuhrer E,JaroZ(2005)Az erdovagyon bov?tese a mezogazdasagilag gazdasagosan nem hasznos?tott foldteruletek beerdos?tesevel.In:Molnar S(ed)Erdo-fa hasznos?tas Magyarorszagon.Sopron,Hungary:University of West Hungary,4.Bajcsy-Zsilinszky street,H-9400,pp 130-136
Gao Y,Xia J,Chen Y,Zhao Y,Kong Q,Lang Y(2017)Effects of extreme soil water stress on photosynthetic efficiency and water consumption characteristics of Tamarix chinensis in China’s Yellow River Delta.J For Res 28(3):491-501
George RJ,Nulsen RA,Ferdowsian R,Raper GP(1999)Interactions between trees and groundwater in recharge and discharge areas-a survey of Western Australian sites.Agric Water Manag39(2-3):91-113
Gribovszki Z,Kalicz P,Szilagyi J,Kucsara M(2008)Riparian zone evapotranspiration estimation from diurnal groundwater level fluctuations.J Hydrol 349(1-2):6-17.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.10.049
Heuperman A(1999)Hydraulic gradient reversal by trees in shallow water table areas and repercussions for the sustainability of treegrowing systems.Agric Water Manag 39:153-167
Illes G,Kovacs G,BidloA,Heil B(2006)Digital soil and landsite mapping in forest management planning.Agrokemia es Talajtan55(1):99-108
Ijjasz E(1939)A fatenyeszet es az altalajv?z,kulonos tekintettel a nagyalfoldi viszonyokra.[Forest and groundwater connections in Great Hungarian Plain].Erdeszeti K?serletek 42:1-107.[in Hungarian]
JaroZ(1981)A hazai erdok v?zfogyasztasa.[Water use of domestic forests].Agrartudomanyi kozlemenyek 40:353-356[in Hungarian]
Jobbagy EG,Jackson RB(2007)Groundwater and soil chemical changes under phreatophytic tree plantations.J Geophys Res112:G02013.https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000246
Lu C,Zhao T,Shi X,Cao S(2016)Ecological restoration by afforestation may increase groundwater depth and create potentially large ecological and water opportunity costs in arid and semiarid China.J Clean Prod 176:1213-1222.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.046
Major P(2002)S?kvideki erdok hatasa a v?zhaztartasra.[Effect of lowland forests on the water balance].Hidrologiai Kozlony.82:319-324[in Hungarian]
Montagnini F,Haines B,Swank WT(1991)Soil-solution chemistry in black locust,pine/mixed-hardwoods and oak/hickory forest stands in the southern Appalachians,USA.For Ecol Manag40(3-4):199-208
Moricz N,Toth T,Balog K,SzaboA,Rasztovits E,Gribovszki Z(2016a)Groundwater uptake of forest and agricultural land covers in regions of recharge and discharge.Ital Soc Silvic For Ecol 9:696-701
Moricz N,Toth T,Balog K,SzaboA,Rasztovits E,Gribovszki Z(2016b)Groundwater uptake of forest and agricultural land covers in regions of recharge and discharge.iFor Biogeosci For9(5):696-701
Naumburg E,Mata-Gonzalez R,Hunter RG,McLendon T,Martin DW(2005)Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations:a review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on great basin vegetation.Environ Manag 35(6):726-740.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0194-7
Nosetto MD,Jobbagy EG,Paruelo JM(2005)Land use change and water losses.The case of grassland afforestation across a soil textural gradient in central Argentina.Glob Change Biol11:1101-1117
Nosetto MD,Jobbagy EG,Toth T,Di Bella CM(2007)The effects of tree establishment on water and salt dynamics in naturally saltaffected grasslands.Oecologia 152:695-705
Nosetto MD,Jobbagy EG,Toth T,Jackson RB(2008)Regional patterns and controls of ecosystem salinization with grassland afforestation along a rainfall gradient.Glob Biogeochem Cycles.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003000
Pecsi M(1989)National Atlas of Hungary.Budapest,Hungary,Kartografia,p 355
Priyadarshini KVR,Prins HHT,de Bie S,Heitkonig IMA,Woodborne S,Gort G,Kirkman K,Ludwig F,Dawson TE,de Kroon H(2015)Seasonality of hydraulic redistribution by trees to grasses and changes in their water-source use that change tree-grass interactions.Ecohydrology 9:218-228
Redei K,Csiha I,Zs Keseru(2011)Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)Short-rotation crops under marginal site conditions.Acta Silvatica Lignaria Hungarica 7:125-132
Rickard WH,Price KR(1989)Uptake of tritiated groundwater by black locust trees.Northwest Sci J 63(3):87-89
Schenk HJ(2008)The shallowest possible water extraction profile:a null model for global root distributions.Vadose Zone J7:1119-1124
Snyder KA,Williams DG(2000)Water sources used by riparian trees varies among stream types on the San Pedro River,Arizona.Agric For Meteorol 105:227-240
Sumegi P,Krolopp E,Rudner E(2002)Negyedidoszak vegioskornyezeti valtozasok a Karpat-medenceben terben es idoben[Late Quaternary environmental changes in the Carpathian Basin in space and time].Foldtani Kozlony 132:5-22
Szendrey I,Juhasz M(1969)Az akac,a hars es az olasznyar levelkatalaz-aktivitasanak evszakos valtozasa[Seasonal changes in leaf-catalase activity of black locust,linden and poplar].Az Erdeszeti es Faipari Egyetem tudomanyos kozlemenyei1:104-112
Szodfridt I(1993)Az erdo es a talajvizek kapcsolata Duna-Tisza kozi hatsagon.Hidrologia Kozlony 73(1):44-45
Szodfridt I,FaragoS(1968)Talajv?z es vegetaciokapcsolata a DunaTisza koze homokteruleten[Vegetation and groundwater connections in Kiskunsag sand areas](in Hungarian).Bot Kozlem55(1):69-75
Tisdale ST,Nelson WL,Beaton JD(1985)Soil fertility and fertilizers,4th edn.Macmillan Publishing,New York,p 528
Toth T,Balog K,SzaboA,Pasztor L,Jobbagy EG,Nosetto MD,Gribovszki Z(2014)Influence of lowland forests on subsurface salt accumulation in shallow groundwater areas.AoB Plants6:plu054.https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plu054
Verstraeten LMJ,Livens J(1971)Hygroscopicity as a valuable complement in soil analysis,1.Characterization of the hygroscopic constant.Geoderma 6:255-262
Weidinger T,Bartholy J,Matyasovszky I(2000)A globalis eghajlatvaltozas lokalis hatasainak vizsgalata hazankban[Investigation of local effects of the global climate change in Hungary].Foldrajzi Kozlemenyek 1:75-92
White PJ,Broadley MR(2001)Chloride in soils and its uptake and movement within the plant:a review.Ann Bot 88(6):967-988
Wilske B,Lu N,Wei L,Chen S,Zha T,Liu C,Xu W,Noormets A,Huang J,Wei Y,Chen J,Zhang Z,Ni J,Sun G,Guo K,McNulty S,John R,Han X,Lin G,Chen J(2009)Poplar plantation has the potential to alter the water balance in semiarid Inner Mongolia.J Environ Manag 90(8):2762-2770
Wu YZ,Huang MB,Warrington DN(2015)Black locust transpiration responses to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors and soil texture.Pedosphere 25(1):57-71
Wuddivira MN,Robinson DA,Lebron I,Brechet L,Atwell M,De Caires S,Oatham M,Jones SB,Abdu H,Verma AK,Tuller M(2012)Estimation of soil clay content from hygroscopic water content measurements.Soil Sci Soc Am J 76(5):1529-1535
Xia J,Zhang S,Zhao X,Liu J,Chen J(2016a)Effects of different groundwater depths on the distribution characteristics of soilTamarix water contents and salinity under saline mineralization conditions.CATENA 142:166-176
Xia J,Zhao X,Chen Y,Fang Y,Zhao Z(2016b)Responses of water and salt parameters to groundwater levels for soil columns planted with Tamarix chinensis.PLoS ONE 11(1):e0145828.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145828
Calder IR(1998)Water use by forests,limits and controls.Tree Physiol 18:625-631
Cox G,Fischer D,Hart SC,Whitham TG(2005)Nonresponse of native cottonwood trees to water additions during summer drought.West North Am Nat 65(2):175-185
Di Gleria J,Klimes-Szmik A,Dvoracsek M(1962)Bodenphysik und Bodenkolloidik.Budapest,Hungary:Akademiai Kiado,H-1516,PO Box 245,p 301
Fuhrer E,JaroZ(2005)Az erdovagyon bov?tese a mezogazdasagilag gazdasagosan nem hasznos?tott foldteruletek beerdos?tesevel.In:Molnar S(ed)Erdo-fa hasznos?tas Magyarorszagon.Sopron,Hungary:University of West Hungary,4.Bajcsy-Zsilinszky street,H-9400,pp 130-136
Gao Y,Xia J,Chen Y,Zhao Y,Kong Q,Lang Y(2017)Effects of extreme soil water stress on photosynthetic efficiency and water consumption characteristics of Tamarix chinensis in China’s Yellow River Delta.J For Res 28(3):491-501
George RJ,Nulsen RA,Ferdowsian R,Raper GP(1999)Interactions between trees and groundwater in recharge and discharge areas-a survey of Western Australian sites.Agric Water Manag39(2-3):91-113
Gribovszki Z,Kalicz P,Szilagyi J,Kucsara M(2008)Riparian zone evapotranspiration estimation from diurnal groundwater level fluctuations.J Hydrol 349(1-2):6-17.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.10.049
Heuperman A(1999)Hydraulic gradient reversal by trees in shallow water table areas and repercussions for the sustainability of treegrowing systems.Agric Water Manag 39:153-167
Illes G,Kovacs G,BidloA,Heil B(2006)Digital soil and landsite mapping in forest management planning.Agrokemia es Talajtan55(1):99-108
Ijjasz E(1939)A fatenyeszet es az altalajv?z,kulonos tekintettel a nagyalfoldi viszonyokra.[Forest and groundwater connections in Great Hungarian Plain].Erdeszeti K?serletek 42:1-107.[in Hungarian]
JaroZ(1981)A hazai erdok v?zfogyasztasa.[Water use of domestic forests].Agrartudomanyi kozlemenyek 40:353-356[in Hungarian]
Jobbagy EG,Jackson RB(2007)Groundwater and soil chemical changes under phreatophytic tree plantations.J Geophys Res112:G02013.https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000246
Lu C,Zhao T,Shi X,Cao S(2016)Ecological restoration by afforestation may increase groundwater depth and create potentially large ecological and water opportunity costs in arid and semiarid China.J Clean Prod 176:1213-1222.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.046
Major P(2002)S?kvideki erdok hatasa a v?zhaztartasra.[Effect of lowland forests on the water balance].Hidrologiai Kozlony.82:319-324[in Hungarian]
Montagnini F,Haines B,Swank WT(1991)Soil-solution chemistry in black locust,pine/mixed-hardwoods and oak/hickory forest stands in the southern Appalachians,USA.For Ecol Manag40(3-4):199-208
Moricz N,Toth T,Balog K,SzaboA,Rasztovits E,Gribovszki Z(2016a)Groundwater uptake of forest and agricultural land covers in regions of recharge and discharge.Ital Soc Silvic For Ecol 9:696-701
Moricz N,Toth T,Balog K,SzaboA,Rasztovits E,Gribovszki Z(2016b)Groundwater uptake of forest and agricultural land covers in regions of recharge and discharge.iFor Biogeosci For9(5):696-701
Naumburg E,Mata-Gonzalez R,Hunter RG,McLendon T,Martin DW(2005)Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations:a review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on great basin vegetation.Environ Manag 35(6):726-740.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0194-7
Nosetto MD,Jobbagy EG,Paruelo JM(2005)Land use change and water losses.The case of grassland afforestation across a soil textural gradient in central Argentina.Glob Change Biol11:1101-1117
Nosetto MD,Jobbagy EG,Toth T,Di Bella CM(2007)The effects of tree establishment on water and salt dynamics in naturally saltaffected grasslands.Oecologia 152:695-705
Nosetto MD,Jobbagy EG,Toth T,Jackson RB(2008)Regional patterns and controls of ecosystem salinization with grassland afforestation along a rainfall gradient.Glob Biogeochem Cycles.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003000
Pecsi M(1989)National Atlas of Hungary.Budapest,Hungary,Kartografia,p 355
Priyadarshini KVR,Prins HHT,de Bie S,Heitkonig IMA,Woodborne S,Gort G,Kirkman K,Ludwig F,Dawson TE,de Kroon H(2015)Seasonality of hydraulic redistribution by trees to grasses and changes in their water-source use that change tree-grass interactions.Ecohydrology 9:218-228
Redei K,Csiha I,Zs Keseru(2011)Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)Short-rotation crops under marginal site conditions.Acta Silvatica Lignaria Hungarica 7:125-132
Rickard WH,Price KR(1989)Uptake of tritiated groundwater by black locust trees.Northwest Sci J 63(3):87-89
Schenk HJ(2008)The shallowest possible water extraction profile:a null model for global root distributions.Vadose Zone J7:1119-1124
Snyder KA,Williams DG(2000)Water sources used by riparian trees varies among stream types on the San Pedro River,Arizona.Agric For Meteorol 105:227-240
Sumegi P,Krolopp E,Rudner E(2002)Negyedidoszak vegioskornyezeti valtozasok a Karpat-medenceben terben es idoben[Late Quaternary environmental changes in the Carpathian Basin in space and time].Foldtani Kozlony 132:5-22
Szendrey I,Juhasz M(1969)Az akac,a hars es az olasznyar levelkatalaz-aktivitasanak evszakos valtozasa[Seasonal changes in leaf-catalase activity of black locust,linden and poplar].Az Erdeszeti es Faipari Egyetem tudomanyos kozlemenyei1:104-112
Szodfridt I(1993)Az erdo es a talajvizek kapcsolata Duna-Tisza kozi hatsagon.Hidrologia Kozlony 73(1):44-45
Szodfridt I,FaragoS(1968)Talajv?z es vegetaciokapcsolata a DunaTisza koze homokteruleten[Vegetation and groundwater connections in Kiskunsag sand areas](in Hungarian).Bot Kozlem55(1):69-75
Tisdale ST,Nelson WL,Beaton JD(1985)Soil fertility and fertilizers,4th edn.Macmillan Publishing,New York,p 528
Toth T,Balog K,SzaboA,Pasztor L,Jobbagy EG,Nosetto MD,Gribovszki Z(2014)Influence of lowland forests on subsurface salt accumulation in shallow groundwater areas.AoB Plants6:plu054.https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plu054
Verstraeten LMJ,Livens J(1971)Hygroscopicity as a valuable complement in soil analysis,1.Characterization of the hygroscopic constant.Geoderma 6:255-262
Weidinger T,Bartholy J,Matyasovszky I(2000)A globalis eghajlatvaltozas lokalis hatasainak vizsgalata hazankban[Investigation of local effects of the global climate change in Hungary].Foldrajzi Kozlemenyek 1:75-92
White PJ,Broadley MR(2001)Chloride in soils and its uptake and movement within the plant:a review.Ann Bot 88(6):967-988
Wilske B,Lu N,Wei L,Chen S,Zha T,Liu C,Xu W,Noormets A,Huang J,Wei Y,Chen J,Zhang Z,Ni J,Sun G,Guo K,McNulty S,John R,Han X,Lin G,Chen J(2009)Poplar plantation has the potential to alter the water balance in semiarid Inner Mongolia.J Environ Manag 90(8):2762-2770
Wu YZ,Huang MB,Warrington DN(2015)Black locust transpiration responses to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors and soil texture.Pedosphere 25(1):57-71
Wuddivira MN,Robinson DA,Lebron I,Brechet L,Atwell M,De Caires S,Oatham M,Jones SB,Abdu H,Verma AK,Tuller M(2012)Estimation of soil clay content from hygroscopic water content measurements.Soil Sci Soc Am J 76(5):1529-1535
Xia J,Zhang S,Zhao X,Liu J,Chen J(2016a)Effects of different groundwater depths on the distribution characteristics of soilTamarix water contents and salinity under saline mineralization conditions.CATENA 142:166-176
Xia J,Zhao X,Chen Y,Fang Y,Zhao Z(2016b)Responses of water and salt parameters to groundwater levels for soil columns planted with Tamarix chinensis.PLoS ONE 11(1):e0145828.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145828